bLklzvf

-cg';Gwfgd"ns jflif{s k|sfzg_

jif{ @& cª\s !( k"0ff{ª\s !* @)&#

;+/Ifs
uf]ljGbaxfb'/ sfsL{

k|wfg ;Dkfbs
wL/s'df/ >]i7

;Dkfbs
uf]ljGbaxfb'/ clwsf/L
1fg' clwsf/L

;Dkfbg ;xof]uL
u+ufk|;fb lzjfsf]6L

k|sfzs
sf]6]Zj/ ax'd'vL SofDk;
sf]6]Zj/, dxfb]j:yfg, sf7df8f}F

k|sfzs M sf]6]Zj/ ax'd'vL SofDk;
sf]6]Zj/,
dxfb]j:yfg,
sf7df8f}F
kmf]g g+= )!–$!%%!$%, $!%%@^^
kf]:6 aS; g+= !#@#(, sf7df8f}F

k|sfzg jif{ M @)&#

;xof]u ?= M !)).–
sDKo'6/ n]cfp6 M k|bLk yfkf
d'b|s M sf];L k|];, aa/dxn, sf7df8f}F
kmf]g g+= M $@%!*##
 
On the happy occasion of 27th year of the establishment of Kotesh-
war Multiple Campus (KMC), I would like to extend my warm
congratulations to all the students, parents, entire faculty as well as
the management committee members for being part of the fruitful
and successful journey of KMC over the last twenty-six years. I
take this grand opportunity to greatly value their indefatigable ef-
forts which, I believe, have immeasurably contributed in bringing
the abiding pride to KMC. I would also like to thank all the well
wishers for showing both love and trust in KMC. I also take this
opportunity to express best wishes for the continued success of
KMC as well as of the students and faculty members in the days
ahead. I am confident that the enabling environment for excellence
will be further nurtured by the creativity and diligence of the stu-
dents; dedication and wisdom of the teaching faculties; and good
planning and far-sighted vision of the management committee.
The year 2047 BS (1990 A.D.) was just like any other year in the
calendar but it has been very fascinatingly connected with our
present as well as with our future. Time does not pass, it contin-
ues! I have taken the twenty-six years of KMC as a good start for
a more wonderful and more successful future of KMC. It should
not go without saying that it requires more perseverance, more
efforts and more contribution. I sincerely hope that with collective
efforts of all the students, parents, faculty members, management
committee and well wishers as well, KMC will be able to achieve
its long cherished vision of contributing to bringing positive and
constructive changes in the society with its quality education at af-
fordable price. It is very exciting to note that KMC is getting along
with its vision and we are ready for unfolding more successful
chapters in the future. In fact, it is really inspiring. It is a matter
of great satisfaction that the special edition of the Deepshikha is
being published by including more such stories of inspirations.
It is worthwhile to mention at this point of time that KMC started
its humble journey with just 49 students and few TU teachers
in 2047 BS. Now the Campus has more than two thousand stu-
dents and around five dozen dedicated quality teachers. Apart
from the faculties of Commerce, Education and Humanities, the
Campus is planning to launch more streams and specializations
as per the demand of time and need of the society. The Campus
has also paid due attention to incorporate latest technologies in
teaching-learning modules. It is hoped that such advancements
promoted by the Campus for qualitative education will be much
more easier after constructing and shifting to its own building in
the space provided by the Government in Jadibuti.
Lastly, I again wish KMC a complete success in its vision and
mission, and all those associated with the Campus even brighter
and more successful days ahead. I also wish a success of the pub-
lication Deepshikha.

