Beruflich Dokumente
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THE FRAMEWORK OF MOVEMENT and
IMPLICATIONS FOR CLINICAL PRACTICE
IC 37
Saturday, October 19, 2013
1:30 – 3:30
Deborah Gaebler‐Spira, MD
Gay L. Girolami, PT, PhD
center of body mass (COM)
Postural Control a location of the net mass of all the
body segments in space
involves the control of
the body’s position
in space in order to
obtain stability and
orientation
Stability – is the maintenance of the center of body mass (COM)
(Massion, 1998) within the base of support during static or dynamic activities
center of pressure (COP)
measures the Functional Goals of Postural Control
location of the vertical ground reaction vector at the surface of support
• Postural orientation • Postural equilibrium
motion of the COP measured in the active alignment the coordination of
terms of sway area represents an of the trunk and movement strategies
individual's control of the body sway
head with respect to to stabilize the
or preservation of stance stability centre of body mass
gravity, support during both self‐
surfaces, the visual initiated and
surround and externally triggered
internal references disturbances of
stability
Base of support BOS is the possible range of the center of pressure COP
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The purposes of that control are to
maintain equilibrium and orientation
in sitting and standing
Why this topic is important?
(Horak, 1992; Shumway‐Cook & Woollacott, 1993)
Cerebral Palsy What drives early postural control
“Cerebral palsy (CP) describes a group of disorders of • Combined reduction of equilibrium reactions
the development of movement and posture, causing
activity limitation, that are attributed to non- • Righting reflexes
progressive disturbances that occurred in the
developing fetal or infant brain. The motor disorders
• Bleck‐1987‐Of all the motor problems in CP
of cerebral palsy are often accompanied by deficient equilibrium reactions interfere the
disturbances of sensation, cognition, most with functional walking
communication, perception, musculoskeletal and/or
behaviour, and/or by a seizure disorder.”
Bax M, Goldstein M, Rosenbaum P, Leviton A, Paneth N.
definition and classification of cerebral palsy,
April 2005. Dev Med Child Neurol 2005;47(8):571‐6.
summation of static A complex
reflexes but, rather, a interaction of Postural
systems and higher Sensory
complex skill based
level processes.
Neuromuscular
Synergies Control strategies
on the inter‐ action
of dynamic Anticipatory
Adaptive
Mechanisms
sensorimotor Mechanisms
processes
Adapted from Woollacott & Shumway‐Cook, 2001
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Precarious Balance
Postural Performance
Vestibular System
Proprioception Postural Control • Biomechanical constraints‐alignment and
spasticity, weakness
• Movement strategies‐selective motor control ,
praxia
Vision
• Postural orientation‐righting, equilibrium
Alignment • Sensory environment‐visual, vestibular,
proprioception
Strength • Experience‐developmental
• Cognitive resources
Head Control as Basis
“Sensory information from somatosensory, • sensory organs for
vestibular and visual systems is integrated, visual and vestibular
and the relative weights placed on each of • systems are embedded
these inputs are dependent on the goals of in the head, making
the movement task and the environmental 6 Month – Typical Development
refined head control of
context.” critical importance for
both orientation and
balance
Photos: www. Pathways.org
6 Month – Atypical Development
Vestibular systems Deficits of Sensory function
• during posturography
that sensory conditions • Tactile, kinesthetic proprioceptive
in which children must information
rely primarily on • Needed to determine starting position of
vestibular cues cause limb
instability and frequent
falling in children with • Correct errors for refinement of skills
spastic CP • Neglect‐learned non‐use
• Liao et al. 1997, 2003;
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Sensory
• Proprioception
• Position sense is altered
and biased
• Subjects were asked to
place at certain position
• Joint‐Position Sense and
Kinesthesia in Cerebral
Palsy
• Wingert et al
The amount of cognitive processing required
for postural control depends both on the Alignment
complexity of the postural task and on the
capability of the subject’s postural control
system.
Walking prognosis in cerebral palsy: a
Postural Balance in Children with CP
Rose, et al 22‐year retrospective analysis
de Paz Junio, Burnett, Braga
• force plate evaluation of postural • A retrospective study was performed of 272 patients with
• center of pressure
balance can detect impairment of
calculations of path length
spasticity to determine criteria for the prognosis for
specific components of postural ambulation based on the ages at which children with
per second, average radial balance cerebral palsy attain important gross motor milestones. The
displacement‐ sway • 1/3 had deficits and the majority variables analyzed were age at last clinical assessment,
excursion deficits were in radial clinical type of cerebral palsy and ages at attainment of
displacement gross motor milestones. Achievement of head balance
before nine months was an important parameter for good
prognosis for walking and, after 20 months of age, an
indicator for poor prognosis. Sitting by 24 months indicated
a favorable outcome, and motor control of crawling at 30
months of age was a predictor for good prognosis. Based on
these data, a chart for walking prognosis in children with
cerebral palsy is presented.
Dev Med Child Neurology 1994 Feb;36(2):130‐4.
