02 Aggregates

Nathaniel B. Diola, Dr. Eng.
Associate Professor
Institute of Civil Engineering
National University of
Engineering the
Center Philippines
Outline
Part I – Aggregates
Definitions
Properties
Specifications
Part II – Sampling and Testing of Aggregates
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Engineering of the
Center UPNEC Copyright © 2013 Philippines 2
Part I.
Aggregates
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Engineering of the
PART I- Outline
1. Definition and Significance of Aggregates
2. Types of Aggregates
3. Source of Aggregates
4. Processing of Aggregates
5. Properties of Aggregates
6. Specifications Relative to Specific Applications
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Engineering of the
Aggregates
Definition
Aggregate is a combination of sand, gravel, crushed stone,
slag, or other material used in combination with a binding
medium for such materials as bituminous and portland
cement concrete, mortar, plaster, etc., or alone as in
railroad ballast, filter beds, and various manufacturing
processes.
Significance
30% of total cost of pavement
65-85% volume of concrete structures
92-96% volume of asphalt concrete
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Engineering of the
Aggregate Types
1. Natural – taken from natural deposits without
altering the mineralogical nature during processing
2. Artificial/Synthetic
a. byproducts: ex. blast furnace slag
b. manufactured: ex. expanded clay, shale, or slate used
for lightweight aggregates
c. reclaimed or waste construction materials: ex. recycled
Portland cement concrete
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Engineering of the
Definitions related to aggregate
particles:
Gravel = consists of naturally rounded particles resulting
from natural disintegration and abrasion of rock or a
processing of weakly bonded conglomerate. (> 4.75 mm)
Sand = consists of rock particles that have been

disintegrated naturally; grains are generally granular but
have been subjected to weathering. (< 4.75 mm)
Crushed stone = product of artificial crushing of rocks,

boulders, or large cobblestones, substantially all faces of
which result from crushing operation.
Stone sand = crushed rock corresponding to sand in size.

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Engineering of the
Aggregate for concrete:
Fine aggregate = passing the 3/8” sieve, almost entirely
passing the No. 4 Sieve (4.75 mm), and predominantly
retained on the No. 200 Sieve (75 µm)
Coarse aggregate = predominantly retained on the No. 4
Sieve
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Engineering of the
Source of Aggregates
Rocks as source of natural aggregates
Single mineral (e.g. limestone) or contains several

minerals (e.g. granite)
3 major types of rocks

Igneous
Sedimentary
Metamorphic
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Engineering of the
The Rock Cycle
Sedimentary Compaction
rocks
Cementation Sediments
Crystallization
Transportatio
Metamorphic n
rocks Erosion
Weathering
Igneous
rocks
Magma
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Engineering of the
Rocks
Rock Type Example Remarks
Igneous Basalt Fine grained
Granite Coarse grained
Sedimentary Shale
Limestone
Sandstone Composite structure
Metamorphic Slate From shale
Marble From limestone
Quartzite From sandstone
Ref: Young, et.al., “The Science and Technology of Civil Engineering Materials”, Prentice Hall, 1998.
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Engineering of the
Processing of Aggregates
Rule: obtain aggregates of the highest quality at the
least cost
• Excavation (quarrying)
• shovels, draglines, scrapers
• Transportation
• rail, truck, conveyor belts
• Washing
• removal of deleterious materials`
• Crushing
• jaw crusher, etc.
• Sizing
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• sieves or by hydraulic classification University
Engineering of the
Aggregate Beneficiation
processing of aggregate to meet or pass specifications
Washing – exposure to streams of water to remove

