Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Soo Kim
1. INTRODUCTION
2. STRUCTURAL PLAN
3. STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
4. MEMBER DESIGN
ABSTRACT
Chonju stadium has 42,000 seats with 260mⅹ160m. All aspects are designed in
accordance with FIFA standards. The roof of stadium covers 20,000㎡ that is 87.5% of
Stadium area(FIFA requires 60% of Stadium area).
The roof structure is comprised of two major structural systems. One is the cable-
stayed truss structure and the other is open-dome structure. A prismatic steel truss(inner
ring truss) acts as primary support system to the roof, which is suspended at 28 positions
around stadium by φ65.1~84.9 mm front stay cables. The 28 front and back stay cables
are suspended by four 63.0m-high masts located at corner of stadium. The ring truss
(inner ring) and the perimeter truss (outer ring) supported by A-shaped column make the
roof behave as a dome. A system of steel rod bracing in the plane of the roof transfers
stability and in-plane forces back to the A-shaped columns.
1. INTRODUCTION
Holding of 2002 World Cup Games gives both Korea and Japan the opportunity to
build a lot of large-scaled stadia, and each of it is designed uniquely. The complicated
analysis and design processes are applied in order to satisfy the roof-ratio suggested by
FIFA. The structural system of Chonju Stadium has particular meaning (Fig. 1). To
mention it in detail, the mast signifies the prayer for a peace and a year of plenty in the
region, the tensioned cable means the kayakeum(a twelve sprung Korean harp) of Chonju
and the arc of the roof presents a hapjoogsun(Korean traditional fan which can be
folded). The detailed analyses and designs are performed based on the above concept so
that the system of the roof is structurally reasonable and suitable for the construction and
the maintenance.
Architectural Firm of this design is Pos-A.C. Seoul Korea. The Structural firm is C·S
structural engineers Inc. associated with Pos-Midas Engineering Co. Ltd. in Seoul. The
main contractor is Sung-Won Construction Co. Ltd. associated with Dong-Bu
Construction Co. Ltd. and Ssang-Yong Construction Co. Ltd.
Figure 1. Chonju World Cup Stadium Figure 2. Plan of the roof structure
2. STRUCTURAL PLAN
Chonju stadium has about 42,000 seats and the roof surrounds 20,000m2. The roof is
again divided into four roofs such as a fan shape and each part is bound with ring truss,
branch beam and floor stay cable continued in the four corners as in shown Fig. 2.
The large mast is established by using the dead space in the four corners of the stand,
and then roof truss is tensioned. Inside of the stadium can be efficient and free with the
aid of these systems.
Because a cable can not resist compression stress, an initial tension stress remained at
all cases of external force is introduced in the roof-suspending cables with the truss-like
triangular shape. Geometric non-linearity of the cable members is carefully considered in
the analysis phase.
To guarantee the stability of the roof structure, it is very important that the structure
should behave as a diaphragm. To satisfy this requirement, round-sectioned tubes and
tension rods are braced between the main trusses. The tension rods, however, can not
resist compression stress like a cable. Initial tension stress is also applied to them.
Base parts of the mast are designed to have hinged joint in all directions in order not to
transfer the excessive moments to the foundation structure. This is also advantageous in
the construction phase. Details of this joint are elaborately determined so that the hinged
joint would not be broken away by earthquake forces.
Structural members of this project are designed using domestic products as much as
possible.
The wire ropes used are selected in accordance with the ASTM A603-88, and an A-
grade coating is assigned upon them. The minimum elastic modulus of the pre-stretched
single rope of A-grade coating is 14,060kgf/mm2. Detailed properties of cables are
shown in Table 2.2, and all of them can be offered by domestic producers.
High-strength steel rods are used as the tension members that are not too much long,
and the strengths of rods are varied in two ways according to their use as shown in Table
2.3.
On the cable joints and on the joints with complicated details, the material for sockets
and fittings used for them is cast steel. It is selected according to the KSD4106, SCW550
or ASTM A148 80-50.
A primary concept is that gravity loads of the ring truss and the main trusses are
resisted by tension forces of the cables, and these tension forces are transferred to the
base through the mast (Fig. 3); The tension force in the front stay cable introduces
compression to the branch beam, which provides additional stiffness to arch action of
ring truss (Fig. 4). Gravity loads of the main trusses are resisted in part by the front stay
cable assisted by the ring truss and the perimeter truss, and in part by the support of the
A-shaped post (Fig. 5).
