Questions & Answers - Ultrasonic Instrument Characterizations Level 2 17/09/12 12:11 AM

Questions & Answers

Ultrasonic Instrument Characterizations
by Edward A. Ginzel *
edited by Rolf Diederichs *
Acknowledgement:
Materials Research Institute Canada are thanked for permission to use their
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Level Question [Ref]

2
[Krautkramer
II-1 AVG (or DGS in English) diagrams compare flaw signal amplitudes to 3rd Edition]
page94
a) side drilled holes
b) flat bottomed holes
c) a theoretical maximum
d) DAC's
[Krautkramer
As the pulse length of the excitation voltage is shortened the
II-2 3rd Edition]
transmitted pulse
page105
a) frequency spectrum broadens
b) frequency spectrum shortens
c) increases energy output
d) increases penetration ability
[Krautkramer
In general, the frequency content of an ultrasound beam has a larger
II-3 3rd Edition]
proportion of high frequencies in its spectrum
page105
a) on axis
b) off axis
c) in the far zone
d) in the free zone
[Krautkramer
If a signal is dropped from 100% FSH to 32% FSH, the number of dB
II-4 3rd Edition]
gain removed from the receiver is
page110
a) 14
b) 10
c) 6
d) 4
[Krautkramer
A typical voltage range for driving (exciting) piezoelectric crystals 3rd Edition]
II-5
would be
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page123
a) 50 to 100 mV
b) 50 to 100 V
c) 50 to 100 kV
d) 500 to 1000 V
[Krautkramer
When an ultrasonic machine is equipped with this option, the pulse
II-6 3rd Edition]
energy and pulse length can be adjusted
page204
a) receiver fine grain control
b) swept gain
c) time corrected gain
d) damping
[Krautkramer
The main disavantage of a broadband receiver in a ultrasonic machine
II-7 3rd Edition]
is
page209
a) non-linear response to amplification
b) amplifier noise limits possible amplification
c) RF display cannot be used
d) rectified display cannot be used
[Australian
The repeated reflections of ultrasonic pulses from between surfaces or
II-8 Standard]
discontinuities within a body are
page10
a) ghost echoes
b) sing-around
c) multiple echoes
d) wrap-around
[Krautkramer
II-9 Electronic gates on the trace of a UT machine can be used to 3rd Edition]
page249
a) determine the presence of flaws
b) determine the amplitude of flaws
c) both a and b
d) none of the above
[Krautkramer
When flaw echo signals are recorded so as to display a plan view of the
II-10 3rd Edition]
test piece the presentation is called
page253
a) A-scan
b) B-scan
c) C-scan
d) D-scan
[Goldman]
II-11 Increasing the pulse repetition frequency will result in
page187

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Questions & Answers - Ultrasonic Instrument Characterizations Level 2 17/09/12 12:11 AM

a) decreasing sensitivity
b) increased resolution
c) altering the probes' frequency output
d) brightening the baseline
For the purposes of ultrasonic testing, signal-to-noise ratio is a function [Butt]
II-12
of page5
a) the probe
b) the oscilloscope
c) a combination of probe and scope
d) none of the above
When calibrating an ultrasonic instrument for range, the maximum [Butt]
II-13
distance of interest should not be less than page11
a) 100 mm
b) 200 mm
c) one half the horizontal scale
d) two thirds the horizontal scale
In the DGS (AVG German) system of defect sizing, the diagram relates [Butt]
II-14
to soundpath distance to the _________ to obtain the relative distance. page14
a) probe size
b) near-field length
c) stand-off distance
d) depth of defect
If you are drawing a DAC for an inspection range of 200mm and your
[Butt]
II-15 response from the 3/8 node reference hole at 125mm has already
page26
dropped to 10% FSH you will have to use
a) a new calibration block
b) larger reference holes
c) the DGS (AVG) system
d) a split DAC
Signal averaging, correlation, and filtering are techniques used in [Silvus]
II-16
ultrasonic systems to page10
a) extract weak signals from incoherent noise
b) improve resolution
c) characterize defects for type
d) none of these techniques are used in ultrasonic testing
The process where by a re-current signal is extracted from incoherent [Silvus]
II-17
noise is called page12
a) amplitude modulation
b) frequency modulation
c) signal averaging
d) filtering