fines
Heavy Media Separation – specific gravity (SG) of
deleterious materials are much lighter than the SG of
sound aggregate
- also known as the “sink-float” method
- utilizes a suspension of water and/or ferrosilicon of
fixed SG such that deleterious materials will float
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Engineering of the
Aggregate Beneficiation
Elastic Fractionation – heavy but soft particles can be
removed by letting the aggregate fall on an inclined plane.
Poor, soft, and friable aggregate rebound at short distances.
- advisable to be used with heavy media separation
Jigging – SG method for removing light particles such as
coal, lignite, sticks.
- upward pulsations created by air tend to hinder
settlement
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Engineering of the
Characteristics of Aggregates
1. Geometric Properties
a. Particle size and grading
b. Particle shape and surface texture
2. Physical Properties
a. Porosity and voids content
b. Absorption, Moisture content, and permeability
3. Strength and Toughness
4. Other Properties
a. Surface chemistry
b. Surface coatings
c. Durability
d. Deleterious substances
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Engineering of the
Particle size and grading
Sieves
“diameter” of aggregate particle
Size fraction, di – di-1
MAS (maximum aggregate size) – smallest sieve
opening through which the entire aggregate sample
passes
Grading or gradation – distribution of particle sizes in
an aggregate sample
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Engineering of the
Sieves
Opening Opening
Number Size Number Size
(mm) (mm)
1 1/2” 38.100 30 0.600
1” 25.400 40 0.425
3/4” 19.000 50 0.300
1/2” 13.000 60 0.250
3/8” 9.500 80 0.177
4 4.750 100 0.150
6 3.350 140 0.106
8 2.360 170 0.088
10 2.000 200 0.075
16 1.180 270 0.053
20 0.850
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Engineering of the
Example of Gradation Curve
Percentage passing
in log scale
National Grain size (mm) University

of the
Engineering
Mechanical (Sieve) Analysis
for samples with grains > 75 µm in diameter
shaking the dried aggregate through a series of sieves
weight of the aggregate retained in each sieve is

expressed as a percentage of the total dry weight of the
sample
grain size distribution is then plotted

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Engineering of the
Sieve Analysis Example
Fineness Modulus = Sum (Cumm % Ret in Sieve # 4, 8, 16, 30, 50, 100) / 100
FM of good sand is between 2.25 and 3.25

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Engineering of the
Types of Gradation
Continuous
Uniform
Gap-graded
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Engineering of the
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Engineering of the
Grading Requirements for Fine
Aggregates – ASTM C33
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Engineering of the
Particle shape and surface texture
Not adequately defined qualitatively; effects cannot be
evaluated precisely
Both are result of processing operations, mineral
composition and crystalline structure
Particle shape: related to angularity, sphericity
Angularity – relative sharpness of edges and corners
Rounded vs. angular
Sphericity: ratio of surface area to volume

Equidimensional, flaky, elongated
Particle surface: relative degree to which the surface is

polished or dull, smooth or rough
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Engineering of the
(a) gravel, rounded
and smooth
(b)Crushed rock,
equidimensional
(c) Crushed rock
elongated
(d)Crushed rock,
flat
(e) Lightweight,
angular and
rough
(f) Lightweight,
rounded and
smooth
Mehta and Monteiro (2006)

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Engineering of the
Porosity and voids content
Porosity, n: volume of pores in the aggregates divided
by the total volume of the aggregates
n = Vpores / Vagg
Void (Pore) Ratio, e: volume of pores divided by the
volume of solids in the aggregates
e = Vpores / Vs
Void Content, v: volume of voids between aggregates
in the sample divided by the volume of sample
including the voids
v = Vvoids / Vtotal
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Engineering of the
Rocks
Rock Type Example Specific Porosity
Gravity (% vol)
Igneous Basalt 2.6-3.0 0.1-1.0
Granite 2.6-3.0 0.5-1.5
Sedimentary Shale 2.0-2.7 10-30
Limestone 2.3-2.8 5-20
Sandstone 2.2-2.7 5-25
Metamorphic Slate 2.6-2.9 0.1-0.5
Marble 2.6-2.8 0.5-2.0
Quartzite 2.6-2.7 0.5-5.0
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Engineering of the
Absorption, moisture content, and
permeability
Oven-dry (OD); Air-dry (AD); Saturated-surface-dry
(SSD); wet
Absorption capacity (%) = 100*(WSSD – WOD)/ WOD

