EE3012 Topics Covered
Communication Principles
Part I – Amplitude Modulation
Dr. Guan Yong Liang
Office: EEE, S1-B1c-100.
Tel: 6790 5875
E-Mail: eylguan@ntu.edu.sg
A. Amplitude Modulation (AM)
A.1 Review from EE2010
– Fourier Transform, Signal Power,
Linear Filtering,Conventional AM.
A.2 Double-Sideband Suppressed
Carrier (DSBSC) AM
A.3 Frequency Translation
A.4 Frequency Division Multiplexing
A.5 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
(QAM)
B. Noise in AM Systems
B.1 White Noise, Bandpass Noise.
B.2 Signal-to-Noise Ratio in AM
Systems
 Assessment
• 2 open-book quizzes • Exam
(30%) – Closed book
– Quiz 1 – 70%
• Academic week 8
(after recess week)
• Given in Tutorial 7 class
– Quiz 2
• Academic week 11
• Given in Tutorial 10
class
(message signal)

e.g. www.phys.hawaii.edu/~teb/java/ntnujava/emWave/emWave.html
1. Enable the communication signal to
travel further

2. Reduce the size of RF (radio frequency)

antennas by transmitting at higher freq
(antenna size is proportional to wavelength)

3. Transmit multiple signals on one

communication medium (multiplexing)

4. Conform to RF spectrum regulations

A.1 REVIEW Fourier Spectrum
=========== x A plot of Fourier Transform on the +ve
and -ve frequency axes
Fourier Transform
eg. F.T. of cos(2Sfct) = ½[G(f-fc)+G(f+fc)]
x A mathematical operation which gives
the frequency components of a signal: ½ ½
f F.T.
F.T. of v  t  { ³ v  t  exp   j 2S ft  dt t
f
f -fc 0 fc

x Two math tables: Fourier Transform

§ t ·
Pairs and Fourier Properties (last 2 eg. F.T. of rect ¨ ¸ T sinc f T 
pages of course notes), will be ©T¹
sin ʌx 
provided in the exam. note : sinc x  {
ʌx

1 T
F.T.
t f
-T/2 0 T/2 -2/T 0 2/T
-1/T 1/T
 t
eg. F.T. of    T sinc 2 f T 
T
T
1
F.T.
t f
-T 0 T -2/T 0 2/T
-1/T 1/T

Amplitude Spectrum FT  sin  2 f ct   cos  2 f ct  

 Fourier spectrum has 2 components: 1 1
   f  f c     f  f c     f  f c     f  f c 
 amplitude spectrum 2j 2
 phase spectrum j 1  j 1
     f  fc        f  fc 
 2 2 2 2
 In this course, spectrum = amplitude
spectrum unless stated otherwise.
FT sin  2 f ct   cos  2 f ct 
1 1
E.g. Determine the amplitude spectrum    f  fc     f  fc 
expression of x(t) = sin(2fct)+cos(2fct) 2 2
 Frequency Shifting property of F.T.
Can you derive this?

X(f) H(f) Y(f) Y(f) = H(f) X(f)

where
H(f) = filter transfer function (filter gain vs freq)
X(f) = F.T. of input signal
BW
Y(f) = F.T. of output signal

Bandwidth (BW)
= range of +ve freq occupied by a spectrum

BW
Signal Power e.g.
x The power of a signal v(t) can be v t  A cos  2S f0t  T 
calculated in 2 domains:
v t  A2 cos 2  2S f0t  T 
2

Time Domain
A2 cos 2  2S f 0t  T 
1
v t  |v  t  | dt
T0 /2
³
2 2

1
T0 ª¬1  cos  4S f 0t  2T  º¼
-T0 /2
A2
2
where the “overbar” means “taking the
ª1 1 º
average of”, T0 = repetition period of A2 «  cos  4S f 0t  2T  »
v(t) and |.| means absolute value. ¬2 2 ¼
A2
0
Freq Domain 2
f
Note
v 2 (t ) ³
f
S v ( f ) df
The above result does not depend on
where S v(f) is the power spectral the freq f 0 and phase T, hence it
density (PSD) of v(t). applies to the sine function too.
Types of AM
==========
- Conventional/Full AM
(analog broadcast radio)
- Suppressed-Carrier AM
(satellite comms)
- Single Sideband AM
(long distance telephone links)
- Vestigial Sideband AM message signal spectrum
(analog broadcast TV) |S(f)| (before modulation)