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II-18 Receiver noise must often be filtered out of a test system. Receiver [Silvus]
amplifier noise increases proportionally to page14
a) the square root of the bandwidth
b) the inverse square of the bandwidth
c) attenuation
d) temperature
[Silvus]
II-19 Which is not used as an acoustic imaging method?
page16
a) deconvolution
b) sequenced array
c) liquid-surface levitation
d) holography
[British
II-20 When determining signal-to-noise ratio the suppression control is set at Standard]
page20
a) maximum
b) minimum
c) 50%
d) suppression setting is not important
[British
II-21 When determining signal-to-noise ratio, the noise is attributable to Standard]
page20
a) electrical noise from machine, cable and probe
b) metal grain structure
c) both a and b
d) inability for focus the baseline
[Australian
A response or evidence of a response in non-destructive testing that
II-22 Standard]
requires interpretation is called
page3
a) an indication
b) a defect
c) a flaw
d) signal-to-noise ratio
An ultrasonic display in rectangular coordinates where distance or time
[Australian
of flight is represented in one direction and probe displacement
II-23 Standard]
represented on the other and reflected pulses as bright marks on a dark
page6
background (or vise versa) is called a(n)
a) A-scan
b) B-scan
c) C-scan
d) tomograph
[Australian
II-24 The time interval between the initial pulse and the initiation of the time Standard]

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Questions & Answers - Ultrasonic Instrument Characterizations Level 2 17/09/12 12:11 AM

base sweep is termed page9

a) range
b) time of flight
c) programmed off-set
d) delay
[Australian
The frequency at which the overall response of an ultrasonic pulse-
II-25 Standard]
echo flaw detection system is maximum is the
page9
a) dominant frequency
b) resonance frequency
c) nominal frequency
d) anti-resonance frequency
[Australian
The repeated reflections of ultrasonic pulses from between surfaces or
II-26 Standard]
discontinuities within a body are
page10
a) ghost echoes
b) sing-around
c) multiple echoes
d) wrap-around
Instrument settings which relate a reference echo of reproducible [Australian
II-27 amplitude with which other instrument settings relating to a Standard]
discontinuity echo are compared is the page11
a) scanning level
b) threshold level
c) reference sensitivity
d) overall system gain
[Australian
II-28 Addition of suppression or reject to a display effectively Standard]
page11
a) filters out unwanted noise
b) reduces dynamic range
c) increases sensitivity
d) none of the above
The relationship between amplitudes of an indication in A-scan [Australian
II-29 presentation and the magnitude of the corresponding received signals is Standard]
used to determine page13
a) vertical linearity
b) manual scanning speed
c) longitudinal/shear mode energy ratios
d) none of the above
When information is presented as a B-scan on an oscilloscope, intensity [Ensminger]
II-30
(or amplitude) of a signal is indicated by page256

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Questions & Answers - Ultrasonic Instrument Characterizations Level 2 17/09/12 12:11 AM

a) strobe effects for signals over a threshold amplitude

b) digital readout on the corner of the screen
c) brightness of the spot on the scope
d) none of the above

My results...

References (NDT TestMaker software)

1. Krautkramer, J. & H. Krautkramer, Ultrasonic Testing of Materials, 3rd Edition, Springer-

Verlag, Berlin, 1983
2. Goldman, Richard G., Ultrasonic Technology, Reinhold Pubishing Corporation, New York,
1962Goldman
3. [Butt] Welding Institute, Procedures and Recommendations for the Ultrasonic Testing of
Buttwelds, Welding Institute, London, 1971
4. Silvus, H. S., Advanced Ultrasonic Testing Systems, A State of tlhe Art Survey,
Nondestructive Testing Information Analysis Centre, 1976
5. British Standards Institute, BS4331: part 3, Methods for Assessing the performance
Characteristics of Ultrasonic Flaw Detection Equipment, London, 1974
6. Ensiminger,D., Ultrasonics, Fundamentals, Techniques, Applications, 2nd Edition, Marcel
Dekker, Inc., New York , 1988
7. Australian Standard 1929 - 1981, Glossary of Terms Used in Nondestructive Testing,
Standards Association of Australia, North Sydney, 1981

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Rolf Diederichs 1. May 1998, info@ndt.net.de

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