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• The control of posture involves many different
underlying physiological systems that can be Balance‐treatment options ‐ part two
affected by pathology or sub‐clinical
constraints
• The effective rehabilitation of balance to
improve mobility and to prevent falls requires
a better understanding of the multiple
mechanisms underlying postural control.
Efficacy and Effectiveness of Physical Therapy in
Enhancing Postural Control in Children with Cerebral Virtual reality as a therapeutic modality for children
Palsy with cerebral palsy
Susan R. Harris and Lori Roxborough
LAURIE SNIDER, ANNETTE MAJNEMER, & VASILIKI DARSAKLIS
• NEURAL PLASTICITYVOLUME 12, NO. 2‐3, 2005
• postural control / balance improved during
hippotherapy and THR
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Discussion
• Wii Fit is able to accurately measure
parameters related to balance
• More sensitive than traditional measures
Wiiagnostics • Potential to monitor outcomes accurately at
Studying balance and function in cerebral palsy
using video games home
• Can diagnose specific problem areas and cater
Mickey Kopstein, Iris Valeris PHD therapy to patient
2013 RIC Summer Extern
Postural Control Mechanisms
Mechanism Typical time delay
Compensatory and Anticipatory Anticipatory postural adjustments < 0 ms prior to
Postural Control perturbation
Muscle and tendon elasticity 0 ms
Monosynaptic reflexes 30 ms
Polysynaptic reflexes 50 ms
Compensatory postural reactions 70 ms
(preprogrammed rxns)
Voluntary actions 150 ms & onwards
Adapted from Latash 2008
Compensatory Postural Adjustments (CPAs)
– Occur after a perturbation
– Triggered by sensory feedback signals – feedback
postural control
– Serve to reorganize posture and maintain balance
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Postural Control Mechanisms
COMPENSATORY
• CPAs: balance training programs commonly
incorporate CPA concept
POSTURAL ADJUSTMENTS
(i.e., strengthening/strategies for recovering balance, multi
direction stepping exercises)
• APAs not well understood/established in terms
children and clinical interventions
Girolami & Shiratori CSM 2010
CPAs First Six Months
• A repertoire of variable, but direction specific
postural adjustments are seen before
independent sitting
– Minimal ability to adapt to the perturbation
DEVELOPMENT OF POSTURAL – As early as 3‐4 months ability to balance flex/ext of
CONTROL IN INFANTS AND the neck for head control in supported sitting
Harbourne et al, 1987
CHILDREN – Inconsistent ability to inhibit dorsal mms (NE, TE)
prior to activation of ventral muscles in FW
translation (BW sway)
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By 6 months Six to Nine Months
• Infants can begin to select from a repertoire of Able to adapt the magnitude of muscle activity in the
direction specific patterns of muscle activation enbloc pattern to match the degree of perturbation
– Able to select patterns of muscle activity in
response to the perturbation – forward vs. Coincides with ability to sit independently
backward
– Variation of responses decreases with age Between 6 – 9 months infants increasingly choose the
– Increased ability to inhibit dorsal mms (NE, Trunk enbloc postural pattern from their repertoire esp. when
Ext) prior to activation of ventral muscles in FW risk of loss of balance is high
translation (BW sway)
– Experience increased body awareness shown by Van der Fits & Hadders‐Algra, 1998, 1999b
ability to choose the best stabilization of the head
for the movement paradigm
Van der Fits & Hadders‐Algra, 1998, 1999a
From Nine Months
Consistent activation of direction specific muscles The postural response pattern is activated
Ability to modulate response patterns is present by 9‐10 based on the direction of the perturbation
months in sitting
With respect to velocity of perturbation
– Backward translation of the support surface
With respect to the pelvic position
causes a forward weight shift resulting in
With respect to load
activation of the dorsal neck, trunk, lower
extremity muscle groups.
