-1-

-2-
 gÂ¥ghs® ciu

m‹ghª¨j ngh£o¤njªÎ vGJ© e§gªfS¡F tz¡f©!

muR¥ gâ vD© Ïy£Áa¤ij mila Ka‹W bfh§oU¡F© c¦fis ngh‹nwhª¡F

bghJ¤ jäiH vëa eilæš tH¦f nt§L© v‹»w v¦fë‹ Ka‰Áæ‹ btë¥ghnl
Ϩj üš.

muR¤ njªÎfëš mHF¤ jäêš mÂf kÂ¥bg§fis bgWtj‹ _ynk c¦fë‹

njª¢Áia Ú¦fŸ cW brŒJbfhŸs KoÍ©, v›tsÎ Ka‹W© Koaéšiyna vd
fy¦FnthU©, üèiHæš bt‰¿ia jtwé£ltU© Ïånkš ftiybfhŸs
njitæšiy, Vbdåš bghJ¤jäœ ghl¤Â£l¤ij e‹F MuhŒ¨J Ïy¡fz©,
Ïy¡»a«, jäœ m¿PªfS© j䜤 bjh§L© v‹»w ÃçÎfëš njª¨bjL¡f¥g£l 50
jiy¥òfëš, vëikahd jäêš, midtU© òç¨JbfhŸS© tifæš Ï¨j
ò¤jf¤Âid btëæ£LŸnsh©.

c¦fsJ thœit kh‰¿aik¡f¥ ngh»‹w TNPSC nj®Îfis JâÎlD«,

j‹d©Ã¡ifÍlD© Ú¦fŸ vªbfhŸs nt§lhkh? xUKiw Ϫj üiy KGikahf¥
go¤jhny c¦fS¡F m¨j e©Ã¡if V‰gL© t§z©, Ϩj ò¤jf¤ij
totik¤JŸnsh©.

M© Ϩj kh‰w¤Â‰F K¡»a fhuz© jäG¡F »il¡F© mÂf kÂ¥bg©fns.! Ïij

fU¤Âš bfh§nl xUtç‹ njª¢Áia ãªzæ¡f¡ Toa Ϩj jäœ ghl¤ £l¤Âš
vëikia òF¤Â, go¤jij kwthkš ãidéš it¤J¡bfhŸS© tifæš eilKiw
és¡f¦fis më¤JŸnsh©.

Ϩj üè‹ _y© gæ‰Á bgWgtªfŸ Ïå tu¡Toa mid¤J ngh£o njªÎfisÍ©

njªÎ gaä‹¿ j‹d©Ã¡ifÍl‹ vªbfh§L mÂf kÂ¥bg§fis bgw nt©L«
v‹»w neh¡f¤Ânyna Ϩj bghJ¤jäœ ghl¤ £l¤ij bjhF¤JŸnsh©.

TNPSC Tamil M‹£uhŒL m¥ënfõ‹ tH¦»a mDgt¤Â‹ _y© 10 y£r¤Â‰F©

nk‰g£l gadhsªfë‹ njitfis m¿¨JbfhŸs Ko¨jJ, mj‹ btë¥ghnl Ϩj
bghJ¤jäœ üš. v¦fë‹ Ï¨j gil¥Ãš VnjD© ÃiHfŸ ÏU¥Ã‹ v¦fS¡F
bjça¥gL¤J¦fŸ. v¦fë‹ Ï¨j gaz© c¦fë‹ thœ¤J¡fshš k£Lnk rh¤Âa©.

Ϩj ò¤jf© Áw¥ghf btëtu cjéa nkhf‹uh{, fUzhfu‹, br¨Âšehj‹,

brštkâ, fhª¤Â, mkuhtÂ, ifyhr«, ã¤uh TNPSC Tamil m¥ënfõ‹ FGédª
k‰W© neuoahfΩ, kiwKfkhfΩ cjéa mid¤J ešcŸs¦fS¡F© e‹¿!

P.nfhFyehj‹
gÂ¥ghs®

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 bghUsl¡f«
bghJ¤jäœ
gFÂ - m - Ïy¡fz«
t.v© ghl¤ jiy¥ò g¡f«

vG¤J Ïy¡fz« 1

brhš Ïy¡fz© 33

bghUŸ Ïy¡fz© 96

ah¥ò Ïy¡fz« 102

mâ Ïy¡fz« 122

1. bghU¤Jjš 129

1.1. bghU¤jkhd bghUis¤ njªÎ brŒjš 129

1.2. òfœbg‰w üš - üyhÁça® 146

2. bjhlU© bjhlªò© m¿jš 160

2.1. bjhluhš F¿¡f¥gL© rh‹nwhª 160

2.2. milbkhêahš F¿¡f¥gL© üš 173

3. Ãç¤bjGJf. 176

4. vª¢brhšiy vL¤bjGjš 185

5. bghU¨jh¢ brhšiy¡ f§l¿jš 189

6. 6.1. r¨Â¥ ÃiHia Ú¡Fjš 195

6.2. xUik, g‹ik ÃiHfis Ú¡Fjš 202

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 6.3. kuò¥ ÃiHfŸ, t>c¢ brh‰fis Ú¡Fjš 205

6.4. Ãwbkhê¢ brh‰fis Ú¡Fjš 209

7. M¦»y¢ brhšY¡F neuhd j䜢brhšiy m¿jš 213

8. xè ntWghl¿ªJ rçahd bghUis m¿jš 217

9. XbuG¤J xU bkhê¡F cça bghUis¡ f§l¿jš 225

10. ntª¢brhšiy¤ njªÎ brŒjš 228

nt®¢brhšiy¡ bfhL¤J éidK‰W, éidba¢r«,
11. 230
éidahyizÍ« bga, bjhê‰bgaiu cUth¡fš
12. mfu tçir¥go brh‰fis¢ Óª brŒjš 234

13. brh‰fis xG¦FgL¤Â¢ brh‰bwhluh¡Fjš 237

14. bgaª¢brhšè‹ tifa¿jš 243

15. Ïy¡fz¡ F¿¥g¿jš 249

16. éil¡nf‰w édhit¤ njª¨bjL¤jš 261

17. v›tif th¡»a© vd¡ f§blGJjš 263

j‹éid, Ãwéid, brŒéid, bra¥gh£L éid
18. 267
th¡»a¦fis¡ f§blGJjš
ctikahš és¡f¥ bgW© bghU¤jkhd bghUis¤
19. 269
njª¨bjL¤bjGJjš
nkhid, vJif, Ïiaò Ït‰WŸ VnjD© x‹iw¤
20. 274
njª¨bjL¤bjGjš

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 gFÂ - M - Ïy¡»a«
t.v© ghl¤ jiy¥ò g¡f«