Thank you!
15 January 2017, Kathmandu, Nepal

Hon. Mahendra Bahadur Pandey

Chairman
Campus Managing Committee
Koteshwor Multiple Campus
 

;fd'bflos ¿kdf ;~rflnt o; sf]6]Zj/ ax'd'vL SofDk; ;dfh kl/jt{g ug]{

bIf, u'0fjfg\ ljBfyL{ pTkfbg ug]{ d"n Woosf ;fy ;~rflnt 5 . lj1fg /
k|ljlwsf] pRrtd lj:tf/ eO{ tbg'¿k ;~rflnt ljZj kl/b[Zodf casf] lzIff
ljZj ahf/df k|lt:kwf{ ug]{ cGt/f{li6«o u'0f:t/sf], cfˆg} b]zsf] ;|f]t / ;fwgnfO{
;d'lrt pkof]u ug{ ;Sg] Jofjxfl/s tyf k|fljlws lzIff / /fli6«o p2]Zo k|fKt
ug]{ bIf hgzlSt pTkfbg ug]{ nIo lnP/ cufl8 a9]sf] ;+:yf cfˆgf] ;kmntfsf
@& cf]6f uf}/jzfnL j;Gt kf/ ul/;s]sf] 5 . dfly plNnlvt p2]Zo k"lt{sf
nflu ;+:yf cljrlnt ¿kdf nflu/x]sf] 5 . ;do / /fli6«o cfjZostfnfO{
kl/k"lt{ ug]{ u/L SofDk; cufl8 al9/x]sf] x'Fbf SofDk;sf] ;du| cfGtl/s u'0f:t/
;'lglZrttfsf] nflu SofDk;n] ljZjljBfno cg'bfg cfof]u (UGC) n] tf]s]sf
k|fjwfgx¿ k'/f ug{ nflu/x]sf] Joxf]/f cjut u/fpF5' .
o; ;+:yfn] ;du| cfGtl/s u'0f:t/ ;'lglZrttf (Quality Assurance and
Accreditation, QAA) k|fKt ug]{ cfwf/nfO{ @^ jif{sf] cGt/fndf w]/} xb;Dd
k'/f ug{ ;kmn ePsf] 5 . ;+:yfn] ;+:yf ;~rfngfy{ k4lt a;fnL k4lt;ª\ut
9ª\un] cufl8 al9/x]sf] 5 . o; ;+:yfdf lzIfs, sd{rf/L, ljBfyL{, z}lIfs
sfo{qmd, ;+:yfsf] ;'zf;g cflbdf u'0f:t/Lo agfP/ nluPsf] 5 h;n] ubf{
xfdLnfO{ uf}/jflGjt agfPsf] 5 . xfdLn] u'0f:t/LotfnfO{ ;+:yfsf] hLjgd"No
agfPsf 5f}F .
;+:yfsf] @& cf}F jflif{sf]T;jsf] v'l;ofnLdf o; ;+:yf;Fu ;DaGw /fVg] ;Dk"0f{
;/f]sf/jfnfx¿nfO{ awfO{ tyf wGojfb lbFb} ;:+yf yk u'0f:t/Lotfn] ljsf; /