As stated above, diaphragm effect, which is provided first by the ring truss and the
perimeter truss, is fortified by bracing rods between the main trusses (Fig. 8.). Wind
load, however, produces not only the lateral force but also the up-lift force on the roof
structure. Thus, the front guy is designed to resist this force by tension stress in
cooperation with the ring truss and the sub-front guy cable below the main truss (Fig. 6
and Fig. 7).
3. Structural analysis
3.1 Introduction
A lot of FEM models are simulated to reflect the accurate configurations of each part
of the structure ; A large-scaled model is analyzed to check the general behavior of the
entire structure, and a string of small detailed model is analyzed to confirm safety of the
structurally suspicious parts of the structure. The design of each structural member is
performed after checking all of the results in the above simulations.
To express the dynamic modes shapes as accurately as possible, the model for a
dynamic analysis is built separately modifying the model for a static analysis.
In the design of the roof structure, the loads written bellow are included and each load
is used for the combination.
The 20 percentage of the dead load, the weight of connection and weld of the roof, is
added to themselves secondary. And the supplemental loads include purlin, finish, light,
speaker and so on.
The roof live loads of 60kgf/m2 are applied in accordance with the ANSI regulation
hard accessing roof. As snow loads are smaller than live loads, snow loads are replaced
by live loads in the load combination.
Chonju City comes under Exposure Category B, but Chonju stadium is included to C.
It results from that the stadium is placed at the outside of Chonju City and its
surroundings are farms. Consequently wind loads are used 150kg/㎡ in an upward and
downward direction and the result by wind tunnel test is analyzed as another load cases.
Static analysis is used for a regular structure. The system of Chonju stadium is
different from the usual and only static analysis cannot be used for considering the
structural characteristics. However, it is analyzed by considering the value equivalent to
10% of the dead load as seismic load in the schematic design, as it is difficult to assume
the member of a roof structure through dynamic analysis. For the detail, dynamic
analysis is done using the former results.
Dynamic analysis is executed for reflecting the dynamic features of the irregular
structures. Response spectrum analysis is used for dynamic analysis.
The response for each mode is derived based on response spectrum analysis using
design spectrum by each regulation. Then maximum response of the structure is
computed by combining modes. For the combination of modes CQC (Complete
Quadratic Combination) method is applied in this design.
Temperature loads are based on meteorological observation datum. The value +20°C
for a temperature rise and –30°C for a temperature fall are used. In the steel member of
the roof exposed to the direct rays of the sun, the value +45°C is applied.
The pretension forces in cable make the roof a active structural system forces. These
forces are considered as extra loads since the pretension forces are acted as the loads in
members except cables
Since cables possess both material and geometrical nonlinear features, it is difficult to
analyze the members by using usual static analysis method. The cable member applied in
Chonju stadium is not a suspension cable but a stayed cable. Then it is possible to
analyze by substituting for linear members according to considering the former
characteristics. Among the material nonlinear and the geometrical nonlinear, the problem
about the geometrical nonlinear must be considered as extra analysis process, while
deriving the uniformed modulus of elasticity from pre-stretching work (introduced in
manufacturing cables) solves the problem about the material nonlinear. The procedure
analyzed linearly by considering the nonlinear of the cables is as follows.
The problem about the geometrical nonlinear means that the sag resulted from the
self-weight of cable members transforms the effective modulus of elasticity of cables.
Effective modulus of elasticity in sagging by the self-weight is as follows.
(1)
In above form it is represented that effective modulus of elasticity is closely related with
member forces in the cables.
After adjusting the length of the cables, sag and member forces by the self-weight take
place in the cables. As the loads increase, member forces increase but degree of sag
decreases. It means that modulus of elasticity is altered according to more or less of the
loads. It will end in behaving nonlinearly.
The structural analysis and design of the cables to consider nonlinear features can be
obtained by the following procedure.
① Compute the effective modulus of elasticity (E90) to come under 90% of modulus of
elasticity (E) of the cables
② Calculate the member forces (T) corresponding to E90 for each cable
The model for dynamic analysis is varied with the analysis purpose: the model for
checking the member of roof and a analyzing the lower part of the structure.
As stated above, a number of models are used for accurate analysis of the structural
members assumed through the static analysis in the schematic design. All members of
the roof are included in this model and it takes 24 hours to analyze including the dynamic
analysis. Therefore, this model is constructed on a large scale.
To estimate the effects for the seismic load, the lower part of the structure is
simplified for saving the run-time and analyzing efficiently. It is the simplified system
that the area, mass, moment of inertia and torsional rigidity unite together truss elements.
