Mobile and Wireless Communication

Complete Lecture Notes #12

Lecture # 12
By
Student Lecture Notes
Equalization, Diversity
and Channel Coding
Equalization, Diversity and Channel Coding

 Equalization, diversity and channel coding are three techniques which can be
used independently or in tandem to improve received signal quality and link
performance over small scale times and distances

 Equalization compensates for ISI created by multipath within time dispersive

channels. An equalizer within a receiver compensates for the average range of
expected channel amplitude and delay characteristics. Equalizer must be
adaptive.
 Equalization, Diversity and Channel Coding

 Diversity is another technique use to compensate for fading channel

impairments usually implemented by two or more receiving antennas

 Diversity improves the quality of wireless communication link without

altering the common air interface and without increasing the transmitted
power or bandwidth.

 The most common diversity technique is called Spatial diversity .

Multiple antennas are strategically spaced and connected to common

receiving system. While one antenna sees a signal null one of the other
antennas may see a signal peak .

Receiver is able to select the best signal at any time

 Equalization, Diversity and Channel Coding

 Other diversity techniques include

 antenna polarization diversity

 Frequency diversity
 Time diversity

 CDMA system make use of a RAKE receiver which provides the link
improvement through time diversity
 Equalization, Diversity and Channel Coding

 Channel coding improves the small scale link performance by adding

redundant data bits in the transmitted message .

 If instantaneous fade occurs in the channel the data may still be recovered at
the receiver

 A channel encoder maps the user digital message sequence to another specific
code sequence containing a greater number of bits than originally contained in
the message

 The coded message is then modulated for transmission in wireless channel

Equalization, Diversity and Channel Coding

 Channel coding is use by the receiver to detect or correct some(or all) of the
errors introduced by the channel in a particular sequence of message bits

 Decoding is performed after demodulation

 The added coding bits lower the raw data transmission rate through the
channel as it expands the occupied bandwidth for a particular message data
rate.
Equalization, Diversity and Channel Coding

There are three general types of channel codes

 Block Codes
 Convolution Codes
 Turbo Codes
Equalization, Diversity and Channel Coding

 Block codes are forward error correction codes that enable a limited number of
errors to be detected and corrected without retransmission

 Block codes can be used to improve the performance of communication

system when other means of improvement(such as increasing transmit power
or using a more sophisticated demodulator) are impractical

 Parity bits are added to block of message bits to make codeword's or code
blocks. k information bits are encoded into n code bits
Equalization, Diversity and Channel Coding

 n-k redundant bits are added to the k information bits for error detection and
correction

 Block code is referred as (n,k) code and the rate of the code is defined as
Rc=k/n

 Examples of block codes are Hamming codes, Hadamard Codes , Golay

Codes, Cyclic codes, BCH codes and Reed-Solomon Codes
Equalization, Diversity and Channel Coding

 Three general techniques of equalization, diversity and

channel coding are used to improve the radio link
performance(i.e., To minimize the instantaneous bit error
rate),but the approach, cost, complexity and effectiveness
of each technique varies widely in practical wireless
communication systems
Practical Space Diversity Considerations

 Space diversity is also known as antenna diversity, most popular form of

diversity in wireless systems

 Signals received from spatially separated antennas on the mobile would have
uncorrelated envelopes

 Space diversity is also used in base station design, multiple base station
receiving antennas are used to provide diversity separation
Practical Space Diversity Considerations

Generalized block diagram for space diversity

Practical Space Diversity Considerations

Space diversity reception methods can be classified into four categories

 Selection diversity
 Feedback diversity
 Maximal ratio combining
 Equal gain diversity
Practical Space Diversity Considerations

Selection diversity is simplest diversity technique

 m demodulators are used provide m diversity branches whose gains are

adjusted to provide the same average SNR for each branch
Frequency Diversity

 Frequency diversity is implemented by transmitting information on more than

one carrier frequency

 Frequencies separated by more than the coherence bandwidth of the channel

will be uncorrelated, will not experience the same fade

 If the channels are uncorrelated, the probability of simultaneous fading will be

the product of the individual fading probabilities

 For deep fade, frequency is available on stand-by basis to provide the

frequency diversity switching.

 Disadvantage is requires spare bandwidth and many receivers as there are

channels
Time Diversity

 Time diversity repeatedly transmits information at time spacing that exceeds

the coherence time of the channel

 Multiple repetitions of the signal will be received with the independent fading
conditions