Effective absorption (%) = 100*(WSSD – WAD)/ WSSD
Surface moisture (%) = 100*(WWET – WSSD)/ WSSD
Moisture content (%) = 100*(WAGG – WOD)/ WOD
Normal-weight agg: 0.5 – 2.0% absorption capacities

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Engineering of the
Recommended minimum mass
of moist test specimen for water content
reported to ±0.1%
Maximum Standard minimum mass of moist test
particle size sieve size specimen
2 mm or less No. 10 20 g
4.75 mm No. 4 100 g

9.5 mm 3/8 in 500 g
19.0 mm 3/4 in 2.5 kg
37.5 mm 1 ½ in 10 kg
75.0 mm 3 in 50 kg
National University
Engineering of the
Characteristics of Aggregates
1. Geometric Properties
a. Particle size and grading
b. Particle shape and surface texture
2. Physical Properties
a. Porosity and voids content
b. Absorption, Moisture content, and permeability
3. Strength and Toughness
4. Other Properties
a. Surface chemistry
b. Surface coatings
c. Durability
d. Deleterious substances
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Engineering of the
Strength and Toughness
Highly variable (dependent upon constituent
minerals, bonding between grains, porosity of
particles)
No truly satisfactory test to measure these
Los Angeles Abrasion Test (ASTM C131) has been used
– measures the degradation of aggregates
Aggregate is generally stronger than portland cement
paste
Particles are not in direct contact
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Engineering of the
Rocks
Rock Type Example Specific Porosity Compressive Modulus
Gravity (% vol) Strength of
(MPa) Elasticity
(GPa)
Igneous Basalt 2.6-3.0 0.1-1.0 50-200 30-70
Granite 2.6-3.0 0.5-1.5 100-250 5-50
Sedimentary Shale 2.0-2.7 10-30 10-100 5-25
Limestone 2.3-2.8 5-20 35-250 2-70
Sandstone 2.2-2.7 5-25 20-175 5-50
Metamorphic Slate 2.6-2.9 0.1-0.5 100-200 10
Marble 2.6-2.8 0.5-2.0 100-250 40-100
Quartzite 2.6-2.7 0.5-5.0 100-300 10-70
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Engineering of the
Other Properties
Surface chemistry
positive surface charge for ‘basic’ aggregate, e.g., limestone,
dolomite hydrophobic, more easily wetted by asphalt
cement
Negative surface charge for ‘acidic’ aggregate, e.g., silicates
hydrophilic, more easily wetted by water
Surface coatings
Aggregate may be naturally coated with clay, silt, iron oxide,
opal, and gypsum.
Coating may interfere with the bond between the surface and
the binder
Aggregate processing may be necessary
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Engineering of the
ASTM Specifications Related to
Aggregates
3 Test Categories
I. general quality of the aggregates

II. deleterious materials in aggregates
III. design of PC concrete and bituminous mix design
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Engineering of the
Specifications for Aggregates
I. general quality of the aggregates
1. ASTM C136: Resistance to Abrasion of Small Size Coarse Aggregate by the Use of
the Los Angeles Machine
2. ASTM C88: Soundness of Aggregate by the Use of Sodium Sulfate or
Magnesium Sulfate
3. ASTM C666: Resistance of Concrete to Rapid Freezing and Thawing
4. ASTM C215: Fundamental Transverse, Longitudinal and Torsional Frequencies
of Concrete Specimens
5. ASTM C597: Pulse Velocity Through Concrete
6. ASTM C671: Critical Dilation of Concrete Specimens Subjected to Freezing
7. ASTM C682: Evaluation of Frost Resistance of Coarse Aggregate in Air-
Entrained Concrete by Critical Dilation Procedure
8. ASTM C672: Scaling Resistance of Concrete Surface Exposed to Deicing
Chemical
9. ASTM C295: Petrographic Examination of Aggregates for Concrete
10. ASTM D1075: Effects of Water on Cohesion of Compacted Bituminous
Mixtures.
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Engineering of the
II. deleterious materials in aggregates
1. ASTM C235: Scratch Hardness of Coarse Aggregate Particles