1. ÂU¡FwŸ bjhlªghd brŒÂfŸ, nk‰nfhŸfŸ 281

mwüšfŸ - ehyoahª, eh‹kâ¡foif, gHbkhê eh}W,
KJbkhê¡fhŠÁ, ÂçfLf©, Ï‹dh eh‰gJ, Ïåait eh‰gJ,
2. 291
ÁWgŠr_y©, VyhÂ, xsitahª ghlšfŸ bjhlªghd
brŒÂfŸ, gÂbd§Ñœ¡fz¡F üšfëš Ãw brŒÂfŸ
f©guhkhaz© bjhlªghd brŒÂfŸ nk‰nfhŸfŸ, gh tif,
3. 317
Áw¨j bjhlªfŸ
òweh}W, mfeh}W, e‰¿iz, FWªbjhif, I§FWüW,
4. fè¤bjhif bjhlªghd brŒÂfŸ, nk‰nfhŸfŸ, motiuaiw, 327
v£L¤bjhif, g¤J¥gh£L üšfëš cŸs Ãw brŒÂfŸ
Áy¥gÂfhu©, kânkfiy, bjhlªghd brŒÂfŸ, nk‰nfhŸfŸ,
5. Áw¨j bjhlªfŸ c£ÃçÎfŸ k‰W© I©bgU© - IŠÁW¦ 367
fh¥Ãa¦fŸ bjhlªghd brŒÂfŸ
bgçaòuhz©, ehyhæu ›éa¥Ãug¨j©, ÂUéisahl‰
6. 391
òuhz©, nj©ghtâ, Ówh¥òuhz© bjhlªghd brŒÂfŸ
Á‰¿y¡»a¦fŸ - ÂU¡F‰why¡FwtŠÁ, fè¦f¤J¥guâ,
K¤bjhŸshæu©, jäœéL öJ, e¨Â¡fy©gf©,
é¡»uknrhH‹ cyh, K¡Tl‰gŸS, fhto¢Á¨J,
7. 421
ÂUnt¦fl¤j¨jhÂ, K¤J¡FkhuRthä ßis¤jäœ,
bg¤jynf© FwtŠÁ, mHfª »ŸiséLöJ, Ïuh#uh#‹
nrhH‹ cyh bjhlªghd brŒÂfŸ
kndh‹kâa©, ghŠrhè rgj©, Fæš gh£L, Ïu£Lw bkhêjš
8. 448
(fhsnkf¥ òytª, mH»a brh¡fehjª bjhlªghd brŒÂfŸ)

9. eh£L¥ òw¥gh£L, Á¤jª ghlšfŸ bjhlªghd brŒÂfŸ 452

rka K‹ndhofŸ m¥gª, r©g¨jª, R¨juª, khâ¡fthrfª,
ÂU_yª, Fynrfu Mœthª, M§lhŸ, Ó¤jiy¢ rh¤jdhª,
10. 468
v¢.V.»UZz ßis, ckW¥òytª bjhlªghd brŒÂfŸ,
nk‰nfhŸfŸ, Áw¥ò¥ bgaªfŸ.

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gF - Ï - jäœ m¿PªfS© j䜤 bjh§L©

t.v© ghl¤ jiy¥ò g¡f«

ghuÂah®, ghuÂjhr‹, ehk¡fš féPª, fékâ njÁf
1. éehaf© ßis bjhlªghd brŒÂfŸ, Áw¨j bjhlªfŸ, 490
Áw¥ò¥ bgaªfŸ
kuò¡féij - Koaur‹, thâjhr‹, Rujh, f§zjhr‹,
2. cLkiyehuhazfé, g£L¡nfh£il fšahzR¨ju©, 501
kUjfhÁ bjhlªghd brŒÂfŸ, milbkhê¥bgaªfŸ
òJ¡féij - e.âr_ª¤Â, Á.R.bršy¥gh, jUK ÁtuhK,
gRtŒah, Ïuh.Ûdh£Á, Á.kâ, Á‰Ã, K.nk¤jh, <nuhL
jäH‹g‹, m¥Jš uFkh‹, fyh¥çah, fšah§í,
3. 512
Phd¡T¤j‹, njtnjt‹, rhiy Ïs¨Âiua‹, rhèå
Ïs¨Âiua‹, My¨öª nkhfdu¦f‹ bjhlªghd brŒÂfŸ,
nk‰nfhŸfŸ, Áw¥ò¤ bjhlªfŸ k‰W© vGÂa üšfŸ
jäêš foj Ïy¡»a©, eh£F¿¥ò, neU, fhªÂ, K.t., m©zh,
4. 528
Md¨ju¦f© ßis eh£F¿¥ò bjhlªghd brŒÂfŸ

5. ehlf¡fiy, Ïir¡fiy bjhl®ghd brŒÂfŸ 533

6. jäêš ÁWfijfŸ jiy¥ò - MÁçaª, bghU¤Jjš 544

fiyfŸ - Á‰g©, Xéa«, ng¢R, Âiu¥gl¡fiy bjhl®ghd

7. 552
brŒÂfŸ
jäê‹ bjh‹ik, jäœ bkhêæ‹ Áw¥ò, Âuhél bkhêfŸ
8. 557
bjhlªghd brŒÂfŸ
ciueil - kiwkiyaofŸ, gçÂkh‰fiyPª, e.K.nt¦flrhä
9. eh£lh®, uh.Ã.nrJ¥ ßis, ÂU.é.f., itahòç¥ÃŸis, bkhê 562
eil bjhlªghd brŒÂfŸ
c.nt.rhäehj Ia®, bj.bgh.Ûdh£Á Rªjudh®, Á.Ïy¡Ftdh®,
10. 568
j䜥gâ bjhlªghd brŒÂfŸ
njtnea¥ghthzª, mfuKjè, ghtynuW bgUŠÁ¤Âudh®,
11. j䜤bjh§L bjhlªghd brŒÂfŸ 572

12. í.Í.ngh¥, ÅukhKåtª j䜤bjh§L Áw¥ò¤ bjhlªfŸ 576

bgçah®, m©zh, K¤Juhkè§f¤ njt®, m«ng¤f®, fhkuhr®

13. 579
- rKjha¤ bjh©L

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14. jäHf« - CU© ngU©, njh‰w© kh‰w© g‰¿a brŒÂfŸ 586

15. cyfshéa jäHªfŸ Áw¥ò© bgUikÍ© j䜥 gâÍ© 588

16. jäœbkhêæš m¿éaš Á¨jidfŸ bjhlªghd brŒÂfŸ 589

jäœ kfëç‹ Áw¥ò - m‹åbgr©£ m«ikah®, _tÿ®
uhkhäªj¤j©khŸ, lh¡l®.K¤Jy£Rä bu£o, éLjiy
17. 592
nghuh£l¤Âš kfëª g¦F (šiyaho tŸëa©ik, uhâ
k¦f©khŸ)
jäH® tâf« - bjhšèaš MŒÎfŸ, fl‰ gaz¦fŸ
18. 598
bjhlªghd brŒÂfŸ

19. cznt kU¨J, nehŒ Ôª¡F© _èiffŸ bjhlªghd brŒÂfŸ 601

rka¥ bghJik cz®¤Âa jhÍkhdt®, Ïuhkè§f mofsh®,

20. 603
ÂU.é.fšahz R¨judhª bjhlªghd brŒÂfŸ, nk‰nfhŸfŸ.