- Quadrature AM
(PC modem, wireless LAN, digital TV)

Review of Conventional/Full AM AM spectrum |X(f)|

=========================

|_________| |______________|
carrier sidebands
A.2 Double-Sideband Suppressed-Carrier AM
(DSBSC AM)
===================================

What we will discuss:

1. Why need to suppress the carrier?

2. Time-domain expression

3. Freq-domain spectrum
|S(f)|

4. How to demodulate?

|X(f)|
Examples of DSBSC-AM DSBSC-AM Signal Spectrums:

DSBSC-AM Signal Waveforms: X1(f)

s1(t) cos(2fct) AM signal of s1(t)

f
-fc 0 fc
 = t msg
AM BW
BW

X2(f)

s2(t) cos(2fct) AM signal of s2(t)

f
 = t
-fc 0
msg
fc

BW AM BW

Note: Note:
The AM signal has an envelope that AM shifts the centre freq from 0 to f c ,
follows the message signal waveform while maintaining the spectral shape.
AM BW = 2 × msg BW.
 Coherent/Synchronous Demodulation |V(f)|

The job of a demodulator is to recover the = constant x s(t)

message signal s(t) from the AM signal x(t).
Output = 0 if φ = +π/2 or -π/2!
Output is max if φ = 0, i.e. the "local
oscillator" has the same freq and phase
(synchronized, coherent) as the carrier
component in the AM signal.
Example of Coherent Demodulation
Let message signal = sinc(t/50)
carrier signal = cos(2S 70 t)
DSBSC-AM signal:
x(t) = sinc(t/50) cos(2S 70 t)
= recovered message signal + unwanted
high-freq component
After LPF with BW = 1/100 Hz (message
signal BW)
output signal = ½ sinc(t/50)

The coherent demodulator multiplies x(t) Qn: Show the effect of demodulation on the
by local carrier cos(2S 70 t) to get: AM signal spectrum

x(t) cos(2S 70 t)
= sinc(t/50) cos2(2S 70 t)
= sinc(t/50) u ½ [1+cos 2(2S 70 t)]
= ½ sinc(t/50)+½ sinc(t/50)cos(2S 140t)
 AM-related Systems and
Applications

mixer
 |X(f)|

|V1(f)|

|V2(f)|
A.4 Freq Division Multiplexing
x Multiplexing is a technique that
combines multiple signals for
transmission on a common channel,
e.g. one submarine cable for many
IDD calls, one SCV cable for 40+
channels, one ADSL phone line for
simultaneous tel+internet calls.
x The multiplexed/combined signals
must be separable at the receiver
without interfering with each other.
This is accomplished by separating
the different signals in the
frequency or time domain.
x The multiplexing technique that
separates signals in the frequency
domain is called Frequency
Division Multiplexing (FDM).
x Basically, FDM ensures that the
spectra of different signals are
sufficiently separated and do not
overlap.
FDM in ADSL
http://www.commsdesign.com/csdmag/sections/feature_article/OEG200
10221S0082
FDM Example
x Consider 3 message signals:
s 1 (t) = triangular signal /(t)
s 2 (t) = sinc 2 (t)
s 3 (t) = sinc(t)
x They cannot be transmitted at the
same time by simple summation
because s1 (t)+s 2 (t)+s 3 (t) overlap
both in time and frequency (see
diagram on next page).
x Now, modulate s 1 (t), s 2 (t) and s 3 (t)
using different carrier frequencies:
x1(t) = s1(t) cos(2S f1t)
x2(t) = s2(t) cos(2S f2t)
x3(t) = s3(t) cos(2S f3t)
x The summed signal x1 (t)+x 2 (t)+x 3 (t)
overlaps in time, but can be made to
be non-overlapping in frequency
with careful design of the carrier
frequencies f1 , f 2 and f3 (see diagram
on next page).
x At the receiver, x1 (t)+x 2 (t)+x 3 (t) can
be separated into individual x1 (t),
x 2 (t) and x 3 (t) by bandpass filtering,
followed by respective AM
demodulation to recover s1 (t), s 2 (t)
and s 3 (t).
x Hence AM modulation provides a
means to multiplex signals in the
freq domain Æ FDM.
 Multiplexing
FDM signal
s1(t) x1(t) = s1(t) cos 2S f1 t x1(t) + x2(t) + x3(t)