2. ASTM C33: Concrete Aggregates
3. ASTM C142: Clay Lumps and Friable Particles in Aggregates
4. ASTM C117: Materials Finer than No. 200 (75 m) Sieve in
Mineral Aggregates by Washing
5. ASTM C123: Lightweight Pieces in Aggregates
6. ASTM C40: Organic Impurities in Sands for Concrete
7. ASTM C227: Potential Alkali Reactivity of Cement Aggregate
Combinations (Mortar-bar Method)
8. ASTM C289: Potential Reactivity of Aggregates (Chemical)
National University
Engineering of the
1. ASTM D75: Sampling of Aggregates

2. ASTM C136: Sieve or Screen Analysis of Fine and
Coarse Aggregates
3. ASTM C127: Specific Gravity and Absorption of Coarse
Aggregate
4. ASTM C128: Specific Gravity and Absorption of Fine
Aggregate
5. ASTM C29: Unit Weight of Aggregate
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Engineering of the
Part II.
Sampling and Testing
of Aggregates
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Engineering of the
PART II Outline / Objectives
Know how to obtain field samples and reduce it to test sample
A1-Reducing field sample of aggregate to test sample (ASTM C702,
D75)
Determine properties of aggregates through laboratory tests
A2-Sieve analysis of coarse aggregate (ASTM C136)
A3-Sieve analysis of fine aggregate (ASTM C136)
A4-Specific gravity and absorption of coarse aggregate (ASTM C127)
A5-Specific gravity and absorption of fine aggregate (ASTM C128)
A6-Unit weight and voids in aggregate (ASTM C29, C127, C128)
A7-Total moisture content and surface moisture content of
aggregate (ASTM C566, C127, C128)
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Engineering of the
Reducing field samples
ASTM C702-98 (reapproved 2003)
Standard Practice for Reducing Samples of Aggregate
to Testing Size
Method A: Mechanical splitter (samples must be dried to

at least SSD condition)
Method B: Quartering
Method C: Miniature Stockpile (for damp fine aggregate
only)
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Engineering of the
Sample splitters (riffles) for
coarse and fine aggregate
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Engineering of the
Quartering on a hard, clean level surface
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Engineering of the
Quartering on a canvas blanket
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Engineering of the
ACTIVITY 1: Reducing field sample
of aggregate to test sample
PURPOSE: To obtain laboratory samples from stockpiles
STANDARD/S: ASTM C702, D75
EQUIPMENT: shovel, scoop, broom
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Engineering of the
ACTIVITY 1 cont…
PROCEDURE:
1. Obtain a sample of aggregate (about 50 kg) from three
places in the stockpile: from the top third, at the
midpoint, and from the bottom third of the volume
of the pile.
2. Place the field sample on a hard, clean level surface.
3. Mix the material thoroughly by turning the entire
sample three times.
4. Shovel the entire sample into a conical pile.
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Engineering of the
ACTIVITY 1 cont…
PROCEDURE:
5. Carefully flatten the conical pile to a uniform
thickness and diameter by pressing down the apex
with a shovel. (The diameter should be
approximately four to eight times the thickness).
6. Divide the flattened mass into four equal quarters
with a shovel.
7. Remove two diagonally opposite quarters. Brush the
cleared spaces clean.
8. Mix and quarter the remaining material until the
sample is reduced to the desired size.
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Engineering of the
ACTIVITY 2: Sieve analysis of coarse
aggregate (ASTM C136)
PURPOSE: To determine the particle size distribution and
fineness modulus of coarse aggregate by sieving
STANDARD/S: ASTM C136
EQUIPMENT: balance, sieves, mechanical shaker, oven
SAMPLE: Dry coarse aggregate
Maximum Aggregate Size Weight of sample

