DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY

FACULTY OF SCIENCE AND MATHEMATICS

SULTAN IDRIS EDUCATION UNIVERSITY

SBL 1023

TECHNIQUE IN BIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY LABORATORY

EXPERIMENT 7: HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY

BY

BIL NAME STUDENT ID LECTURER

GROUP

1. NOR AIYNA SYERA BT MOHD ASRI E20161015981 B

Title:

- Experiment 7: Human physiology

Objective:

- To determine the blood pressure under different situations and to determine the
volume and capacity of our lungs.

Introduction

Physiology is the study of normal function within living creatures. It is a sub-section

of biology, covering a range of topics that include organs, anatomy, cells, biological
compounds, and how they all interact to make life possible.

Through a complex multiple control system, the cell of the body and brain can
influence the circulatory pattern of blood. Changes in total blood flow are reflected in heart
rate and arterial pressure. Blood pressure can easily (through not continuously) be measured.
(Continuously measurement requires an arterial needle which is beyond having fun in the lab
and must be done by the physician). Systole refers to the contraction of the heart and
conventionally systolic arterial pressure is the highest pressure developed in arteries during
the ventricular contraction of the cardiac cycle. Diastole refers to a relaxed heart muscle and
diastolic pressure has conventionally meant the lowest arterial pressure during a heart cycle.
The pulse pressure is related to the amount of blood being pumped per beat. It is the systolic
minus the diastolic pressure.

In this experiment, we have examined our blood pressure using the blood pressure
sensor provided in the laboratory. We will compare blood pressure taken before and after
exposure to cold. The cold stimulus activates the sympathetic nervous system, resulting in
hemodynamic changes that prepare the body for a "fight or flight" response. The sensitivity
of blood pressure to harmful external or internal injuries makes it useful as a vital sign, an
indicator of health, disease, excitement and stress.

We also examine our respiratory volumes using spirometer provided. The total
capacity of lungs is divided into various volumes and capacities according to the function of
these in the intake or exhalation of air. The total amount of air one's lung can possible hold
can be subdivided into for volumes.
Materials

- Blood pressure sensor

- Cold water
- Spirometer

Procedure

A. Blood pressure as a vital sign

1. The subject sits quietly in a chair with her forearm resting on the table surface.
2. The blood pressure and the heart rate stated in the blood pressure was checked and
writes it down in a table.
3. The supine blood pressure and heart rate was checked and writes it down in a
table.
4. wo person climbed up and down the stairs for three times in five minutes. The
blood pressure and the heart rate were taken immediately for every 1 minute up to
5 minutes and the data obtained were recorded.
5. Two people in the group placed their hands into a large container filled with ice
water. The blood pressure and the heart rate every 30 seconds for 3 minutes were
recorded.

B. Human respiratory volume

1. Tidal volume (TV)

a. The spirometer was set at 0. Normal inspiration was taken, mouth was placed
over the mouth piece, and a normal expiration was exhaled into the
spirometer.
b. The amount exhale on the dial was recorded.
c. The respiratory rate per minute was counted while seated at rest.
d. The tidal volume was multiplied by the respiratory rate per minute to give the
resting respiratory minute volume.
 2. Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)
a. The spirometer dial was set to 0.
b. After a normal expiration, mouth was placed over the mouth piece and as
much air as possible was exhaled into the spirometer.

3. Vital Capacity (VC)

a. The spirometer dial was set to 0.
b. Inhaled, mouth was placed over the mouth piece, nose was heed, and exhaled
into the spirometer with a maximal effort.
c. The measurement was repeated 3 times and the largest volume was recorded.

4. Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) and Inspiration Capacity (IC).

a. The IRV and IC from 3 previous volume measurements was calculated.