Kªija M©L édh¤jhŸfŸ

1. 2017 - F%¥ 2A - bghJ¤ jäœ 607

2. 2016 - F%¥ 2A - bghJ¤ jäœ 619

3. 2016 - F%¥ 4 - bghJ¤ jäœ 637

4. 2016 - VAO - bghJ¤ jäœ 650

-8-
 jäœ Ïy¡fz©
 bkhêia¤ ÂU¤jkhf¥ ngr, vGj¤ Jiz òçtJ Ïy¡fz«.
 Ïy¡fz© bkhêæ‹ mik¥igÍ©, mHifÍ© czª¤J»wJ.
 Ïy¡fz« = Ïy¡F + mz«; Ïy¡F – F¿¡nfhŸ; mz© - mHF.
 jäœ bkhêæ‹ Ïy¡fz© 5 tif¥gL©. mit

1. vG¤Ây¡fz«
2. brhšèy¡fz©
3. bghUëy¡fz«
4. ah¥Ãy¡fz«
5. mâæy¡fz«

1. vG¤J Ïy¡fz«
 vG¤J:
o vGj¥gL»‹w fhuz¤Âdhš vG¤jhF©.
o bkhê¡F Kj‰ fhuzkhŒ, mQ¤Âuë‹ fhçakhŒ ÏU¥gJ vG¤jhF«.
 vG¤J Ïu©L tif¥gL«
1.KjbyG¤J¡fŸ 2. rh®bgG¤J¡fŸ

1. KjbyG¤J¡fŸ

 bkhê¡F KjyhdjhfΫ, jå¤J« Ïa§f¡ ToaJ KjbyG¤J.

 cæbuG¤J 12©, bkŒbaG¤J 18© Mf 30© KjbyG¤J MF©.
 “cæU© cl©ò© M© K¥gJ Kjny” - e‹}š (gtz¨Â Kåtª).

cæ® vG¤J¡fŸ:

jäœ bkhê¡F cæuhŒ ÏU¡f¡ ToaJ cæbuG¤J. ÏJ ÏU tif¥gL©. mit

1. c檡F¿š – 5 (m, Ï, c, v, x)

2. cæªbeoš – 7 (M, <, C, V, I, X, Xs)

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bkŒbaG¤J¡fŸ:

bkhê¡F clyhŒ ÏU¥gJ. bkŒbaG¤J xè¡F© Kiwahš 3 tif¥gL©. mit

1. tšèd© - 6 (¡, ¢, £, ¤, ¥, ‰) – tèikahd Xir

2. bkšèd© - 6 (¦, Š, §, ¨, ©, ‹) – bk‹ikahd Xir
3. Ïilæd« - 6 (Œ, ª, š, ›, œ, Ÿ) – Ïil¥g£l Xir

2. rh®bgG¤J¡fŸ

 KjbyG¤J¡fis¢ rhª¨J tU© vG¤J¡fis¢ rhªbgG¤J¡fŸ v‹»nwh©.

 rhªbgG¤J¡fŸ 10 tif¥gL©, éçahš 369 tif¥gL©.

1. cæªbkŒ 6. F‰¿aèfu©
2. MŒj© 7 .Ifhu¡FW¡f«
3. cæusbgil 8. xsfhu¡FW¡f«
4. x‰wsbgil 9. kfu¡FW¡f«
5. F‰¿aYfu© 10. MŒj¡ FW¡f©

1. cæªbkŒ:
 cæiuÍ©, bkŒiaÍ© rhª¨J ÏU¥gjdhš Ïjid¢ rhªbgG¤J v‹»nwh©.
 cæU©, clY© nrª¨jhš cæªbkŒ. ¡ +m = f.
 ÏJ Ïu©L tif¥gL«. mit

1. cæªbkŒF¿š (18 * 5) – 90, ¡ + m =f

2. cæªbkŒbeoš (18 * 7) – 126, ¡ + M = fh
bkh¤j©, cæªbkŒ (90 + 126) – 216 vG¤J¡fŸ
2. MŒj«:
 nghª ÅuªfŸ ga‹gL¤J© j‰fh¥ò MÍj¤Âš fhz¥gL© F䜥òŸëfŸ ngh‹W
ÏU¥gjhš MŒj© (~) vd¡ TWtª.
 Ïjid K¥òŸë, K¥gh‰ òŸë vdΩ TWtª.

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  ÏJ cænuhL©, bkŒnahL© nruhkš jå¤nj ÏU¥gjhš jåãiy vdΩ TWtª.
 MŒj vG¤J xU brhšè‹ Ïilæš k£Lnk tU©. m›btG¤Â‹ K‹ F¿š
vG¤J©, mj‹ Ë tšèd cæªbkŒ(F¿š) vG¤J¡fS© tU©.
 jd¡Fça miu kh¤Âiu mséš ÏU¨J Fiwahkš xè¡F©.

v.fh: m~J, v~F

msbgil

♣ brŒÍëš brhšè‹ Kjš, Ïil, fil M»at‰¿š Xir FiwÍ©nghJ m¨j

Xiria ãiwÎ brŒtj‰fhf mj‹ Ïd vG¤J¡fŸ msbgL¥gJ
msbgil vd¥gL«.

msbgil = msò +vil. msò - kh¤Âiu; vil- vL¤jš.

msbgil Ïu©L tif¥gL«. mit:

1. cæusbgil
2. x‰wsbgil
 msbgil - kh¤Âiu mséš ÏU¨J Ú§L xè¡F©.

3. cæusbgil:
 brŒÍëš Xir FiwÍ© nghJ m¨j Xiria ãiwÎ brŒa cæªbeoš
vG¤J¡fŸ 7© msbgL¡F©. m›thW msbgL¡F© nghJ mt‰W¡F Ïdkhd
F¿š vG¤J¡fŸ g¡f¤Âš tU©.