[in. (mm)] (kg)
1 ½ (37.5) 15
1 (25) 10
¾ (19) or less 5
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Engineering of the
Activity 2 cont …
FINENESS MODULUS is the sum of the total
percentages of material in the sample that is coarser
than (cumulative percentages retained) each of the
following sieves and divided by 100: No. 8, No. 4, 3/8
n., 1 ½ in. and larger, increasing in the ration 2:1.
PROCEDURE:
1. Dry the sample to constant weight at a temperature of
110 oC if the sample is lightweight or is suspected of
containing appreciable amount of material finer that
No. 4 sieve.
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Engineering of the
Activity 2 cont …
PROCEDURE:
2. Weigh the dry sample accurately.
3. Weigh each empty sieve and the pan.
4. Nest the suitable sieves in order of decreasing size of
opening from the top to bottom. Place the pan at the
bottom of the set. Sieves: No. 8, No. 4, 3/8 in., ½ in., ¾ in.,
1 in. and higher if needed.
5. Place the sample on the top sieve.
6. Place the lid, and agitate the sieves in the mechanical
shaker for about 10 minutes.
7. Weigh the sieves with the material retained.
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Engineering of the
Activity 2 cont …
PROCEDURE:
8. Determine the weight in each sieve. The total weight
of the material after sieving should check closely with
the original weight of the sample. If the amount differs
by more than 0.3 percent based on the original weight,
the results should not be used.
9. Calculate the percentage coarser than and the
percentage passing.
10 Draw the particle distribution curve and calculate the
fineness modulus of the average size of the sample.
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Engineering of the
Activity 2 cont …
REPORT:
Draw the particle size distribution. Indicate on the plot
the applicable ASTM C33 gradation limits. Report the
fineness modulus and calculate the effective size,
coefficient of gradation, and uniformity coefficient.
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Engineering of the
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Engineering of the
ACTIVITY 3: Sieve analysis of fine
aggregate (ASTM C136)
PURPOSE: To determine the particle size distribution and
fineness modulus of fine aggregate by sieving
EQUIPMENT: balance, sieves, mechanical shaker, oven
SAMPLE: 500 g of dry fine aggregate
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Engineering of the
Activity 3 cont …
PROCEDURE:
1. Dry the sample to constant weight at a temperature of 110
OC.
2. Weigh the dry sample, the empty sieves and the pan.
3. Nest the suitable sieves in order of decreasing size of
opening from the top to bottom. Place the pan at the
bottom of the set. Sieves: No. 100, No. 50, No. 30, No. 16.
No. 8, and No. 4.
4. Place the sample on the top sieve.
5. Place the lid, and agitate the sieves in the mechanical
shaker for about 10 minutes.
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Engineering of the
Activity 3 cont …
PROCEDURE:
6. Weigh the sieves with the material retained.
Determine the weight in each sieve. The total weight
of the material after sieving should check closely with
the original weight of the sample. If the amount differs
by more than 0.3 percent based on the original weight,
the results should not be used.
7. Calculate the percentage coarser than and the
percentage passing.
8. Draw the particle distribution curve and calculate the
fineness modulus of the average size of the sample.
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Engineering of the
Activity 3 cont …
REPORT:
Draw the particle size distribution. Indicate on the plot
the ASTM C33 gradation limit. Report the fineness
modulus and calculate the effective size, coefficient of
gradation, and uniformity coefficient.
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Engineering of the
ASTM C33
Grading requirements for fine aggregates
Sieve No. Percent passing
3/8 in (9.5 mm) 100