Result

A. Blood pressure as a vital sign

Table 1: Blood pressure and heart rate readings

Systolic Diastolic Mean Heart rate

Pressure Pressure arterial (beats/min)
(mmHg) (mmHg) pressure
(mmHg)
Sitting on
chair 95 70 78 89
Supine
(laying on 100 69 79 87
back)
 Table 2: Blood pressure and heart rate readings response to climb up & down stairs

Systolic Diastolic Mean arterial Heart rate

Pressure Pressure pressure (beats/min)
(mmHg) (mmHg) (mmHg)
Min 1 94 69 77 88
Min 2 92 69 77 93
Min 3 61 41 48 69
Min 4 97 65 76 78
Min 5 84 61 69 88

B. Human respiratory volume

Table 4: Respiratory volumes

Respiratory volumes Value

Tidal volume (TV) 700
Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) 1000
Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) 2000
Respiratory Cycle per minute (RR) 24 cycle/ min
Resting Respiratory Minute Volume 16800
Vital Capacity (VC) 3142 cm3
Inspiratory Capacity (IC) 1700
Graph

Graph MAP vs Time

90
80
70
MAP (mmHg)

60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Time (min)
Discussion

This experiment is carried out to determine the blood pressure and the heart beat rate
of a person under different conditions. For the first part of this experiment, a person was
asked to sit on a chair. In a relaxed condition, we have measured her blood pressure and her
beat rate using an instrument called the Blood Pressure Sensor. Based on the table 1, my
diastolic pressure is 70 mmHg, my systolic is 95 mmHg and my heart beats rate is 95 beats/
min. The mean arterial pressure was then calculated and the value of mean arterial pressure
(MAP) obtained is 78 mmHg. The mean arterial pressure or MAP was calculated using this
formula:

Mean arterial pressure (MAP) = 2D + S / 3

For the next activity, a person was asked to lie down on the floor and her diastolic,
systolic pressure and also her heartbeat rate were taken. My blood pressure are normal. For
the last activity in the part A is determine a person’s blood pressure and heartbeat rate every
one minute after she had climbed up and down the stairs. The subject was told to climb up
and down the stair for one minute. After one minute, the blood pressure was taken. Based on
the result (table 2), we can see that my diastolic pressure and systolic pressure decreased
gradually at first but then increased slowly. The same thing happened to my heartbeat rate. It
increased rapidly and slow decreased slowly as the time minutes went on. From this data, we
can say that during vigorous exercise, our systolic blood pressure rises because our heart
must work harder to pump more blood with each contraction to keep your muscles supplied
with oxygen. Our body need oxygen adequately to avoid from faint.

For the part B in this experiment, the experiment was obtained to determine the
human respiratory volume or the capacity of air that our lungs can take. We have used an
instrument called the Spirometer to determine the amount of air inhale and exhaled.
Spirometry is the most common lung function test. It measures how much and how quickly
you can move air out of your lungs. You breathe into a mouthpiece attached to a machine
called a spirometer and the instrument records your results. First, we had determined Tidal
Volume (TV). Tidal volume is the amount of air which enters the lungs during normal
exhalation at rest. The subject was told to sit on a chair feeling relaxed. Then, she inhaled and
exhaled normally through the mouthpiece of the spirometer. The readings displayed on the
meter of the spirometer was recorded. The TV obtained is 700mL. Then, RR or respiratory
cycle per minute was recorded. From these two data, we can find the Resting Respiratory
Minute Volume by using the formula given in the lab manual. The value of resting
respiratory minute volume is 16800. The amount of extra air inhaled (IRV), the amount of air
exhaled after taking a deep breath (VC), the amount of extra air exhaled (ERV) and the
inspiratory capacity (IC) was calculated. From the value of IC obtained, I can say that I
doesn’t have a normal inspiratory capacity as the normal range of inspiratory capacity of an
adult varies from 2400mL to 3800mL.

Conclusion

For the conclusion, the blood pressure can determine by this experiment. This experiment can
also tell us whether we are a high pressure blood or low pressure blood person. From using
the spirometer, we can know how much our stamina is. If our body is healthy and fit, our
stamina will last long and our energy will be enough to do daily work without feeling tired.

Reflection

From this experiment, I have learned the technique on how to measure the blood pressure in
every situation. From this experiment also it teaches me on how to use the spirometer that I
have never used before this. Overall this experiment give me a new experience and a lot of
knowledge about our blood pressure and respiratory.

References

1. Retrieved from,
https://www.google.com/search?q=blood+pressure+reading&oq=blood+pre&aqs=chr
ome.2.0j69i57j0l4.4443j0j1&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8 on 21 January 2018.
2. Retrieved from, Technique In Biological And Biochemistry Laboratory Lab Manual
on 21 January 2018.
3. Retrieved from, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_pressure on 21 January 2018.
4. Retrieved from, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vital_capacity on 21 January 2018.