AM

s2(t) = sinc2(t) x2(t) = s2(t) cos 2S f2 t |F.T.|

AM X1(f)
X2(f)
X3(f)

| | |
s3(t) = sinc(t) x3(t) = s3(t) cos 2S f3 t f1 f2 f3

W1 W2 W2 W3 W3
AM

Design Criteria
f2 - f1 > W1 + W2
f3 - f2 > W2 + W3
fi = carrier freq of xi(t), Wi = BW of si(t).
 De-multiplexing

x1(t) s1(t)

BPF DEMOD
f c = f1
FDM signal
BW=2W1
x1(t) + x2(t) + x3(t)

x2(t) s2(t)
BPF
DEMOD
f c = f2
BW=2W2

x3(t)
s3(t)
BPF
DEMOD
f c = f3
BW=2W3
A.5 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)
====================================

QAM is used in almost all broadband systems:

- high-speed telephone modem

(http://nemesis.lonestar.org/reference/
telecom/modems/modulations.html)

- cable modem
QAM
signal
- digital TV
(http://www.dvb.org/index.php?id=59)

- 54Mbps wireless LAN

- 4G mobile cellular

- power line communication!

 = in-phase (I) signal

= quadrature-phase
(Q) signal

QAM
signal
B.1 Parameters of Noise
(c) Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR)
The time-values of noise are random,
hence not very useful. Instead, the SNR is defined as the ratio of signal
statistical/average parameters of noise power (S) to noise power (N):
are more deterministic, hence more
useful. S
2
s (t) ª s 2 (t) º
10log10 « 2 » dB
«¬ n (t) »¼
2
N n (t)
(a) Power

n 2 (t) = Tlim 1 ³T/2 |n(t)|2 dt

o f T - T/2 Higher SNR Æ better signal quality

(d) PSD of Filtered Noise

(b) Power Spectral Density (PSD) If a signal x(t) with PSD Sx (f) is
Let Sn (f) be the PSD of n(t), then the filtered by a filter with transfer
power of n(t) has another formula: function H(f), the filtered signal y(t)
f will have PSD S y (f) given by:
³S
2
n (t ) n ( f ) df
f Sy (f) = |H(f)| 2 Sx (f)
Examples of noise-corrupted signal Example of bandpass noise

Signal: Bandpass noise:

n(t) = n c(t)cos(2Sf o t)-n s(t)sin(2Sf o t)

Noise:

Signal + Noise: I-phase noise component n c(t):

SNR = 10dB

SNR = 0dB
Q-phase noise component n s(t):

SNR = -10dB
 Hence a bandpass filter (BPF) is usually
inserted before the demodulator to remove
as much "white noise" as possible. Such
filtered noise is called "bandpass noise".

PSD of n(t)
S(f)
η/2
Bandpass Noise in Time Domain  How about power of n c(t) and n s(t)?

n(t)=n c(t)cos(2f o t)- n s(t)sin(2f o t) nc2 (t) = ns2 (t) = n 2 (t) = B

I-phase noise Q-phase noise (proof not required)

Power Spectrum of n c(t) and n s(t)

Since PSD of n(t) is centred at f=f o
with bandwidth B, and n(t) has similar
expression as a QAM signal
 PSD of n c(t) and n s(t) are each  So, PSD of n c(t) or n s(t) is each:
centred at f=0 with bandwidth B/2. 