(v.fh) Mm, <Ï, Cc, Vv, Xx, IÏ, xsc

 “I” fhu¤Â‰F “Ï” fuK© “xs” fhu¤Â‰F “c” fuK© Ïd vG¤J¡fshf tU©.
 cæusbgil _‹W tif¥gL©.
m. brŒÍëir msbgil (m) Ïirãiw msbgil
M. Ï‹åir msbgil
Ï. brhšèir msbgil

-11-
m. brŒÍëir msbgil (m) Ïirãiw msbgil:

♣ brŒÍëš Xir FiwÍ© Ïl¤J m¨j Xiria ãiwÎ brŒa brhšè‹ KjèY© ,
ÏilæY©, ÏWÂæY© ã‹w cæª beoš vG¤J¡fŸ 7© jd¡F Ïdkh»a F¿š
vG¤J¡fis¥ bg‰W cça kh¤Âiuæš ÏU¨J äF¨J xè¡F©. Ïjidna
brŒÍëir msbgil vd¡ TWtª.
♣ Ïj‰F Ïirãiw msbgil v‹D© bgaU© c§L.
♣ ÏJ <uir bfh§l Óªfëš k£L© tU©.
♣ msbgilia Ú¡» é£lhš mirÍ©, ÓU©, jisÍ© Kjèa ah¥Ã‹ cW¥òfŸ
ÁijÍ«.
♣ kh¤Âiu msÎ - 3 kh¤Âiu (beoš 2 kh¤Âiu + F¿š 1 kh¤Âiu)
( m, f – 1 kh¤Âiu – F¿š
ne® ãiu
M, fh – 2 kh¤Âiu – beoš
f gl
¡ – 1/2 kh¤Âiu – x£blG¤J
fš gl«
~ – 1/2 kh¤Âiu – MŒj)
fh glh
(v.fh) : cHh/m®, cwh/m®, brwh/mŒ
fhš glh«
ãiu ne®

M. Ï‹åir msbgil:

 brŒÍëš Xir Fiwahj nghJ© bré¡F Ïåa Ïiria jU« bghU£L

c檡F¿š beoyh» nkY© msbgL¥gJ Ï‹åir msbgilahF©.
 ÏJ _‹W mirfŸ bfh§l Óªfëš k£L© tU©.
 msbgilia Ú¡»dhš ÓU©, jisÍ© ÁijahJ.
 Ïåa Xir¡fhf F¿š beoyh» Û§L© Ú§L xè¥gJ Ï‹åir msbgil
 kh¤Âiu msÎ - 3 kh¤Âiu ; bgU©ghY© “c” v‹D© vG¤Âš Ko¨ÂU¡F©.

(v.fh) : vL¥/gö/c« cL¥/gö/c« bfL¥/gö/c«

ãiu ãiu ne®

Ï. brhšèir msbgil:

 brŒÍëš Xir Fiwahjél¤J© bgaª¢brhš éidba¢r¥ bghUŸ jU©

bghU£L msbgL¥gJ brhšèir msbgilahF©.
 xU brhš k‰bwhU brhšyhf bghUŸgl tU© msbgil brhšèir
msbgilahF«.
 brhšèir msbgil “Ï” v‹D© vG¤Âš KoÎ bgW©.

-12-
 (v.fh) : mojÆÏ

4. x‰wsbgil:
 bkŒbaG¤J Ú§L xè¡F©.
 brŒÍëš Xir FiwÍ© nghJ mjid ãiwÎ brŒa bkŒbaG¤J¡fŸ
msbgL¥gJ x‰wsbgil.
 x‰wsbgil brhšè‹ ÏilæY©, ÏWÂæY© k£L© ãfG©.
 tšèdbkŒfshd ¡, ¢, £, ¤, ¥, ‰ v‹D© MW©, Ïilæd bkŒfshd ª, œ v‹D©
Ïu§L© j骤J vŠÁa g¤J bkŒÍ©, MŒjK© m¨j¨j vG¤nj mj‹ g¡f¤Âš
msbgL¡F«.
 Ïit xU F¿iy mL¤njh, ÏU F¿iy mL¤njh msbgL¡F«. beoiy mL¤J
x‰W msbgL¡fhJ.
 kh¤Âiu msÎ - 1 kh¤Âiu

(v.fh) : mu§§f«, f©©, kŠŠR, Ïy~~F, ÂuŸŸ, mu©©, fy§§F

5. F‰¿aYfu©:

♣ F‰¿aYfu©=FWik + Ïaš + cfu©. FWik – FW»a v‹gJ bghUŸ, Ïaš –

Xir v‹gJ bghUŸ, cfu© - c v‹D© vG¤J.
♣ FW»a XiriaÍila cfu©, F‰¿aYfu©.
♣ “F”, “R”, “L”, “J”, “ò”, “W” v‹D© 6 tšèd cfu vG¤J¡fŸ jå beoiy¢
rhª¨J tU© nghJ©, gy vG¤J¡fis¢ rhª¨J brhšè‹ ÏWÂæš tU© nghJ© 1
kh¤Âiu mséš ÏU¨J Fiw¨J 1/2 kh¤Âiu mséš xè¡F©. m›thW
Fiw¨J xè¡F© cfu©, F‰¿aYfu© vd¥gL©.
♣ F‰¿aYfu¢ brhš 3 mšyJ mj‰F nk‰g£l vG¤J¡fŸ bfh©oU¡F«.
♣ F‰¿aYfu© MW tif¥gL©.
1. beoš bjhlª¡ F‰¿aYfu©
2. cæª bjhlª¡ F‰¿aYfu©
3. t‹bjhlª¡ F‰¿aYfu©
4. bk‹bjhlª¡ F‰¿aYfu«
5. Ïil¤bjhlª¡ F‰¿aYfu©
6. MŒj¤bjhlª¡ F‰¿aYfu©

-13-
1. beoš bjhlª¡ F‰¿aYfu©:

 KjbyG¤J cæª beoš, cæªbkŒ beoš vG¤J¡fis mL¤J brhšè‹

ÏWÂæš tU© tšèd “c” fu vG¤J¡fŸ beoš bjhlª F‰¿aYfu©.
 beoš bjhlª F‰¿aYfu© Ïu§L vG¤J¡fis k£Lnk bg‰W tU©.

(v.fh) ML, MW, ehL.

2. cæ® bjhl®¡ F‰¿aYfu©:

 cæª bjhlª F‰¿aYfu© v‹gJ “F”, “R”, “L”, “J”, “ò”, “W” v‹D© MW
tšèd cfu vG¤J¡fS¡F K‹ Ïu§L Kjyhf gy vG¤J¡fis¥ bg‰W tU©.
 <‰bwG¤J¡F K‹ cæªbkŒ F¿yhfnth, cæªbkŒ beoyhfnth ÏU¡F©.

(v.fh) ghyhW , g©ghL, muR, tuF, mHF

3. t‹bjhlª¡ F‰¿aYfu©:

 tšèd bkŒbaG¤J¡fis¤ bjhlª¨J brhšè‹ <‰¿š tU© tšèd “c”fu

vG¤J¡fŸ, t‹ bjhlª¡ F‰¿aYfu© vd¥gL©.