lj:tf/ ub}{ n}hfg] k|lta4tf JoSt ub{5' . pTs[i6 lzIf0f ljlw, pTs[i6 glthf,
Jofjxfl/s lzIff;Fu;Fu} xfdL;Fu sfg'gsf] kf/blz{tf, k|lqmofsf] :jR5Gbtf, ljl-
wsf] ;jf]{Rrtf / ;f+u7flgs ;bfrf/n] ubf{ clxn] pRr lzIffsf If]qdf sf]6]Zj/
ax'd'vL SofDk;n] cfˆgf] ljlzi6 klxrfg :yflkt u/fpg ;kmn ePsf] 5 .
cfufdL lbgdf xfdL ;+:yfsf ;an kIfx¿nfO{ sfod /fvL b'a{n kIfnfO{ ;'wfb}{
r'gf}tLnfO{ ;fdgf u/L o;nfO{ cj;/df abNg] k|0f u/]sf 5f}F
h'g s'/f sfdgf u/]/ ;Dej 5}g, ;dk{0f efjsf ;fy sfo{ u/]/ k'/f ug]{ nIo
;fy cufl8 a9]sf 5f}F . xfn ±@ b]lv :gftsf]Q/ tx;Dd ;~rfngdf /x]sf
sfo{qmdx¿ yk lj:tf/ ub}{ nlug] 5 . ;+:yfsf] lg/Gt/ ;kmntf ;lxt ;QfO;f}+
jif{ k'u]sf] v'l;ofnLdf o; ;kmntfsf] nflu cxf]/fq vl6g] lzIfs, sd{rf/L
tyf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ wGojfb lbg rfxG5' . l;ª\uf] ;~rfns ;ldlt :t'To 5
h;n] ;+:yfnfO{ ;kmn 9ª\un] xfFSg ;kmn ePsf] 5 . To;} u/L, o; ;+:yf;Fu
;DalGwt ;Dk"0f{ tfn's lgsfox¿nfO{ wGojfb JoSt ub{5' .
cfufdL lbgdf ;+:yf yk ;kmn x'g] k"0f{ ljZjf; JoSt ub}{ ;Dk"0f{ kIfaf6
/rgfTds ;xof]usf] ck]Iff /fV5' .
cfb/0fLo dxfg'efjx¿,
cGTodf, sf]6]Zj/ ax'd'vL SofDk; ljBfyL{ ;+Vof glthf, u'0f:t/Lotfsf nflu
;an / ;d[4 ePsf] 5Fb} 5 . o;} hudf 6]s]/ SofDk;n] :yfloTjsf] ofqf cufl8
a9fpg] qmddf cfˆg} ejg lgdf0f{ sfo{ lg/Gt/ cufl8 al9/x]sf]n] ;d[l4af6
:yfloTj xfl;n ug{ ;kmn ePsf]df ;a}nfO{ awfO{ 1fkg ub{5' . cfufdL lbgdf
klg o:tf sfo{ SofDk;n] cufl8 a9fpg] / pSt sfo{x¿df ;a}sf] ;xof]u ldNg]
ck]Iff /fv]sf] 5' .

