EXPT NO: DATE :

VERIFICATION OF OHMS LAW

Aim:-

To practically verify the ohm’s law for the given network and with the help of
theoretical calculations;
2.2 KΩ

Regulated Power Supply

Statement:- 0 – 30 V supply

Ohms law,

This law states that in a closed network the current flowing through the circuit will
be directly proportional to the voltage and indirectly proportional to the resistance of the circuit
at constant temperature.

𝐕
𝑰 = 𝐑 Amps

V; Applied input Voltage in volts

R; Total resistance of the circuit

Apparatus required:-

S.no Components Type / Range Qty

1. Regulated power supply 0 – 30 V 1 no

2. Ammeter MC (0 – 30 mA) 1 no
3. Bread board - 1 no
4. Resistor 2.2 KΩ 1 no
5. Wires - Some
6. Wire Stripper - 1 no

1
Circuit diagram: - (Variable Voltage)

2.2 KΩ 0 – 30 mA MC

0 – 30 V MC

Regulated Power Supply

0 – 30 V supply

Tabulation:-
S.no Applied input Resistance of the Current in the circuit (I) in Amps
Voltage (V) in volts circuit
Theoretical value Practical value

Theoretical Calculation;

2
Procedure:-

Verifying ohms law for different voltage range;

1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram

2. Set the input voltage levels at a particular range
3. Note down the equivalent current values as shown in the ammeter
4. Repeat the same process for different voltage levels up to 30V
5. Finally compare the practically achieved values with the theoretical values

Theoretical Calculation;

Result:-

Thus the ohms law is verified for the given network, practically and theoretically.

3
Circuit diagram: - (Kirchoffs current law)

2.2 KΩ 0 – 30 mA MC

0 – 50 mA MC A
A 330 Ω

A
0 – 10 mA MC

V
0 – 30 V MC

Regulated Power Supply

0 – 30 V supply

Tabulation:-
S.no Applied Current in each branch of the circuit (A) in
input Amps
Voltage (V) Theoretical value Practical value
in volts I1 I2 I I1 I2 I
(mA) (mA) (mA) (mA) (mA) (mA)

Theoretical Calculation;

4
EXPT NO: DATE :
VERIFICATION OF KIRCHOFFS LAWS
Aim:-

To practically verify the two Kirchoffs laws for the given network and with the help of
theoretical calculations;

Statement:-

Kirchoffs 1st law, (Current law)

This law states, that the algebric sum of current flowing towards the junction is
equal to the algebric sum of current flowing away from the junction.

Kirchoffs 2nd law, (Voltage law)

This law states, that the algebric sum of the voltage drop in the closed circuit will
be equal to that of the applied voltage.

Apparatus required:-
S.no Components Type / Range Qty

1. Regulated power supply 0 – 30 V 1 no

2. Ammeter MC (0 – 50 mA) 1 ns
MC (0 – 50 mA) 1 ns
MC (0 – 50 mA) 1 ns
3. Voltmeter MC (0 – 10 V ) 3 ns
MC (0 – 30 V ) 1no
4. Bread board - 1 no
5. Resistors 1 KΩ 1 ns
2.2 KΩ 2 ns
330Ω 1 no
4.7 KΩ 1 ns
6. Wires - Some
7. Wire Stripper - 1 no

5
Circuit diagram: - (Kirchoffs voltage law)

2.2 KΩ 1 KΩ 4.7 KΩ

0 – 10 V MC 0 – 10 V MC 0 – 10 V MC

V V V
0 – 30 V MC

Regulated Power Supply

0 – 30 V supply

Tabulation:-

S.no Applied Voltage in each loop of the circuit (V) in volts

input
Voltage (V) Theoretical value Practical value
in volts V1 V2 V3 V1 V2 V3
(V) (V) (V) (V) (V) (V)

Theoretical Calculation;

6
Procedure:-

Kirchoffs 1st law, (Current law)

1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram

2. The current through each branch is calculated theoretically
3. The current through each branch is measured practically
4. Verify KCL for each and every node in the given network
5. Repeat the same procedure for different values of voltage
6. Finally compare the practically achieved values with the theoretical values

Kirchoffs 2nd law, (Voltage law)

1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram

2. The voltage across each branch is calculated theoretically
3. The voltage across each branch is measured practically
4. Verify KVL for each and every loops present in the given network
5. Repeat the same procedure for different values of voltage
6. Finally compare the practically achieved values with the theoretical values

Result:-

Thus the two Kirchoffs laws are verified for the given network, practically and
theoretically.