(v.fh) : R¡F, m¢R, g£L, g¤J, c¥ò, fh‰W, gh¡F, eh¡F, bfh¡F

4. bk‹bjhlª¡ F‰¿aYfu©:

 bkšèd bkŒbaG¤J¡fis¤ bjhlª¨J brhšè‹ <‰¿š tU© tšèd “c” fu

vG¤J¡fŸ bk‹bjhlª¡ F‰¿aYfu©.

(v.fh) : eŠR, g¦F, e§L, g¨J, m©ò, e‹W , gŠR, Fu¦F.

5. Ïil¤bjhlª¡ F‰¿aYfu©:

♣ Ïilæd bkŒbaG¤J¡fis¤ bjhlª¨J brhšè‹ <‰¿š tU© tšèd “c”fu

vG¤J¡fŸ Ïil¤bjhlª¡ F‰¿aYfu© .

(v.fh) brŒF, rhªò, rhšò, khªò, mšF

6. MŒj¤bjhlª¡ F‰¿aYfu©:

 MŒj vG¤ij¤ bjhlª¨J brhšè‹ ÏWÂæš tU© tšèd “c”fu vG¤J¡fŸ

MŒj¤bjhlª¡ F‰¿aYfu© vd¥gL© .

-14-
 (v.fh) v~F, m~J, f~R

K‰¿aYfu©:

 j‹ kh¤Âiu mséš Fiwahkš xè¡F© cfu© K‰¿aYfu© MF©.

 jå¡F¿iy mL¤J brhšè‹ ÏWÂæš tU© tšèd bkŒæ‹ nkš Cª¨J tU©
cfuK©, brh‰fë‹ ÏWÂæš bkšèd bkŒæ‹ nkš Cª¨J tU© cfuK©,
brh‰fë‹ ÏWÂæš Ïilæd bkŒæ‹ nkš Cª¨J tU© cfuK© K‰¿aYfu©
vd¥gL«.
 kh¤Âiu msÎ = 1 kh¤Âiu

(v.fh) bghJ, eL – jå¡F¿iy mL¤J

‹D, c§Q – bkšèd K‰¿aYfu©
ÂU, fjÎ, f›Î – Ïilæd K‰¿aYfu©

6. F‰¿aèfu©:
 ãiybkhê F‰¿aYfukhf ÏU¨J tUbkhê “a”fu© tç‹ ãiybkhê “c”fu©
“Ï”fukhf¤ Âç¨J jd¡Fça 1 kh¤Âiu mséèU¨J 1/2 kh¤Âiuahf¡ Fiw¨J
xè¡F«.
 äah v‹D© mir¢ brhšiy tUbkhêahf¡ bfh§litÍ© F‰¿aèfunk.

1. jåbkhê
(v.fh) : t©L + ahJ = t©oahJ
äah v‹gJ mir¢brhš
tuF + ahJ = tu»ahJ
v.fh : nf©äah, br©äah
v~F + ahJ = v~»ahJ
2. bjhl®bkhê
ehF + ahJ = eh»ahJ
7. Ifhu¡ FW¡f«:

♣ “I” v‹D© cæª beoš vG¤J jåahf xè¡F© nghJ 2 kh¤Âiu mséš
xè¡F©. Mdhš ÏJ k‰w vG¤J¡fSl‹ To brhšè‹ Kjš , Ïil, ÏWÂ
M»a 3 Ïl¦fëY© tU© nghJ j‹ kh¤Âiu mséèU¨J Fiw¨J xè¡F©.

I – Kjèš – 1½ kh¤Âiu v.fh : It®, I¥gÁ, ik¥òu«

I – Ïilæš – 1 kh¤Âiu v.fh : tisaš, jiyt‹
I – ÏWÂæš – 1 kh¤Âiu v.fh : jtis, Ftis, tiy

-15-
 ♣ xs, I v‹w vG¤J brhšY¡F Kjèš tU©nghJ k£L© beoš MfΩ, Xª
vG¤Â‹ Ïilæš tU©nghJ F¿š MfΩ k£L© tU©.
8. xsfhu¡ FW¡f«:

 “xs” v‹D© cæª beoš vG¤J 2 kh¤Âiu mséš xè¡F©. Mdhš

brhšY¡F Kjèš k£Lnk tU© “xs” fhu© 1½ kh¤Âiu mséš xè¡F©.
 bkhê¡F ÏilæY©, ÏWÂæY© “Xs” fhu© tuhJ.

v.fh: Xsitahª, btsthš – 1½ kh¤Âiu.

9. kfu¡ FW¡f«:

 “©” v‹D© bkŒbaG¤J jd¡Fça 1/2 kh¤Âiu mséèU¨J 1/4 kh¤Âiuahf¡

FiwªJ xè¥gJ kfu¡ FW¡f« vd¥gL«.
 “d”fu, “z”fu bkŒfë‹ Ã‹tU© “k” fu© jd¡Fça 1/2 kh¤ÂiuæèU¨J
FiwªJ 1/4 kh¤Âiuahfnt xè¡F«.

v.fh: ngh‹©, kU§©

 ãiybkhê <‰¿YŸs “k” fuK© tUbkhê Kjèš “t” fuK© t¨J òzU© nghJ
ãiybkhê <‰¿YŸs “k”fu© jd¡Fça 1/2 kh¤Âiu mséš ÏU¨J Fiw¨J 1/4
kh¤Âiu msnt xè¡F«.

v.fh: jU© tst‹ brhšèš “jU©” brhšè‹ kh¤Âiu msÎ = (jU©) 1 + 1 +

1/4 = 2¼ kh¤Âiu

 Ï›éU Ïl¦fëY© Fiw¨J xè¡F© kfunk kfu¡ FW¡f© vd¥gL©.

10. MŒj¡ FW¡f©:

 MŒj vG¤J jd¡Fça 1/2 kh¤ÂiuæèU¨J 1/4 kh¤Âiuahf¡ Fiw¨J xè¥gJ

MŒj¡FW¡f© vd¥gL©.
 ãiybkhêæš jå¡F¿iy mL¤J tU© “y” fu, “s” fu¦fŸ tUbkhêæYŸs
“j” fu¤Jl‹ nrU© nghJ MŒjkhf¤ ÂçÍ©.