Power of Bandpass noise f

 -B/2 0 B/2
n t    PSD of n t  df
2
-
 Why do we study all these?
 area under PSD Because the noise coming out of the
η demodulator is nc(t) and/or n s(t), and
  B 2  η B we want to know their power.
2
B.4. Demodulation in Noisy Channel Input Signals to Demodulator
 x(t) = received AM signal
x(t) x(t)  s(t)
 n(t) = bandpass noise
BPF Demod
= n c(t) cos 2f ct - n s(t) sin 2f ct
+white +n(t) +n o (t)
noise
Output Signals of Demodulator
BPF  Demodulated signal =  s(t)
 Should filter away as much white
noise as possible  Output noise = n o (t)

 Should not filter the AM signal x(t)   and n o (t) depend on the
demodulator structure
 BPF bandwidth B = AM bandwidth
 SNR after SC-AM Demodulation Output Noise
 n o (t) = [n(t) cos 2f ct] LPF
s(t) cos2fct LPF with  s(t)
bandwidth Since n(t)=n c(t)cos2f ct - n s(t)sin2f ct,
+ n(t) + no(t)
of s(t)
n o (t) = [n c(t) cos 2 2f ct -
cos 2 fc t n s(t) sin2f ct cos2f ct] LPF
= [n c(t) (1/2) (1+cos4f ct) -
Assuming coherent demodulation:
n s(t) (1/2) sin4f ct] LPF
Output Signal = n c(t)/2

 Demodulated signal  Output noise power

 nc t  / 2  nc t  / 4   B / 4
2 2
= [s(t) cos 2 2f ct] LPF
= [s(t) (1/2) (1+cos4f ct)] LPF which can be found from white noise
= s(t)/2 PSD (/2) and AM bandwidth (B).

 Demodulated signal power Output SNR

 s t  / 2  st  / 4
2 2
= signal power / noise power
which can be found if s(t) is given.  st  / B
2
Numerical Example |X(f)| in white noise
20Hz
 x(t) = [sin(10t)+sin(20t)] cos(100t)
 white noise PSD = /2 = 10-3 Watt/Hz
-50 0 50 f

 AM bandwidth = B = 20Hz
|X(f)| in bandpass noise
 BW of BPF before demodulator
= 20Hz
= BW of bandpass noise n(t)
-50 0 50 f
 message s(t) = sin(10t)+sin(20t)
Noisy demodulator output
x   sin 2  y   2sin x sin  y 
2
s (t)  sin 2

1 1
   0 1
2 2 0 f
B  2  10  3  20  0.04
2 Note: Output SNR ≠ 1/(10-320)
SNR  s (t) B  1 / 0.04  25  13 .98 dB
 What to Memorize for EE3012 - Part I
DSBSC-AM

 Time-domain expression of DSBSC-AM signal x(t) = Ac s(t) cos(2 fc t + )  default Ac = 1,  = 0.

 Coherent demodulator = AM signal LPF with BW constant  s(t)

≥ BW of s(t)

synchronous Local Carrier

QAM

 Time-domain expression of QAM signal x(t) = s1(t) cos(2 fc t) + s2(t) sin(2 fc t)

 Coherent demodulator = QAM signal LPF with BW constant  s1(t)

≥ BW of s1(t)
Local I-phase Carrier

LPF with BW constant  s2(t)

≥ BW of s2(t)
Local Q-phase Carrier
FDM

 FDM signal = s1(t) cos(2 f1 t) + s2(t) cos(2 f2 t) + … and adjacent FDM channels should not overlap.
Filtering

 Y(f) = H(f) X(f) ; S y(f) = |H(f)| 2 S x(f)

Noise analysis


1
  square of v  t  dt or   PSD of v  t  df
T0 /2
 
2

 Power of a signal v(t) = v t

T0 -T0 /2


 Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) = signal power  noise power = 10 Log10(SNR) dB

 Time-domain expression of bandpass noise n(t) = nc(t) cos(2 fc t) - ns(t) sin(2 fc t)

 n
2
 t   nc2  t   ns2  t   ηB 
B
/2
 PSD of n(t), nc(t), ns(t) =
-fc -B/2 0 B/2 fc
 Demodulator structure in the presence of white noise =