uf]ljGbaxfb'/ sfsL{
SofDk; k|d'v
@)&#÷!)÷)^
;DkfbsLo =========
:yfgLo :t/df ;fd'bflos SofDk;sf ¿kdf :yflkt o; sf]6]Zj/ ax'd'vL
SofDk;n] :yfkgfsf] rf}yfO zts k'/f u/]/ cufl8 al9;s]sf] 5 . ;ª\3if{k"0f{ o;
;dofjlwdf SofDk;n] z"Goaf6 ;'? u/]sf] ofqfnfO{ prfO / pTsif{sf] Pp6f lglZrt
ljGb';Dd k'¥ofO;s]sf] cj:yf 5 . ;Lldt ;|f]t, ;fwg / ljBfyL{ Pjd\ lzIfssf]
;Tk|of;af6 ;'? ePsf] ofqfn] cfhsf lbg;Dd cfOk'Ubf Pp6f lglZrt cfsf/
u|x0f ul/;s]sf] 5 . o; cfsf/df oxfFaf6 pTkfbg ePsf hgzlStx¿ cfhsf
lbgdf ljZjsf ljleGg s'gfdf k'u]/ k|ltof]lutfTds k|lt:kwL{sf ¿kdf ;lDdlnt
eP/ cfkm"nfO{ cAan k|dfl0ft ug{ ;kmn ePsf k|dfl0ft tYo oxfF cleJoSt
ug{ kfpFbf xfdLn] s'/f u/]/ xf]Og sfd u/]/ b]vfpg ;Sg] eof}F eGg] nfu]sf] 5 .
cfhsf lbgdf k|lt:kwf{Tds k|ltof]lutfx¿df of]Uotfsf] b/f] cfwf/pk/ pleg ;Sg]
hgzlSt pTkfbg ug'{ r'gf}tLk"0f{ 5 . o; lbzfdf y'k|} z}lIfs ;+:yfx¿ v'n]sf
5g\ . ltgLx¿n] cfsif{0fsf y'k|} Kofs]hx¿ pkef]Stf ;dIf cufl8 ;f/]sf 5g\ .
x]bf{ lrQfsif{s b]lvg] To:tf lemlnldnL Kofs]hx¿ xfdL;Fu 5}gg\ . xfdL;Fu 5g\
t s]jn b[9 OR5fzlSt / ;dlk{t lzIfs Pjd\ sd{rf/L / sl7g kl/l:yltsf]
r'gf}tLk"0f{ w/ftnLo oyfy{nfO{ ;xif{ cj;/df kl/0ft u/L ldlxg]t k|bz{g ug{ ;Sg]
ljBfyL{x¿ . o;} u/L ;+:yfsf] :yfloTj / bL3{ hLjgsf nflu lrlGtt ;~rfns
;ldlt, :yfgLo a'l4hLjL Pjd\ ;x[boL xftx¿ . log} d"n k'FhLsf e/df xfdLn]
oxfF;Ddsf] ofqf to u/]sf xf}F . o; cj;/df pxfFx? ;a}k|lt cfef/ JoSt ug{
kfpg' xfd|f nflu uf}/jk"0f{ If0fsf ¿kdf pkl:yt 5 .
SofDk;n] dfgljsL, lzIff / Joj:yfkg ;ª\sfotkm{ sIff !!÷!@ b]lv :gftsf]Q/
tx;Ddsf z}lIfs sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ul//x]sf] 5 . oL sfo{qmdx¿df SofDk;n]
;ª\VofTds / u'0ffTds km8\sf] dfl/;s]sf] 5 . casf lbgdf cfh;Dd k|fKt
pknlAwnfO{ ;+/If0f u/]/ afFsL k|flKtsf nflu bQlrQ /xg'kg]{ cfjZostf xfd|f
;fd' pkl:yt 5 . o;nfO{ cj;/sf ¿kdf pkof]u u/L afFsL k|ultx¿ xfl;n
ug]{ lbzfdf SofDk;n] z}lIfs sfo{qmdsf ;fy} cltl/St lqmofsnfk / k|fl1s
sfo{nfO{ dxŒj lbFb} cfPsf] 5 . o;}sf] Pp6f ;fIo xf] of] …bLklzvf .Ú :yfkgfsf]
s]xL jif{kl5b]lv k|sflzt x'g yfn]sf] o;n] klg 8]9 bh{geGbf a9L cª\sx¿
k|sflzt ul/;s]sf] 5 . lg/Gt/tfsf] o; z[ª\vnfdf y'k|} ljåfg\ dxfg'efjx¿sf
cWoog, cWofkg / cg';Gwfgn] kl/is[t kl/dflh{t lj1tfx¿nfO{ :yfg lbg
kfPsf]df xfdLn] cfkm"nfO{ pxfFx¿sf] ljZjf; k|fKt ug{ ;s]sf] 7fg]sf 5f}F .
eljiodf klg o; lsl;dsf] ljZjf; sfod /xg]5 eGg]df ljZj:t /xFb} o;
cª\sdf klg xfdLn] sl/a 8]9 bh{g ljåfg\sf lj1tfx¿ k:s]sf 5f}F . s:tf] /x\
of] < oxfFx¿sf] cd"No ;Nnfx, ;'emfj Pjd\ k|ltlqmof k|fKt ug]{ cfzfsf ;fy
clxn]nfO{ oxLF lj>fd rfxG5f}F .
ho u'0f:t/Lo lzIff .
ho sf]6]Zj/ ax'd'vL SofDk; .