(v.fh) fš + ÔJ = f~ÖJ – 1/4 kh¤Âiu,

KŸ + ÔJ = K~OJ – 1/4 kh¤Âiu

-16-
 gF - M - jäœ Ïy¡»a«

gFÂ - M - 1. ÂU¡FwŸ

 ÂU¡FwŸ òfœbg‰w jäœ bkhê Ïy¡»akhF©.

 cyf¥bghJkiw, bghŒahbkhê, thÍiu thœ¤J, K¥ghš, c¤juntj©, bjŒtüš
vd¥ gy bgaªfshY© ÂU¡FwŸ miH¡f¥gL»wJ.
 r¦f Ïy¡»a tif¥gh£oš gÂbd§Ñœ¡fz¡F vd¥gL© gÂbd£L üšfë‹
Âu£oš ÏU¥gJ - ÂU¡FwŸ.
 xsitahuhš Ïa‰w¥g£ljhf¡ Tw¥gL© eštê v‹gj‹ ÏWÂ¥gh£L¥
ËtUkhW TW»wJ
njtª FwS© ÂU eh‹kiw KoΩ
_t® jäG« KåbkhêÍ« - nfhit
ÂUthrfK© ÂU_yª brhšY©
xUthrf« v‹Wzª
 ÂU + FwŸ = ÂU¡FwŸ; ÂU - bršt©, FwŸ - FW»a moia cilaJ.

tuyhW

 ÂU¡FwŸ Ïa‰w¥g£l fhy© Ï‹D© rçahf tiuaW¡f¥gléšiy.

 Ïjid Ïa‰¿atª ».K. 2© ü‰wh§L¡F© ».à 5© ü‰wh§L¡F© Ïilæš
thœ¨jtuhf Ï‹iwa MŒthsªfshš fUj¥gL© ÂUtŸStª v‹W
m¿a¥gLgt® Mth®.
 Ϩüš Vw¡Fiwa 2000 M§LfŸ gHikahdJ.
 kiwkiy mofŸ brŒj MuhŒ¢Áæ‹ gadhŒ, jäœeh£oš M§Lfis¡ F¿¡f
ÂUtŸStª M§L© ga‹gL¤j¥gL»‹wJ.
 Ïj‹ mo¥gilæš, ÂUtŸStª M§L v‹gJ bghJ M§nlhL 31 M§LfŸ
T£l nt©L«.

-17-
 bga®¡fhuz«

 bt§gh¡fëdhš Md üš v‹gjhš Ï¥bgaª bg‰wJ.

 FwŸ v‹gJ Fw£ghit czª¤jhkš m¥gh¡fshš M»a üiy czª¤Jtjhš
MFbga® MF«.

 ÂU¡FwŸ milaL¤j MFbgaª (milaL¤j fUé MFbga®) MF«.

 gÂbd§ Ñœfz¡F üšfSŸ mÂf mw¦fis¢ brhšY© üš.

 gÂbd§ Ñœfz¡F üšfSŸ mÂf brŒÍshš (ghthš) bgaªbg‰w xnu üš.
 FwŸ bt§ghthš 1 ¾ moæš Md xnu üš.
 FwŸ bt§gh¡fshš Mdikahš FwŸ v‹W© mj‹ caªÎ fU ÂU v‹w
milbkhêÍl‹ ÂU¡FwŸ v‹W© bgaª bgW»wJ.
 jäœkh‹ Ïåa caªãiy v‹W cynfhuhš ghuh£l¥bg‰w üš.
 ÏJnt jäH® ÂUkiw, cyf¥ bghJkiwÍkhF«.
 FwŸ v‹w j䜢 brhšè‹ bghUŸfŸ vit v‹gij Ï‹Wtiu jäœ
é¤jfªfŸ m¿aéšiy.
 kåj thœé‹ nk‹ikfis, thœéaš be¿fis, kåj ehfßf© Ãw ehLfëš
njh‹W© K‹dnu tF¤J¡ fh£oa üš.
 FwshdJ <uofëš cyf¤ j¤Jt¦fis brh‹djhš, ÏJ “<uo üš” vdΫ
miH¡f¥gL»wJ.

üè‹ mik¥ò

 mw©, bghUŸ, Ï‹g© mšyJ fhk© v‹D© K¥bgU© ÃçÎfis¡ bfh§ljhš,

“K¥ghš” v‹W© miH¡f¥gL»wJ.
 M¦»y©, Ïy¤Ô‹, »nu¡f© ngh‹w 107 bkhêfëš bkhêbgaª¡f¥ bg‰WŸsJ.
 MY© ntY© gšY¡FWÂ, ehY© Ïu§L© brhšY¡FW gHF j䜢
brhšyUik ehèu§oš v‹D© gHbkhêfŸ Ïj‹ bgUikia és¡FtdthF©.
Ït‰WŸ ehš v‹gJ ehyoahiuÍ© Ïu§L v‹gJ ÂU¡FwisÍ© F¿¡F©.

-18-
 kåj‹ kåjdhf thH, kåj‹ kåjD¡F¡ T¿a m¿Îiu.
 Ïiw¡nfh£gh£o‹ bghJthd be¿ia¤ ÂU¡FwŸ fh£L»wJ.
 mfu¤Âš bjhl¦» dfu¤Âš KoÍ© üš.
 ÂU¡Fwë‹ Áw¥ig vL¤J¡ TW© üš ÂUtŸStkhiy. ÂUtŸStkhiy 55
ghlšfŸ 53 òytªfshš ghl¥g£LŸsJ.
 ÁtÁt bt©gh, Âdfu bt©gh, tlkiy bt©gh, nrhnkr® KJbkhê bt©gh,
Fkunur bt§gh ngh‹wdΩ Fwë‹ Áw¥igna TW»‹wd.

ciufŸ

♣ gH¦fhy¤Âš Ïj‰F¥ gyª ciu vGÂÍŸsdª.

♣ mt‰¿š òfœ thŒ¨jjhf és¦FtJ© mÂfkhf¥ ga‹gL¤j¥gLtJ©
gçnkyHfª ciujh‹.
♣ 1812š kiya¤Jthr‹ kf‹ Phd¥Ãufhr© ÂU¡Fwis Kjš Kjèš g¥äJ¤
jŠiræš btëæ£lhª.
♣ gçnkyHfª ciuÍl‹ Kjš Kjyhf¤ ÂU¡Fwis¥ g¥äjtª ÏuhkhD#
féuha® (1840).
♣ j‰fhy¤ÂY© ÂU¡FwS¡F K. tujuhr‹, K. fUzhãÂ, rhyk‹ gh¥igah
c£gl gyª és¡f ciufis vGÂÍŸsdª. Ït‰WŸ Áw¥ghf¡ fUj¥gLtJ
lh¡l® K.tujuhrdh® mt®fsJ ciuahF«.

cyf bkhêfëš ÂU¡FwŸ

Inuh¥Ãa k¡fS¡F y¤Ô‹ bkhêæš 1730š ÂU¡Fwis m¿Kf¥gL¤Âatª

ÅukhKåt® Mth®.
ÂU¡FwŸ fU¤J¡fis (Extracts from Ocean of Wisdom) 1794M© M§L Kj‹
Kiwahf M¦»y bkhêæš m¿Kf¥gL¤Âatª »‹blª«ny.
é¡nlhçah kfhuhâahª fhiyæš f§ éê¤jJ© Kjèš go¤j üš ÂU¡FwŸ.