No. 4 (4.75 mm) 95 – 100
No. 8 (2.36 mm) 80 – 100
No. 16 (1.18 mm) 50 – 85
No. 30 (0.600 mm) 25 – 60
No. 50 (0.300 mm) 10 – 30
No. 100 (0.150 mm) 2 – 10
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Engineering of the
ACTIVITY 4: Specific gravity and
absorption of coarse aggregate
PURPOSE: To determine the specific gravity (bulk and
apparent) and absorption capacity of coarse
aggregate.
EQUIPMENT: balance, wire basket (of 3.35 mm or finer wire

mesh), water tank, oven
SAMPLE: Minimum of 4,000 g test sample for aggregate of

maximum nominal size of 1 in. The sample
should not have particles of size less than 4.75
mm (No. 4)
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Engineering of the
ACTIVITY 4 cont …
DEFINITIONS:
• Specific gravity is the ratio of weight in air of a unit volume of a material
to the weight of an equal volume of water.
• Bulk specific gravity is the ratio of the weight in air of a unit volume of
aggregate (including the permeable and impermeable voids in the
particles, but not including the voids between the particles) to the weight
of an equal amount of water.
• Apparent specific gravity is the ratio of the weight in air of a unit volume
of the impermeable portion of the aggregate to the weight of an equal
volume of water.
• Absorption is the increase in weight of aggregate due to water in the pores

but not including water adhering to the outside surface of the particles
expressed as a percentage of dry weight.
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Engineering of the
ACTIVITY 4 cont …
PROCEDURE:
1. Weigh the test sample: A (g).
2. Immerse the aggregate in water at room temperature for a period of 24
+/- 4 h .
3. Remove the sample from the water. Roll it in a large absorbent cloth
until all visible films of water are removed. The sample is now in
saturated surface dry (SSD) condition.
4. Weigh the sample to obtain it saturated surface dry weight: B (g).
5. Place the SSD sample in the wire basket and determine the weight in
water: C (g). Note that the wire basket should be immersed to a depth
sufficient to cover it and the test sample during weighing.
6. Remove the sample from the wire basket
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Engineering of the
ACTIVITY 4 cont …
PROCEDURE:
7. Dry the sample to constant weight at a temperature of 110 +/- 5 oC
(approximately 24 h ), and weigh: D (g).
8. Calculate the specific gravity and absorption.
Bulk specific gravity, dry = A / (B-C)
Bulk specific gravity, SSD = B / (B-C)
Apparent specific gravity = D / (D-C)
Absorption = 100 x (B –D) / D
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Engineering of the
ACTIVITY 4 cont …
REPORT:
Report the specific gravity to the nearest 0.01 and absorption values to the
nearest 0.1%.
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Engineering of the
ACTIVITY 5: Specific gravity and
absorption of fine aggregate
PURPOSE: To determine the specific gravity (bulk and
apparent) and absorption capacity of fine
aggregate.
STANDARD: ASTM C128
EQUIPMENT: balance, pycnometer (or a volumetric flask of

500 cm3 capacity or a fruit jar fitted with a
pycnometer top), oven
SAMPLE: About 500 g of fine aggregate

