Nebular Theory

- planets are identified as rocky or gas giants

- planets are formed from dust or debris leftover from birth of the stars.

Gas Clouds, Stars, Planets

-200 Billion Stars
-Kepler Spacecraft (6 years)
- 400 PLANETS
- Some are found to be 5x the size of Jupiter
- Some or rocky

MVEM AND JSUN

MERCURY, VENUS, EARTH, MARS

- ROCKY
- SMALLER
- INNER
- TERRESTRIAL

JUPITER, SATURN, URANUS, NEPTUNE

- GIANT GAS
- JOVIAN
- OUTER

4.6 BILLION YEARS – Solar System

- Planets came from a huge cloud of gas

Planets are made out of many elements such as methane, hydrogen and the like.
The birth of the planets is said to be alike to baking cakes
They ‘cook’ are created depending on their distance from the Sun and the
temperature.

- Rocky Planets are made out of rock and metal

- The tiny metal grains are called the seeds of these planets
- Accretion happens (the process of growth or increase, typically by the
gradual accumulation of additional layers or matter.)
- Boulders are formed out of accretion
- These boulders combine creating bigger boulders

At the beginning of the Solar System there are about 100 planets being formed.
Since chance and luck are big factors in the creation of planets, only a few were able
to succeed. An example of a supposed-to-be-planet is the asteroid VESTA (229
miles). It was not able to get a spherical shape due to its inferior size. For a planet to
have a spherical shape, it must be at least 500 miles.
 - Gravity seperates the light objects from the heavy objects
- 4.5 billion years ago the 100 baby plantes are formed
- Impacts of these celestial bodies either create or destroy planets/baby
planets

MARS
- a frozen wasteland

VENUS
- a volcanic hellhole

EARTH
- the blue planet

MERCURY
- extremely dense
- thin crust
The Earth’s Moon could’ve been from the Earth’s mantle.

The Southern Hemisphere of Mars is thicker than its Northern Hemisphere. Why?
According to theories, a celestial body could’ve hit the northern hemisphere of the
Mars, making it lesser than the other.

THE SPACE IS NOT EMPTY

Solar Winds
- Storm of the Sun
- In space, its flash can be seen when a man closes his eyes
- Apollo Program

The Earth’s Magnetic Field shields it from the Solar Winds. The magnetic field is
generated from the Earth’s solid Ironic inner core surrounded by liquid sodium. The
energy generated from within is translated into magnetic energy. Auroras happen
due to the mix of Solar Winds and the Earth’s Magnetic Field. Solar Winds are
deflected by the Earth’s Magnetic Field.

MARS
- explored by SPIRIT and OPPORTUNITY
- its atmosphere is so thin that if you compare it to the Earth’s atmosphere it
will only be equivalent to 1%
- used to contain water (not anymore)
- also had a magnetic field (not anymore)
- a barren wasteland in the present
- lost magnetic field due to smaller size and location. The liquid core froze over
time
GAS PLANETS
- contains hydrogen, methane and helium
- location is a factor/reason why these planets turn out to be really cold
- made up of mostly gas and water
- cores are made up of snow
- tens of thousands of miles deep
- when dust and debris are sucked in, moons are created
- Saturn has 60 moons
- Jupiter also has 60 moons
- All of them have rings
- Saturn has the most prominent rings

Saturn’s Rings
- thousands of ringlets
- billions of cosmic rubble
- moves with the speed of 50000 miles per hour
- holds immense gravity
- cosmic rubbles either smash apart or turn into moons

Jupiter
- 40000 miles deep
- HAS STORMS
- Galileo was a 4 year mission sent to see what is within Jupiter its speed is
160 miles/hour and was launched on Dec. 7, 1995
- Contains lightning and clouds
- Winds= 450 miles per hour
- 23 times the pressure from Earth
- 300 degrees
- Galileo has reached 124 miles before crashing
- VERY STRONG/ WIDE MAGNETIC FIELD
- 20,000 TIMES GREATER THAN THE EARTH’S MAGNETIC FIELD AND IT
ALSO REACHERS SATURN
- HAS ITS OWN AURORAS.
- Jupiter could have metallic hydrogen as its core.

0.06% - percentage of water’s mass in Earth

Planets are made out of physics and chemistry plus luck
Heat and gravity are the main ingredients of a planet
PLUS water