Unit 3.

Plane shapes

Teaching Mathematics in Primary Education III:

shapes and their properties
 Contents
Plane
shapes
Polygon Circunference/
circle
• Definition
• Definition
• Main elements
• Main elements
• Inclusive and disjoint classifications
• Circular sector and segment
• Pithagorean theorem
• Radian
• Triangle remarkable elements

Areas and
Properties
perimeter
What is a polygon?
 we reflect on…

• What arguments make certain figures be consider as

polygons?
• Why may be or may not be interesting to include certain
features in the concept of polygon?
• Is there a single definition of polygon?
 Classifications

Hierarchical Partition
(inclusive) (disjoint)

Classification of a set of The various subsets of

concepts in such a manner concepts are considered to
that the more particular be disjoint from one another
concepts form subsets of the (partition classification of
more general concepts. concepts)
Classifications
Hierarchy among polygons
 Types of Polygons
Classification according to the number of sides…

Three Seven
Four sides Five sides Six sides Eight sides …
sides sides

Triangle Quadrilateral Pentagon Hexagon Heptagon Octagon …

Different clasifications: regularity/irregularity, concavity/convexity, …

 Quadrilaterals
According to the number of parallel sides …

Each pair of
opposite sides is Only two parallel No parallel sides
parallel sides

Parallelogram Trapezium Trapezoid

• Give examples of each quadrilateral kind

 Parallelograms

4 equal sides Pairs of equal sides

4 equal angles 4 equal angles

4 equal sides Pairs of equal sides

Pairs of equal angles Pairs of equal angles
Trapezium and trapezoid

Right trapezium
A non parallel side
perpendicular to a parallel one

Isosceles trapezium
Equal non-parallel sides
Trapezoid
No parallel sides
Scalene trapezium
The nonparallel sides are
unequal and not
perpendicular
 Quadrilaterals
According to the relative position of its diagonals…

Analyze:
• How are they intersecting? Is it possible to not intersect?
• What are the measures?
• How many diagonals are there?

Draw the possibilities

 Quadrilaterals
Quadrilateral Any diagonals

l have the same relative position in

Trapezium both diagonals
(In this picture, the distance from l to the upper vertex of
each diagonal is a third of the diagonal measure)

Parallelogram The diagonals cut in their midpoint (l)

The diagonals also The diagonals are also

have the same length perpendicular
Rectangle Rhombus

The diagonals are perpendicular

Square
and equal in length
Diagonals in a polygon

1 Diagonales: Segments linking two

non-adjacent vertices.
2 From any given vertex there is n – 3
diagonals. (Being n = number of sides)
3 If the polygon has n sides, we have
n · (n – 3) diagonals.

! As diagonals are drawn, they are

counted double.
We have to adjust the formula.

http://www.mathopenref.com/polygondiagonal.html
Interior, exterior and central angle of a convex
polygon
A vertex angle (also called an interior
angle or angle of the polygon) is
formed by two consecutive sides

A central angle is formed by the segments connecting

consecutive vertices to the center of the regular n-gon.

An exterior angle of a convex polygon is

formed by one side together with an
extension of an adjacent side of the polygon.

Notice that the number of vertex angles and the sides of a regular polygon are the
same. But there are twice as many exterior angles as interior angles.
The sum of the measures of the angles of a triangle
The sum of the measures of the interior angles of a triangle is 180⁰
We can see this by using a torn triangle, as shown in the figure.
Angles 1, 2, and 3 of triangle ABC in (a) are torn as pictured and then
replaced as shown in (b).
The three angles lie along a single line l.
The angle measures add up to a straight angle, i.e., 180⁰
The sum of the measures of the interior angles of a
convex polygon

1 Each diagonal build a triangle in the

polygon
2 The sum of the measures of the
interior angles of a triangle is 180o
3 From each vertex n - 3 diagonals start ,
then they build n - 2 triangles.
The sum of the measures of the interior angles of a
convex polygon
Example:
The sum of the measures of the exterior angles of a
convex polygon
Angle measures in a regular n-gon
 Concave quadrilaterals

• Can all polygons be concave?

• Can a quadrilateral have more

than one concave angle?
• How many degrees add up the
Concave quadrilateral interior angles of a polygon?
An angle greater than 180o
 Regular polygons
It is possible to know the measures of the interior angles of a
regular polygon knowing its number of sides :

Triangle Quadrilateral Pentagon Hexagon Heptagon Octagon …

60o 90o 108o 120o 129o 135o …

 Triangles
According to its sides…

Equilateral Isosceles Scalene

According to its angles…

Right Acute Obtuse

Are inclusive or disjoint classifications? How can they be combined?

 Pythagorean theorem
In a right triangle:
The sum of the squares of the
lengths of the legs of a right
h
h2 = a2 + b2 triangle ('a' and 'b' in the triangle
a shown) is equal to the square of
the length of the hypotenuse (‘h').
b

Graphic proof:
C
T T
AC = AH + 4·AT

H
AC = (a + b)2
AH = h2
h
a T T a·b
AT =
b 2
Generalized Pythagorean Theorem

In the right triangle CDB:

C
a2 = h2 + (c + m)2
a In the right triangle CDA:
hc b
b2 = h2 + m2
D A c B Therefore:
m
a2 = b2 + c2 + 2·c·m
n=m+c
a2 > b 2 + c 2
 Sides in a triangle
Triangle Inequality:
The sum of the lengths of any two sides of a triangle is greater than the length of the
remaining side.
Example: The triangle ABC with a=2, b=3 and c=10 does not exist

Pythagorean triples:
Consists of three positive integers a, b, and c, that fits the Pythagorean theorem

Example: The triangle ABC with side lenths a=3, b=4 y c=5 25 = 9 + 16

What is the triangle ABC with side lenths a=3, b=4 y c=6.27?
What about ABC with side lenths a=2, b=2 y c=1.84?
Triangles: notables points and lines
https://quizlet.com/113004667/triangles-notable-points-and-lines-flash-cards/

Altitudes and orthocentre

What positions can take the orthocentre?

https://www.geogebra.org/m/XNTe3Xj5
Triangles: notables points and lines
Perpendicular bisectors and circumcentre

What feature has the circumcentre?

Triangles: notables points and lines
Medians and centroid

What feature has the centroid?

Triangles: notables points and lines
Angle bisectors and incentre

What feature has the incentre?

Triangles: notables points and lines
Euler line

H = orthocentre
G = centroid
D = circumcentre

http://www.mathopenref.com/eulerline.html
 Circumference
What is a circumference?
1
2
3

5
4

Criteria for the definition

A circumference is the locus of points from the plane equidistant to another point, called the center
of the circumference.
We must never confuse the concept of a circle with the concept of circumference, circumference is
actually a curve that encloses a circle (the circumference is a curve, the circle is an area.)
Basic elements of a circumference
Center (A): center point that is equidistant to all
points belonging to the circumference.

Radius: line connecting the center with any point

belonging to the circumference.

Diameter: longer line connecting two points of the

circumference.

String/chord: line connecting any two points of

the circumference.

Arc: The portion of the circumference between

any two points.
 Circle and its basics elements
Circular sector : Portion of a circle enclosed
by two radii and an arc.

Circular segment: Region of a circle which is

"cut off" from the rest of the circle by a
string.

Radian:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radian#/media/File:Circle_radians.gif

Circumference length: 2π r
Circle area: π r2
Plane shapes area and perimeter
Regular
Triangle Quadrilaterals Circle
polygon
Parallelograms Trapeziums
Area-perimeter relationship
Does area equality implies equal perimeter?

Increasing area involves increasing the perimeter?