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Engineering of the
ACTIVITY 5 cont …
PROCEDURE:
1. Weigh the test sample: A (g).
2. Cover the test sample with water, either by immersion or by the addition of
a least 6% moisture to the sample, and permit to stand for 24 +/- 4 h .
3. Decant excess water with care to avoid loss of fines. Spread the sample on a
flat non-absorbent surface exposed to a gently moving current of warm air,
and stir frequently to secure homogeneous drying. Continue until the
sample approaches a free-flowing condition. When the specimen has
reached a surface dry condition, it is called saturated surface dry (SSD).
4. Weigh the SSD sample: B (g).
5. Fill the pycnometer with water to the top and weigh: C (g).
6. Remove part of the water, and introduce the SSD sample into the
pycnometer.
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Engineering of the
ACTIVITY 5 cont …
PROCEDURE:
7. Fill with additional water to approximately 90% of its capacity
8. Roll, invert, and agitate the pycnometer to eliminate all air bubbles.
9. Bring the water level in the pycnometer to its calibrated capacity.
10. Determine the total weight of the pycnometer, specimen, and water: D
(g).
11. Remove the sample from the pycnometer, dry to constant weight at a
temperature of 110 +/- 5 oC (approximately 24 h ), cool and weigh: E (g).
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Engineering of the
ACTIVITY 5 cont …
PROCEDURE:
12. Calculate the specific gravity and absorption.
Bulk specific gravity, dry = A / (C+B-D)
Bulk specific gravity, SSD = B / (C+B-D)
Apparent specific gravity = E / (C+E-D)
Absorption = 100 x (B –E) / E
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Engineering of the
ACTIVITY 5 cont …
REPORT:
Report the specific gravity to the nearest 0.01 and absorption values to the
nearest 0.1%.
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Engineering of the
ACTIVITY 6: Unit weight and voids
in aggregate
PURPOSE: To determine unit weights of and voids in a
sample of fine, coarse, or mixed aggregates
STANDARDS: ASTM C 29, 127, 128
EQUIPMENT: balance, 5/8-in-diameter tamping rod (24 in.

long), cylindrical metal measure (minimum
capacity of ½ ft3 for coarse aggregate of size not
larger than 1 ½ in. and of 1/10 ft3 for fine
aggregate)
SAMPLE: Aggregate dried to constant weight, preferably

in an oven at 110 +/- 5oC
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Engineering of the
ACTIVITY 6 cont …
DEFINITIONS:
Air void is a space filled with air.
Unit weight or bulk density is the weight in air of a unit volume of a

permeable material (including both permeable and impermeable
voids)
PROCEDURE:
1. Find the empty weight of the metal measure.
2. Fill the measure one-third full with the dry sample.
3. Rod the layer of aggregate with 25 strokes (Do not allow the rod to
strike the bottom of the measure.)
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Engineering of the
ACTIVITY 6 cont …
4. Fill the measure two-thirds full, level and rod as in step 3.
5. Fill the measure overflowing and rod as in step 3.
6. Level the surface of the aggregate with a finger and tamping rod such
that any slight projection of the larger pieces of coarse aggregate
approximately balances the larger voids in the surface below the top of
the measure.
7. Weigh the measure with the aggregate and find the net weight of the
aggregate: A.
8. Calculate the unit weight: B.
Unit weight or bulk density, B = (A/V) lb/ft3 or kg/m3
where V is the volume of the measure.
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Engineering of the
ACTIVITY 6 cont …
9. Calculate the void content or percent void
Void (%) = 100 x ( S x W - B) / ( S x W )
where S is the bulk specific gravity (dry basis) from Activity 4 or 5 and
W is the unit weight of water (62.4 pcf or 999 kg/m3).
REPORT: Calculate unit weight and void for coarse aggregate and find
aggregate samples. Comment on the results.
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Engineering of the
ACTIVITY 7: Total moisture content and
surface moisture content of aggregate
PURPOSE: To determine the percentage of total moisture
and surface moisture in a sample of aggregate.
STANDARD/S: ASTM C 566, 127, 128
EQUIPMENT: balance, oven
SAMPLE: A minimum of 4,000 g of coarse aggregate (1 in.

maximum size) or 500 g of fine aggregate
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Engineering of the
ACTIVITY 7 cont …
DEFINITIONS:
Moisture content (total) is the weight of water in the particles
expressed as a percentage of the dry weight of the particles.
Absorption is the increase of weight of aggregate due to water in the

pores but not including the water adhering to the outside surface of the
particles expressed as a percentage of the dry weight.
Surface moisture is equal to the difference between the total moisture

content and the absorption.
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Engineering of the
ACTIVITY 7 cont …
PROCEDURE:
1. Weigh the sample: A (g).
2. Dry the sample to constant weight in an oven at 110 +/- 5 oC for
approximately 24 h and cool.
3. Weigh the dried sample: B (g).
4. Calculate the moisture content.
Total moisture content = 100 x ( A – B) / B