Also the propriety of the former analysis is checked with the result of complete model,
which is the form using all truss elements in the roof.
In addition the efficiency of the Sub Front Guy is examined by the eigen analysis
according to existence of members (Section 3.5.1). The shape of members is decided by
analysis as the present shape of the Rear Guy.
The construction process affects the member forces directly. In particular the
deviation of the member forces in the same member is getting worse according to
construction in the complicated structure. Therefore, Chonju stadium is designed by
structural analysis considered the construction process. Its accurate understanding is re-
quired. The construction process is subdivided, and then the separated load patterns are
applied to the design. The construction courses in each step are as follows.
First a temporary shore is installed in the lower end of a Ring Truss. The Jack down
device is constructed on the top of the shore. The standard height to erect all the roof
structure is determined by the upper level of this device.
Step 2: Installation of the roof truss
The roof truss must be set up rationally by the erection order. Main Truss, Ring Truss
and Perimeter Truss are piled one on another. According to the term of work, the former
things can be constructed at a time in several places.
Since the establishment of the mast and branch beam is related with the stability of the
whole roof, they must be supported by the temporary cables and members under the
construction. Besides the roof brace to bind the roof truss is installed and the length for
each is adjusted.
Step 6: Adjust the length of the roof cable / Introduction of the pretension
The pretension is introduced to the roof cable. The whole-inducted pretension capacity is
divided into several stages. The examination of excess and deficiency of inducted
pretension is performed at the same time as compared with the standard amount in each
stage.
After the appropriate jack-down height is confirmed, Jack down is gradually executed.
The lower cable in the front of the roof is constructed, and then the necessary pretension
force is inducted.
The last tensioning capacity of each cable is checked and the final stress and
displacements are examined.
If the jack down device and temporary support are dismembered, the roof structure
erection is completed.
4. MEMBER DESIGN
(a) Ring Truss (b) Main Truss & Perimeter Truss(c) Roof bracing
Figure 11. Truss member and Roof bracing
All member of Truss in the roof structure are designed to use steel pipe. For the
construction convenience each member is designed straight. The shapes of the main truss
are all the same except cantilever parts from MT1 to MT 16 (Table 4.1).
The design strength of cables is based on the load combination about the tension of
cables specified in UBC(1994). The construction processes are under consideration in
the design of cables. The results are listed in Table 4.2.
nor
CableNam NominalDia. E90(t/cm2 TE T1 Tmax Tmin Tnor E T
(t/cm2 allo Ratio
e (mm) ) (ton) (ton) (ton) (ton) (ton) (ton)
)
FSC1 65.1 1260 34 - 49.5 34.8 45.8 1336.9 303.0 0.16
FSC2 65.1 1260 29 - 66.5 29.3 49.9 1368.9 303.0 0.22
FSC3 84.9 1260 44 - 143.0 44.1 84.8 1379.2 416.4 0.34
FSC4 2×84.9 1260 72 - 283.6 76.9 142.1 1379.6 681.3 0.42
FSC5 2×84.9 1260 72 - 285.9 82.5 142.6 1379.8 681.3 0.42
FSC6 65.1 1260 24 - 73.8 26.6 46.2 1378.2 303.0 0.24
FSC7 65.1 1260 29 - 58.7 33.2 48.7 1368.0 303.0 0.19
RSC 6×100.8 1260 126 17001274. 568.4824.7 1399.4 2388. 0.53
4 6
RGC 6×100.8 1260 222 17001667. 738.11066. 1398.6 2388. 0.70
5 9 6
FGC1 84.9 1260 28 60 204.3 29.5 29.6 1284.4 416.4 0.49
FGC2 84.9 1260 28 60 165.7 28.8 28.8 1275.2 416.4 0.40
SSC1 65.1 1260 14 53 53.5 16.9 34.5 1389.1 303.0 0.18
SSC2 95.3 1260 32 172 177.4 118.8149.1 1398.4 487.1 0.36
SGC1 65.1 1260 13 53 71.5 18.5 50.8 1397.1 303.0 0.24
SGC2 95.3 1260 30 172 181.3 151.0171.2 1399.1 487.1 0.37
FRSC1 84.9 1260 30 88 45.6 31.9 41.0 1341.6 416.4 0.11
FRSC2 84.9 1260 30 88 45.6 31.9 41.0 1341.6 416.4 0.11
※ 1) E90 : 90% of modulus of elasticity of the cables
2) Enor : Modulus of elasticity in Tnor
3) TE : Member force for E90
4) T1 : Pretension required for 90% of the laboratory elastic modulus of the
cables
5) Tmax : Maximum cable tension force (in case of the final considering
pretension)
6) Tmin : Minimum cable tension force (in case of the final considering
pretension)
7) Tnor : Cable tension force (in case of norminal operation condition)
8) Tallo : Allowable strength of the cables (Breaking strength × 0.5 : a short
term)
9) Ratio : Tmax / Tallo
The Rods are used in the short tension members like the brace, which comprises the
diaphragm of the roof. The standardized Rods by the domestic production are applied.
