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Three-dimensional, colocated resistivity measurements at of horizontal drilling provided the impetus to develop new
multiple depths of investigation (DOI) can quantify even tool systems that could accurately characterize formations
low-resistivity, laminated pay zones to reduce uncertainty and reservoirs regardless of formation/borehole geometry.
and refine reservoir models. Obtaining measurements of this Today, it is possible to resolve even extremely tough
type has made it possible to resolve formation anisotropy interpretation problems through the application of the Rt
problems and shoulder-bed effects in a broad range of wells. Scanner, a triaxial-induction resistivity-logging tool that
For decades, well-log interpretation classes began with calculates both vertical and horizontal resistivity (Rv and
the caveat, “Assume an isotropic, homogeneous formation.” Rh), respectively, from direct-induction measurements while
Indeed, this was the only way a systematic approach could simultaneously solving for formation dip at any well devia-
be developed to calculate such fundamental parameters as tion. By making measurements at multiple DOI in three
porosity and water saturation in reservoir rocks. Logging dimensions at the same depth in the tool, true 3D resis-
tools of the day lacked the spatial resolution to make precise tivities are derived. Subsequently, enhanced hydrocarbon
measurements in any but the most basic formation/borehole and water-saturation estimates computed from these mea-
geometries. Because most wells were vertical, or nearly so, surements result in more accurate reservoir models and
and since many wells penetrated strata that resembled layer- reserves estimates, especially for formations with lamina-
cakes, tools were designed using the principle of radial sym- tions, anisotropy, or faults.
metry. That is, they worked optimally when the borehole
axis was perpendicular to the formation’s bedding planes. Tool Description
Even when we knew that formation isotropy was rarely the The tool is typically conveyed into the borehole on wireline,
case, we were powerless to do anything about it because of but can be deployed on drillpipe, on coiled tubing, or by
tool limitations. It could be postulated that the introduction means of a downhole tractor for highly deviated wells. It
contains multiple triaxial arrays, each consisting of colocated
X, Y, and Z coils that collectively measure various depths into
the formation. Rv and Rh are calculated at each triaxial spac-
ing. An electrode sleeve with short-single-axis and colocated
triaxial receivers can be used to fully characterize and man-
age borehole signals in air-filled boreholes and oil-based and
water-based muds.
In addition to resistivity, formation dip and azimuth
are available for structural interpretation. Standard array-
induction-imaging-tool measurements are also delivered for
correlation with legacy field logs. The tool can be used with
most openhole services. A caliper and general-purpose incli-
nometry tool are also required in the tool string.
Fshale
3 3 0.1 0.05 0.02 0.01 0
10 1000 0.017
10 0.3 0.2
0.5
500 0.024
0.7
0.8
200 0.038
2
2 10 100 0.054
10
50 0.077
Rsand
Pay 20 0.12
Rshale-v =3.2 Sw
Rv
1
Shale 10 0.17
Rv
1 10 Rshale-h=0.55
10
Shale 5 0.24
1
Non-
pay 2 0.38
0
0 10 1 0.54
10
0.5 0.77
0.3 0.99
0.2 1.2
–1 (b)
–1 (a) 10 0.1 1.7
10
–1 0 1 2 3
–1 0 1 2 3 10 10 10 10 10
10 10 10 10 10 Rh
Rh
600
Fshale Dens Neu R h, R v, Rsand, Rshale Anisotropy Water saturation Fig. 2—a) Domain boundaries discriminate pay from
Fsh D Rh Sw Rsand nonpay zones; b) interpreted Rv vs. Rh crossplot;
GR N Rv Sw R h
Rsand c) graphical analysis results. Ro=wet resistivity,
Sw=water saturation, Rsand=sand-layer resistivity,
700 Fshale=shale-volume fraction, Rshale-h=shale-layer
horizontal resistivity, Rshale-v=shale-layer vertical
resistivity.
800 ples, thin-bed zones that once might have been impossible to
interpret are interpreted, with results corroborated by imag-
ing logs, nuclear-magnetic-resonance logs, and core data.
Graphing a complex set of equations under anisotropic
900
conditions requires parameters that are provided by the triax-
ial-induction tool (Fig. 1). Rv and Rh are defined as resistivi-
ties normal and parallel to the bedding planes, respectively.
1000 These parameters can now reliably be measured by the tool,
regardless of hole geometry or tool attitude in the borehole—
results that have not been achievable previously. Typically,
thin conductive shale laminae have effectively masked resis-
1100
tive, hydrocarbon-saturated, thin-sand laminae in the past,
making their detection problematic.
(c)
1200
0 0.5 1 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 1 2 0 5 10 15 1 0.75 0.5 0.25 0
West Africa Application
10 10 10
A deepwater operator offshore west Africa needed to drill
a successful sidetrack well using oil-based drilling fluid in
quality of the interpretation at that particular point. The a complex formation. Accurate placement of the sidetrack
objectives of graphical analysis are as follows: trajectory was critical. The formation contained turbidite
• Determine shale anisotropy parameters and whether it is deposits in thin-bedded sands between shale layers. Large
necessary to create multiple zones salt deposits were nearby, and there was no dip information.
• Define region boundaries where each analytical solution Using the multiple-DOI features of the triaxial-induction
is applicable tool, coupled with near-wellbore measurements from a dual
• Illustrate the effect of data outliers so they can be dealt oil-base microresistivity-imaging tool, petrophysicists were
with appropriately able to compute the structural dip accurately. Additional
• Quickly perform sensitivity tests to rank quality of confidence in the results was obtained by comparison with
answers at each level vertical-seismic-profile data. The advantage of multiple
Of course, the question is to differentiate pay and non- colocated triaxial measurements in the tool, and advanced
pay zones. The graphical solution does this very effectively, borehole-signal management, provided a deep reading, a
allowing a global assessment of the hydrocarbon potential of more realistic structural dip, and azimuth direction that
the thin-bed sections directly from the chart. In the exam- enabled drilling of a successful sidetrack.