Linear Function: A function with no exponents other than one and with no products of the variables (eg,

y=x+4, y= -4, and 3x-4y = 1/2 are linear functions); in a rectangular coordinate system, the graph of a
linear function is a line. It is a function that has a constant rate of change. It has a graph which is a
straight line.Such a function can be written as f(x) = mx + b, where m and b are real constants and x is a
real variable.

Quadratic function: A quadratic function, in mathematics, is a polynomial function of the form y =

ax^2+bx+c,where, a is not equal to "0",where a, b, and c are arbitrary, but fixed. A quadratic function is
also referred to as a degree 2 polynomial or a 2nd degree polynomial, because the highest exponent of x
is 2. The graph of this function is a parabola.

What is a linear equation?

A linear equation is an algebraic equation of degree 1. For example, 4x + 5 = 0 is a linear

equation of one variable. x + y + 5z = 0 and 4x = 3w + 5y + 7z are linear equations of 3 and 4
variables respectively. In general, a linear equation of n variables will take the form m 1x1 +m2x2
+…+ mn-1xn-1 + mnxn = b. Here, xi’s are the unknown variables, mi’s and b are real numbers where
each of mi is non-zero.

Such an equation represents a hyper plane in the n-dimensional Euclidean space. In particular, a
two variable linear equation represents a straight line in Cartesian plane and a three variable
linear equation represents a plane on Euclidean 3-space.

What is a quadratic equation?

A quadratic equation is an algebraic equation of the second degree. x 2 + 3x + 2 = 0 is a single

variable quadratic equation. x2 + y2 + 3x= 4 and 4x2 + y2 + 2z2 + x + y + z = 4 are examples of
quadratic equations of 2 and 3 variables respectively.

In the single variable case, the general form of a quadratic equation is ax 2 + bx + c = 0. Where a,
b, c are real numbers out of which ‘a’ is non-zero. The discriminant ∆ = (b2 - 4ac) determines the
nature of the roots of the quadratic equation. The roots of the equation will be real distinct, real
similar and complex according as ∆ is positive, zero and negative. The roots of the equation can
be easily found using the formula x = (- b ± √∆ ) / 2a.

In the two variable case, the general form would be ax2 + by2 + cxy + dx + ex + f = 0, and this
represents a conic (parabola, hyperbola or ellipse) in Cartesian plane. In higher dimensions, this
type of equations represents hyper-surfaces known as quadrics.

hat is a matrix?
A matrix is a rectangular array of numbers. The size or dimension of a matrix is defined by the
number of rows and columns it contains. Matrices is plural for matrix.
What are the types of matrices?
A matrix may be classified by types. It is possible for a matrix to belong to more than one type.

A row matrix is a matrix with only one row.

Example: E is a row matrix of order 1 × 1

Example: B is a row matrix of order 1 × 3

A column matrix is a matrix with only one column.

Example: C is a column matrix of order 1 × 1

A column matrix of order 2 ×1 is also called a vector matrix.

Example: D is a column matrix of order 2 × 1

A zero matrix or a null matrix is a matrix that has all its elements zero.

Example: O is a zero matrix of order 2 × 3

A square matrix is a matrix with an equal number of rows and columns.

Example: T is a square matrix of order 2 × 2

Example: V is a square matrix of order 3 × 3

A diagonal matrix is a square matrix that has all its elements zero except for those in the
diagonal from top left to bottom right; which is known as the leading diagonal of the matrix.

Example: B is a diagonal matrix.

A scalar matrix is a diagonal matrix where all the diagonal elements are equal. For example:
⎛⎝⎜300030003⎞⎠⎟
An upper triangular matrix is a square matrix where all the elements located below the
diagonal are zeros. For example:
⎛⎝⎜200310−245⎞⎠⎟
A lower triangular matrix is a square matrix where all the elements located above the diagonal
are zeros. For example:
⎛⎝⎜3−12045001⎞⎠⎟
A unit matrix is a diagonal matrix whose elements in the diagonal are all ones.

Example: P is a unit matrix.