The Steel Rods used as the brace of the roof are consisted of the members shown in Table
4.3.
The mast supports the 60% of the total roof load. Therefore its behavior affects
decisively overall stability of the structure. The cable and the branch beam prevent from
the lateral buckling.
The combination of the concentrated load and moment is given to the mast of the
tapered steel pipe. The elastic buckling load considering the tapered section, the inelastic
buckling load considering material inelasticity and the stress combination to the moments
are included in the design.
4.5 Post design
The form of the post member is like A shape, which supports the main truss and
perimeter truss (Figure 13). The plate and the shear stud fix the anchor of the post. The
steel plate of SM490 is used to pass the shear forces (Figure 14).
The truss connection needs for the detailed design. Each connection is checked with
the design standards for the steel pipe construction and the guide for construction (1997,
The Architectural Institute of Korea).
Figure 15. Design of Pipe branch joint
In this case, compression forces from the mast and tension forces from the cable are
given to the member at the same time. This member transmits the resultant loads to the
frame. Therefore these parts are checked with magnified analysis (Figure 16).
Design of Anyang City Gymnasium, Korea
▶ Introduction
▶ Shape
▶ Analysis and structural system
▶ Material
▶ CONCLUSION
▶ REFERENCES
SUMMARY: The Anyang City gymnasium has 6000 seats for handball, basketball and
volleyball. It is designed with a steel truss roof and columns. The roof trusses are covered
with sandwich metal panel and the truss columns are exposed to the air. This article
shows how the design of the roof and column effectively use the concept of the structure.
Keywords: Lattice columns, Korea, metal sandwich panels, pin base connections, stadia
roof, steel roof trusses.
Introduction
The gymnasium is located in Anyang City near Seoul, Korea (Fig. 1). The Architect is
Hang-Lim Architects Inc., Seoul in association with Anderson & OH Inc., an
architectural firm in Chicago, Illinois, USA. The structural consultant is C.S Structural
Engineers INC., Seoul in
association with Tylk, Gustafson
and Associates, Inc., Chicago,
Illinois. The contractor is Doosan
Construction INC., Seoul. The
construction period is from
September 1997 to October 2000.
Shape
The shape is an elliptical roof supported with 12 trusses, the eaves height is GL+15.22m
and the maximum height of roof truss is GL+24.33m (See Figs 2 and 3).
The dimensions of the roof are 94.50m log and 72.00m transverse. The roof trusses
consist of an inverted triangle pipe truss, 1.30m deep at the centre and 3.00m at the eaves
end(see Figs 4 and 5).
The supporting column is a triangle lattice column with a pin base (see Fig. 6).
Analysis and structural system
The dead load (DL), the live load (LL), the wind load (WX, WY), the snow load (SL)
and the temperature load (TL) are considered for the analysis and combined for the worst
case, as follows:
1. DL + LL
2. 0.76 * (DL + WX)
3. 0.75 * (DL + WY)
4. 0.76 * (DL + SL)
5. 0.75 * (DL + TL)
The portal shaped one-way trusses carry the roof loads to the lattice columns and
foundations in the transverse direction of the ellipse roof. For horizontal stability, the
bridging trusses are connected to each portal frame in the middle and the eaves truss are
connected to each lattice column at the eave of the roof truss.
Material
The yield strength of pipe truss and lattice pipe column is 3300 Kg.f/cm2 and the strength
of purlin and bridging pipe truss is 2400 Kg.f/cm2. The 28-day cylindrical compressive
strength of the foundation concrete is 240 Kg.f/cm2.
CONCLUSION
The 12 portal truss frame whose lattice columns are exposed to the air are very
sophisticated and very effective for supporting the roof. The total quantity of steel
including the main frame and purlins is 71 Kg/m2. The bridging and eaves trusses act for
the wind loads and the vertical loads effectively.
REFERENCES