-19-
 ÂU¡Fwis 40 M§LfŸ go¤J¢ Rit¤j í.Í.ngh¥ Ïjid M¦»y¤Âš
bkhêbgaª¤J 1886 M© M§oš btëæ£lhª.
cUÁa eh£oš mQ Jis¡fhj »bu©ë‹ khëifæYŸs Ru¦f¥ ghJfh¥ò¥
bg£lf¤Âš ÂU¡FwS© Ïl© bg‰WŸsJ.
Ϧ»yh¨J eh£L¡ fh£Á¢rhiyæš ÂU¡FwŸ, ééèa¤Jl‹
it¡f¥g£LŸsJ.
ÂU¡FwŸ xU tF¥gh‰nfh, xU kj¤jh‰nfh, xU ãw¤jh‰nfh, xU
bkhêahª¡nfh, xU eh£lh‰nfh cçaj‹W, mJ k‹gij¡F - cyF¡F bghJ
v‹W T¿atª - ÂU.é.f.
ÂUtŸStª njh‹¿æuhé£lhš jäH‹ v‹D© Xª Ïd© ÏU¥gjhf
cyf¤jhª¡F¤ bjç¨ÂU¡fhJ. ÂU¡FwŸ v‹D© xU üš njh‹¿æuhé£lhš,
jäœbkhê v‹D© xU bkhê ÏU¥gjhf cyf¤jh®¡F bjçªÂU¡fhJ -
».M.bg.éRtehj«.
Ãw¥bgh¡F© všyh c檡F© vd¥ bghJbe¿ fh£oa òytª - ÂUtŸStª.
RU¦f¢ brhšè és¦f it¥gš tšytª.
mid¤J eh£odU©, Ïd¤ÂdU© jk¡nf cçabjd¡ bfh§lhL© tifæš
bghJik¡ fU¤J¡fis¥ go¤jt®.

ü‰ ÃçÎfŸ

♣ ÂU¡FwŸ mw©, bghUŸ, Ï‹g© M»a _‹W ghšfS© bfh§likahš K¥ghš

vd¥ bgaª bg‰wJ. K¥ghšfsh»a Ïit x›bth‹W© Ïaš v‹D© gFÂfshf
nkY© gF¡f¥g£LŸsd.
♣ x›bthU ÏaY© Áy F¿¥Ã£l v§â¡ifahd mÂfhu¦fis¡ bfh§ljhf
és¦F»‹wJ. x›bthU mÂfhuK© g¤J ghlšfis¤ j‹DŸ ml¡»aJ.
♣ x‹gJ (9) ÏašfisÍ©, ü‰WK¥g¤J_‹W (133) mÂfhu¦fisÍ©, Mæu¤J
K¨ü‰W K¥gJ (1330) Fw£gh¡fisÍ© bfh§LŸsJ.
♣ ÂU¡Fwis bkh¤j© 12000 brh‰fëš ÂUtŸStª ghoÍŸshª.

-20-
♣ ÂU¡FwŸ üyik¥ig¥ bghW¤jk£oš, mJ _‹W bgU© ÃçÎfis¡
bfh§LŸsJ.
♣ mw¤J¥ghš, bghU£ghš, fhk¤J¥ghš.
♣ Kj‰ghyh»a mw¤J¥ghèš bkh¤j© 38 mÂfhu¦fŸ.
♣ ÂU¡Fwëš ghæu© v‹D© Ïaèš eh‹F mÂfhu¦fŸ it¡f¥g£LŸsd. mš
KjyhtJ , flΟ thœ¤J v‹D© mÂfhu©.
♣ mij¤bjhlª¨J, th‹ Áw¥ò, Ú¤jhª bgUik, mw‹ tèÍW¤jš M»a
mÂfhu¦fŸ.
♣ ÂU¡Fwëš x‹gJ ÏašfŸ cŸs‹. mw© - 4, bghUŸ - 3, Ï‹g© - 2 vd
bkh¤j© 9 ÏašfŸ cŸsd.

-21-
 gF - Ï - jäœ m¿PªfS© j䜤bjh§L©

gF - Ï - 1 - jäœ m¿PªfŸ

ghuÂah®

 fhy« : 11.12.1882 Kjš 11.09.1921 tiu.

 C® : v£laòu«, ö¤J¡Fo kht£l«.
 Ïa‰bgaª: R¥Ãukâa«
 bg‰nwhª : Á‹d¢rhä Iaª - y£Rä m©khŸ.
 gÂbdhU taš v£ilaòu© rk«jhd¥ òytªfshš ghuh£l¥g£L “ghu” v‹D©
Áw¥ò bgaª bg‰whª.
 "ghu”v‹whš fiykfŸ, ru«t v‹W bghUŸ.
 Ïtª Áy fhy© v£ilaòu© rk«jhd¤Âš murit¡ féPuhf és¦»dhª.
 kJiuæš ghu vGÂa ghlš "éntf ghD" v‹w Ïjêš btëahdJ.
 kJiu nrJg nkšãiy¥gŸëæš jäHhÁçauhf¥ gâah‰¿dhª.
 br‹id #dr¦f© v‹w mik¥ig¤ njh‰Wé¤jtª.
 nfè¢ Á¤Âu© vd¥gL© tiuÍ© Kiwia jäG¡F Kjèš j¨j bgUik Ïtiu¢
rhU«.
 j© ghlšfS¡F¤ jhnk Ïiraik¤j féPª.
 féijæš Rarçj© vGÂa Kjš féPª.
 mbkç¡f féPª “thš£ é£k‹” Kiwia Ëg‰¿ ghu trd¡ féij vGÂdhª.
 kfh¤kh fh¨Âæ‹ bgUikia Kj‹Kjèš czª¨J ngh‰¿a féPª ghuÂ.
 ghuÂæ‹ féijfŸ 20© ü‰wh§o‹ kWkyª¢Á¡F é¤jhf mik¨jJ.
 féij kuig kh‰¿ k¡fis neh¡» féijia ÂU¥Ãa bgUik ghuÂia¢ rhU©.
 ek¡F¤ bjhêš féij, eh£L¡F ciH¤jš v‹W féij¡F kÂ¥gë¤jt®.
 ghuÂæ‹ gl¤ij tiu¨jtª Mªa (v) ghZa©.
g¤Âç¡if¥ gâ

 “Rnjrä¤Âu‹” ehëjêš cjé MÁçauhf¥ gâah‰¿dhª.