7
 Circuit diagram: -

Actual given Circuit;

1 KΩ

Regulated Power Supply

0 – 30 V supply 10 KΩ RL = 10 KΩ

To find thevenin’s equivalent resistance RTh;

To find the open circuit voltage Vo;

8
EXPT NO: DATE :
VERIFICATION OF THEVENIN’S THEOREM
Aim:-

To practically verify the Thevenins theorem for the given network and with the help of
theoretical calculations;

Statement:- Thevenin’s theorem;

This theorem states that; any complex network can be replaced by a series circuit
consisting of an ideal voltage source and a resistance

R TH

IL

RL
VO

I L = Vo / (RL + RTh) Amps

Apparatus required:-

S.no Components Type / Range Qty

1. Regulated power supply 0 – 30 V 1 no

2. Ammeter MC(0– 10 mA) 1 no
3. Voltmeter MC (0 – 10 V ) 1 no
4. Bread board - 1 no
5. Resistors 10 KΩ 1 n0
1 KΩ 2 ns
6. Decade resistance Box 10 KΩ 1 no
7. Wires - Some
8. Wire Stripper - 1 no

9
 To find the Load current I L;

I L = Vo / (RL + RTh) Amps

Practical Circuit:

1 KΩ 0 – 10 mA MC

A -
+

Regulated Power Supply

0 – 30 V supply 10 KΩ RL = 10 KΩ

10
Theory:-

It is possible to develop an technique that will greatly simplify the analysis of

many linear circuits. The first of these theorems was named after M.L.Thevenins an French
engineer working in telegraphy who published this theorem in 1883.

In this theorem any complicated circuit can be replaced and the current flowing
through the load resistance can be calculated by use of simple equivalent circuit. This simpler
equivalent circuit enables us to make rapid calculations of the voltage, current and power
which the original circuit is able to deliver to a load. It also helps us to choose the best value of
this load resistance.

For example; In a transistor power amplifier the Thevenins equivalent circuit enables us to
determine the maximum power that can be taken from the amplifier to deliver the speakers.
Thus the equivalent circuit makes any complicated circuit easier.

Following steps are followed to apply this theorem;

Step 1: Identify the element in which we want to find the value of current flowing
trough that
Step 2: Disconnect the load terminals (RL) and make its terminals open and give

the name A & B

Step 3: Find the voltage across the open circuited terminals called as open circuit

voltage (Vo) in volts

Step 4: Then find the thevenins equivalent resistance (RTh) of the given circuit in

between the terminals A & B

Hint: (for that circuit open circuit the voltage source, and if short circuit the current source)

Step 5: Draw the thevenins equivalent circuit and substitute the values

Step 6: Find the load current ( IL) flowing through the load resistance (RL) using

the Formula; I L = Vo / (RL + RTh) Amps

11
Tabulation:-

S.no Applied Open Circuit Current through Load

input Voltage ( Vo ) in volts resistance
Voltage ( I L ) in Amps
(V)
Theoretical Practical Theoretical Practical
in volts
value value
value value

Theoretical Calculation;

12
Procedure:-

1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram given

2. Remove the load resistance and connect the voltmeter
3. Apply certain amount of voltage and measure the open circuit voltage
4. Then calculate the thevenin’s equivalent resistance RTh of the circuit
5. Then make the connections as thevenin’s equivalent circuit with those calculated value
of resistance in series with the open circuit voltage
6. Measure the load current flowing through the load resistance RL
7. Finally compare the practically achieved values with the theoretical values

Result:-

Thus the Thevenins theorem was verified for the given network, both practically and
theoretically.

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