Surface moisture content = total moisture content – absorption
Absorption is calculated in Activity 4 or 5
REPORT: Report the total moisture content and surface moisture content to
the nearest 0.1%.
National University
Engineering of the
1. ASTM D75: Sampling of Aggregates

2. ASTM C136: Sieve or Screen Analysis of Fine and
Coarse Aggregates
3. ASTM C127: Specific Gravity and Absorption of Coarse
Aggregate
4. ASTM C128: Specific Gravity and Absorption of Fine
Aggregate
5. ASTM C29: Unit Weight of Aggregate
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02 Aggregates

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02 Aggregates

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Nathaniel B. Diola, Dr. Eng.

Part II – Sampling and Testing of Aggregates

Sand = consists of rock particles that have been

Crushed stone = product of artificial crushing of rocks,

Stone sand = crushed rock corresponding to sand in size.

Single mineral (e.g. limestone) or contains several

3 major types of rocks

Washing – exposure to streams of water to remove

National Grain size (mm) University

shaking the dried aggregate through a series of sieves

weight of the aggregate retained in each sieve is

grain size distribution is then plotted

FM of good sand is between 2.25 and 3.25

Sphericity: ratio of surface area to volume

Particle surface: relative degree to which the surface is

Mehta and Monteiro (2006)

Absorption capacity (%) = 100*(WSSD – WOD)/ WOD

Normal-weight agg: 0.5 – 2.0% absorption capacities

4.75 mm No. 4 100 g

I. general quality of the aggregates

1. ASTM C235: Scratch Hardness of Coarse Aggregate Particles

1. ASTM D75: Sampling of Aggregates

Method A: Mechanical splitter (samples must be dried to

STANDARD/S: ASTM C702, D75

EQUIPMENT: shovel, scoop, broom

Maximum Aggregate Size Weight of sample

STANDARD/S: ASTM C136

EQUIPMENT: balance, sieves, mechanical shaker, oven

SAMPLE: 500 g of dry fine aggregate

3/8 in (9.5 mm) 100

STANDARD/S: ASTM C127

EQUIPMENT: balance, wire basket (of 3.35 mm or finer wire

SAMPLE: Minimum of 4,000 g test sample for aggregate of

• Absorption is the increase in weight of aggregate due to water in the pores

Bulk specific gravity, dry = A / (B-C)

Bulk specific gravity, SSD = B / (B-C)

Apparent specific gravity = D / (D-C)

Absorption = 100 x (B –D) / D

STANDARD: ASTM C128

EQUIPMENT: balance, pycnometer (or a volumetric flask of

SAMPLE: About 500 g of fine aggregate

Bulk specific gravity, dry = A / (C+B-D)

Bulk specific gravity, SSD = B / (C+B-D)

Apparent specific gravity = E / (C+E-D)

Absorption = 100 x (B –E) / E

STANDARDS: ASTM C 29, 127, 128

EQUIPMENT: balance, 5/8-in-diameter tamping rod (24 in.

SAMPLE: Aggregate dried to constant weight, preferably

Unit weight or bulk density is the weight in air of a unit volume of a

Unit weight or bulk density, B = (A/V) lb/ft3 or kg/m3

where V is the volume of the measure.

Void (%) = 100 x ( S x W - B) / ( S x W )

STANDARD/S: ASTM C 566, 127, 128

EQUIPMENT: balance, oven

SAMPLE: A minimum of 4,000 g of coarse aggregate (1 in.

Absorption is the increase of weight of aggregate due to water in the

Surface moisture is equal to the difference between the total moisture

Total moisture content = 100 x ( A – B) / B

1. ASTM D75: Sampling of Aggregates

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