Fully developed CPAs in sitting at three years
– Forward translation of the support surface
Fully develop adult patterns in standing on translational
surfaces between 7‐10 years causes a backward weight shift resulting in
Shumway‐Cook and Wollacott, 1985
activation of the ventral neck, trunk and lower
extremity muscles
Girolami & Shiratori CSM 2010
Girolami & Shiratori CSM 2010 Girolami & Shiratori CSM 2010
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Woollacott & Shumway‐Cook, 1990
Girolami & Shiratori CSM 2010
Postural Control Anticipatory Postural Adjustments
Children with CP
• Greater and regular sway
• Delayed response to perturbations
• Center of pressure of studies‐
• Trouble fine tuning
• Cephalic caudal recruitment
76
APAs in Sitting
• Observed as early as 5 – 6 months prior to reaching
Hadders‐Algra & Brogren, 1996
• Variable responses present at 8 ‐ 9 months during reaching in
long sit
DEVELOPMENT OF APAS
Van der Fitts et al, 1999a, 1999b
• APAs reported at 9 months in infants sitting astride a knee a
position that requires increased balance
Hofsten/Woollacott, 1989
• CNS can apparently accommodate for different postural tasks
(long sit vs. short sit) as early as 9 months
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• APAs reported at 9 months in infants sitting astride a knee a
position that requires increased balance Refined APAs in sit were correlated with onset of independent
Hofsten/Woollacott, 1989 walking
• It appears the CNS can accommodate for different postural tasks
APAs in infants with CP were not consistent in sitting by 18
(long sit and short sit) as early as 9 months months
van der Fits et al. 1998, 1999
Girolami & Shiratori CSM 2013
and position dependency
Standing infants can scale APAs with loads
Refined APAs in sit were correlated with onset of independent Witherington et al, 2002
walking
Anticipatory COP displacements in children prior to
APAs in infants with CP were not consistent in sitting by 18
months standing reach tasks
Riach and Hayes, 1990
Van der Fits et al. 1998, 1999
Girolami & Shiratori CSM 2013
The Development of APAs in Infancy
Development of APAs – In Standing
• Transition from reactive to anticipatory strategies Drawer Pull Paradigm
to maintain standing balance seen in infants who have begun to
master independent walking Design
(@13.5 mo olds) • n= 34 infants
Barela et al. 1999 • Age: 10‐17 months
• Pulling a cabinet drawer
• APAs begin in stand ‐ 13 – 14 months open
• Well developed by 16 – 17 months • EMG collected from the
gastrocnemius and biceps
Witherington et al 2002 brachii
Witherington et al. 2002
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Impairments in
Summary of APA Development the sensory
musculoskeletal
• Based on the literature, development of CPAs precedes & neurological
development of APAs at each developmental stage systems
Rely on only Decreased
one sensory awareness of
• Theory that internal representation of body in space is system body and
necessary for APAs to emerge environment
DELAYED
Haas et al. 1989 DEVELOPMENT
of
ANTICIPATORY
• By age seven typically developing children demonstrate POSTURAL
anticipatory mm activity and COP displacements similar CONTROL Limited motor
plans &
to adults for bilateral, unilateral and reciprocal US Poor or decreased
movements impaired
perception variability of
– Direction specificity movement
Decreased
– Sequencing exploration of
Girolami et al, 2010 the
environment
Girolami & Shiratori CSM 2013
88
Children with APA deficits Early APA Research
CP, Down syndrome,
spina bifida, muscular
Deltoid
dystrophy, hypotonia,
toe walkers, orthopedic Biceps Femoris
conditions, DCD, Ipsilateral
sensory integration
disorder, hearing Biceps Femoris
Contralateral
impairment, autism
spectrum disorders,
learning disability, etc Belenkii, Gurfinkel, Pal’tsev 1967
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• Counteract the effect of inertial forces on body
segments and minimizing changes in body Erector
Spinae
Rectus
Abdominis
geometry (Pozzo et al. 2001)
(ES)
Biceps
(RA)
Rectus
Femoris Femoris
(BF) (RF)
• Accelerate the COM in the direction of motion
(Stapley et al., 1999, Commisaris et al 2001)
By age 7, typically developing
children are able to generate
directionally specific APAs
Time (ms)
TASK: R shoulder flexion‐L shoulder right
RF 1000
right
RF
extension 1000
500
0 0
TD, 10 0 0
yo
200 200
• Trunk: ~symmetrical APAs
BF 400 BF 400
between R/L
left
200 left 200
RF
RF
R/L, especially in BF and SOL 0 0 Hemi, 0 0
BF 1000
GMFM88= BF
1000
97%
Shiratori and Aruin 2004 -0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 -0.40 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4
97
96
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• APA onset delay observed for some children
Loading (i.e., catching) (Lacquaniti and Maioli, 1990)
with CP
Mass
Mass/height for catching
Unloading
(i.e., dropping a bookbag) Aruin and Latash, 1995)
Mass
98
different heights
Dorsal LE/trunk
Dorsal LE/trunk
muscle activity scales
muscle activity scales
with mass
with height
Arm muscle activity
Arm muscle activity
scales with mass
also scales with height
50
RA
old, GMFCS I, 50
RA
TASK: release a 2.2 kg
GMFM88=
0 0
held in front of the body
0 0
96%
100
200
with quick shoulder
ES
200
300 ES
abduction
400
150
100
RF
400
RF
Decrease in muscle
activity in the dorsal
200
50
Di, 12 yrs old,
0 0
0 0
GMFCS II, → muscles (ES and BF)
500
GMFM88= 85% 100
prior to unloading
BF
1000 BF 200
1500
-0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4
-0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4
102
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100
200
Unsupported: Prior to self
ES
200
ES initiated pull (biceps onset),
400
gastroc and hamstrings
400
400
RF
RF
activates
200 200
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111 112
Assessment Options
Learning to generate APAs for novel
tasks in healthy adults
Ahmed and Wolpert 2009, Manista and Ahmed 2012
115
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Segmental Assessment of Trunk Control
(SATCo)
BESTest (Horak et al 2009)
Mini Bestest:
http://www.bestest.us/files/7413/6380/7277/MiniBEST_revised_final_3_8_13.pdf
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