 "r¡futª¤Âå" kfëª khj Ïjêš MÁçauhf¥ gâah‰¿dhª.
 "ϨÂah" thu Ïjêš MÁçauhf¥ gâah‰¿dhª.
 "Nçnahja©, fªk nah», jªk©" v‹w ÏjœfëY© MÁçauhf¥ gâah‰¿dhª.
 "ghyghu¤ (m) a§ ϧoah" v‹w M¦»y Ïjœ MÁçauhf¥ gâah‰¿dhª.
 "fªknah»" v‹w g¤Âç¡ifia mué¨jª cjéÍl‹ btëæ£lhª.
 é#ah v‹w ÏjiH btëæ£lhª.

-22-
Áw¨j bjhlªfŸ

 “Ãweh£L ešy¿Pª rh¤Âu¦fŸ

jäœbkhêæ‰ bgaª¤jš nt§L©
Ïwthj òfGila òJüšfŸ
jäœbkhêæš Ïa‰wš nt§L©”
 “Ïå xU é brŒnth© - mij
vªj ehS« fh¥ngh«
jå xUtD¡F czéšiy våš
#f¤Âid mê¤ÂLnth©”
 “fh¡if FUé v¦fŸ #h – ÚŸ
flY© kiyÍ© v¦fŸ T£l©
neh¡F© Âirbayh© ehk‹¿ nt¿šiy
neh¡f neh¡f fëah£l©”
 “Mæu© c§o¦F #h - våš
m‹åaª t¨J òfby‹d ÚÂ?”
 “m‹d ahéD© ò§âa¦nfho
M¦nfhª ViH¡F vG¤j¿é¤jš”
 “K¥gJnfho KfKil ahŸ cæª
bkhŒ©òw bth‹W ilahŸ - ÏtŸ
br¥ò bkhêg bd£Lil ahŸ vå‰
Á¨jid x‹W ilahŸ”
 “MLnthnk gŸS¥ ghLnthnk
Md¨j Rj¨Âu© mil¨Jé£nlh bk‹W”
 “fhÁ efª¥òytª ngR© ciu jh‹
fhŠÁæš nf£gj‰nfhª fUébrŒ nth©”
 “t¦f¤Âš Xo tU© Úç‹ äifahš
ika¤J ehLfëš gæª brŒFnth©” - eÂfŸ xU¦»iz¥ò g‰¿ ghoaJ.
 thêa br¨jäœ! thœf e‰wäHª!
 “br¨jäœ ehblD© nghÂåny - Ï‹g¤
nj‹ t¨J ghÍJ fhÂåny - v¦fŸ
j¨ijaª ehbl‹w ng¢Áåny - xU
r¡Â Ãw¡FJ _¢Áåny”
 “ahk¿¨j bkhêfëny jäœbkhê nghš
ÏåjhtJ v§F« fhnzh«”

-23-
  “njkJu¤ jänHhir cyfbkyh©
guΩtif brŒjš nt§L©”
 “ahk¿¨j òytçny f©gid¥ nghš,
tŸStªnghš Ïs¦nfh it¥nghš,
óäjåš ah¦fQnk Ãw¨jšiy,
c§ik, btW© òfœ¢Áæšiy,”
 “CikauhŒ¢ brélªfshŒ¡ FUlªfshŒ
thœ»‹nwh© xU brh‰ nfǪ!
nrkKw nt§Lbkåš bjUbtšyh©
jäœ KH¡f© brê¡f¢ brŒÅª!”
 brhšèš caªÎ j䜢 brhšny
 cHΡF© bjhêY¡F© t¨jid brŒnth©
 všnyhU© xU Fy©, všnyhU© Xª Ïd©
 “Rit òÂJ bghUŸ òÂJ ts© òÂJ
brhš òÂJ nrhÂä¡f etféij”
 “khjª j©ik ÏêÎ brŒÍ©
klik ia¡bfh S¤Jnth©”
 “tŸSt‹ j‹id cy»D¡nf - jªJ
th‹òfœ bfh§l jäœehL - beŠir
Áw¥ò¥ bgaªfŸ
mŸS© Áy¥g fhubk‹nwhª - kâ
ahu© gil¤j jäœehL”  kfhfé – ghuh£oat® t. uhkrhä
 fšé Áw¨j jäœehL - òfœ¡  gh£L¡bfhU òyt‹ - ghuh£oat®
f©g‹ Ãw¨j jäœehL fékâ
 j‰fhy jäœ Ïy¡»a¤Â‹ éobtŸë
 òJ¡féijæ‹ j¨ij – ghuh£oat® e.
òid¥bgaªfŸ âr_®¤Â
 fhëjhr‹  òJ¡féijæ‹ K‹ndho
 r¡Âjhr‹  njÁafé  éLjiy fé
 rhé¤ç  Ó£L¡fé  cyf fé
 X® c¤jk njrhÃkhå
 k¡fŸ fé  bõšèjhr‹
 ã¤ÂaÔu®  Phduj«
 Á¤jdhŒ t¨j ã¤Âa Nça‹

-24-
üšfŸ
 K¥bgU«gh£L (m) K¥bgU« fh¥Ãa«
 1. f§z‹ gh£L
 2. Fæš gh£L
 3. ghŠrhè rgj© - 2 ghf©, 5 rU¡f©, 412 ghlšfŸ, Á¨J¥gh

 KUf‹ gh£L ciueil üšfŸ

 éehafª eh‹kâkhiy  juhR
 Ït® ghujehL  Phduj«
 br¨jäœ ehL  r¨Âçifæ‹ fij
 Rnjr Ñj§fŸ
 KuR
ÁWfij üšfŸ
 m¡å¡FŠR
 brh®zFkhç
 Ó£L¡fé
 ónyhf u«ig
 òÂa M¤Â¢No
 etj¨Âu fijfŸ
 ©ok rh°Âç
kâ k©lg« - v£laòu«, ö¤J¡Fo.  M¿š xU g¦F
 fij¡bfh¤J

ãidÎ Ïšy©

 v£laòu« - ö¤J¡Fo, ÂUtšè¡nfâ – br‹id

òfGiu

 ghuÂahª ghlšfis Kj‹Kjèš btëæ£ltª »UZzrhä Iaª.

 guè R. bešiya¥gª- ghuÂahª ghlšfis Kj‹Kjèš k¡fS¡F m¿Kf©
brŒjtª.
 ghuÂahª xU mtjhu¥ òUõª. Ïtª üiy jäHª ntjkhf¡ bfhŸthªfshf.
 ghuÂahª ghlšfis eh£Llikah¡»atª Xk¨öª uhkrhä bu£oahª.
 ghuÂia ãid¤Jé£lhY© Rj¨Âu¤Â‹ Mntr© RU¡bf‹W VW©. ϨÂa‹ eh‹
v‹¿L© eš ÏWkh¥ò c§lhF©. - ehk¡fš féPª.
 jäG¡F bjh§L brŒnth‹ rhtšiy, j䜤 bjh§l‹ ghuÂjh‹
br¤jJ©nlh! - ghuÂjhr‹.

-25-