AM signal AM signal recovered message signal

BPF with BW ≥ + Demodulator
+ +
AM signal BW = B bandpass
white noise output noise
noise
 Appendix A: Trigonometric Identities
1 exp(± jx)= cos x ± j sin x
1
2 =
cos x [exp( jx) + exp(− jx)]
2
1
3 =
sin x [exp( jx) − exp(− jx)]
2j
4 sin 2 x + cos 2 x =
1
5 cos 2 x − sin 2 x =
cos 2 x
1
6 cos=2
x (1 + cos 2 x )
2
1
7 sin=
2
x (1 − cos 2 x )
2
1
8 =
cos3 x ( 3cos x + cos 3x )
4
9 sin( x=
± y ) sin x cos y ± cos x sin y
10 cos( x ± y ) =
cos x cos y  sin x sin y
tan x ± tan y
11 tan( x ± y ) =
1  tan x tan y
1
12 =
sin x sin y [cos( x − y ) − cos( x + y )]
2
1
13 =
cos x cos y [cos( x − y) + cos( x + y)]
2
1
14 =
sin x cos y [sin( x − y) + sin( x + y)]
2
A cos x + B sin x = C cos( x − θ )
15
B
where C = A2 + B 2 and θ = tan −1
A
 Appendix B: Fourier Transform Pairs
Time Function Fourier Transform
t   1, t ≤ T / 2,
1 rect  = T sinc( fT )
T   0, otherwise.
1  f 
2 sinc( 2Wt ) rect  
2W  2W 
1
3 exp( − at )u( t ), a >0
a + j 2π f
2a
4 exp(−a t ), a>0 a 2 + ( 2π f )
2
  t 2 
5 exp  −π    T exp  −π ( fT ) 2 
  T  
 t
t  1 − , t <T ,
6 Λ = T T sinc 2 ( fT )
T  
 0, otherwise.
f
7 T sinc 2 (t T ) Λ 
T 
8 δ(t ) 1
9 1 δ( f )
10 δ ( t − t0 ) exp ( − j 2π ft0 )
11 exp ( j 2π f c t ) δ ( f − fc )
1
12 cos(2πf c t + θ ) δ ( f − f c ) e jθ + δ ( f + f c ) e − jθ 
2
1
sin ( 2π f c t ) δ ( f − f c ) − δ ( f + f c ) 
2j 
13
1
14 sgn( t )
jπf
1
15 − j sgn( f )
π t
1 1
u( t ) δ( f ) +
16 2 j 2π f
∞ ∞  
∑ δ (t − iT0 )
1 n
17 ∑ δ  f − 
i = −∞ T0 n = −∞  T0 
 Appendix C: Fourier Transform Properties
Property Mathematical Description
1. Linearity ag 1 ( t )  bg 2 ( t ) aG1 ( f )  bG2 ( f )
where a and b are constants.
2. Time Scaling 1 f
g( at ) G 
a a
where a is a constant.
3. Duality If g( t ) G( f ),
then G( t ) g(  f )
G( f ) exp  j 2ft 0 
4. Time shifting
g( t  t 0 )
5. Frequency shifting exp  j 2f c t g( t ) G f  f c 
6. Modulation Theorem 1
g (t ) cos  2 f ct  G  f  f c   G  f  f c 
2
1
g (t )sin  2 f ct  G  f  f c   G  f  f c 
2j
7. Area under g( t ) 
 g( t ) dt  G( 0 )
8. Area under G( f ) 
g( 0 )   G( f ) df
9. Differentiation in time domain d
g( t ) j 2fG( f )
dt
10. Integration in time domain t 1 G(0)
 
g ( ) d
j 2 f
G( f ) 
2
( f )
11. Complex conjugate functions If g( t ) G( f ),
then g* (t ) G* (  f )
12. Convolution in time domain 
 g 1 (  )g 2 ( t   ) d G1 ( f )G2 ( f )
13. Multiplication in time domain 
g 1 ( t )g 2 ( t )  G1 (  )G2 ( f   ) d
14. Multiplication by tn d nG ( f )
t n g (t ) (  j 2 ) 1
df n