;Dkfbs d08n

ljz]if lgj]bg
xfn g]kfnL efiffsf] n]vgdf j0f{ ljGof;sf ljljw ¿kx¿ k|rngdf /x]sf
sf/0f xfdLn] n]vssf j0f{ ljGof;df ;fdfGo kl/dfh{g dfq u/L h:tfsf]
t:t} k|:t't u/]sf 5f}F . To:t} oxfF k|sflzt n]v / ;dfnf]rgfdf k|:t't ljifo
/ ljrf/df n]vs :jo+ g} lhDd]jf/ /xg] a]xf]/f hfgsf/L u/fpg rfxG5f}F .
;Dkfbs d08n
 ljifo ;"rL
g]kfnL v08

!= ‘lx6n/ / ox'bL’ pkGof;df kl/j]z

uf]s'n kf]v|]n =================================== 1
@= ‘tfbL lsgf/sf] uLt’ pkGof;df ;dfh dgf]lj1fg
1fg' clwsf/L ======================================================================!@
#= sf]6]Zj/j/k/sf] lth uLt
efjgf k/fh'nL====================================================================!(
$= le8Gt syfdf If0f, hflt / kof{j/0f
dx]z lIflth =========================================================================#)
%= c;n / k|efjsf/L JolStTj lgdf{0f
/fdafa' g]kfn=======================================================================$@
^= k9]sf s'/f hLjgsf nflu x'g\ / glhs} 5g\ M s;/L l;Sg], l;sfpg] <
w|'j g]kfn ================================================================================%$
&= g]kfnL cy{tGqdf ljk|]if0fsf] k|s[lt
(Nature of Remittance in Nepalese Economy)
ljhos'df/ kl08t ==========================================================^@
*= k':tsfnosf] Oltxf;, dxTTj / r'gf}tL
8'sxl/ lg/f}nf====================================================================^%
 cª\u|]hL v08
1. Nepalo Malfermas la Pordon (Nepal Opens the Door)
Bharat Ghimire 71
2. Reading Level Problems faced by Deaf students
Gobinda Bahadur Adhikari 79
3. Black Boy: A Portrait of the Artist as a Black Man
Gaurav Bhattarai 86
4. Three Dimensional Panels: An alternative to contemporary
construction technology and product (Brick)
Manoj Adhikari 92
5. The value Contribution and Responsibility of Teacher
Manoj Karna 97
6. Nepal Rastra Bank: An Introduction as the central bank of Nepal
Raju Thapa 99
7. Constitutional and Legal Status of Consumer Protection Issues
and Practice in Nepal
Ram Kumar Rai 105
8. Women: Unity and Social Integration in Hosseini’s A Thousand
Splendid Suns
Sabitri Dhakal 126
 …lx6n/ / ox'bLÚ pkGof;df kl/j]z
uf]s'n kf]v|]n
!= ljifo kl/ro
k|:t't cfn]vdf lx6n/ ox'bL pkGof;df k|o'St kl/j]znfO{ cWoogsf] k|d'v
kIf agfOPsf] 5 . pkGof;sf/ ljZj]Zj/k|;fb sf]O/fnf -!(&!–@)#(_ åf/f
/lrt k|:t't s[lt g]kfnL ;flxTosf] Ps rlr{t pkGof; xf] . o;df pkGof;sf/n]
låtLo ljZjo'4sf] kl/j]z / To;n] l;h{gf u/]sf] eofjx dfgl;s cj:yfnfO{
k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ . o'4sf gfddf nfvf}F dflg;x¿sf] aLeT; xTof ul/Psfn]
Tof] s'g} klg xfntdf dfgjLo cl:tTjsf b[li6n] pko'St 5}g tyf Tof] o'4
h'g;'s} efjgfn] k|]l/t eP/ ul/Psf] eP klg dfgjtf lj/f]wL 5 eGg] cfˆgf]
:ki6 b[li6sf]0f klg k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . o;} o'4;Fu hf]8]/ k"jL{o ;Eotfsf]
dxfef/t o'4 / uLtf bz{g Pjd\ dxfef/tsf] cfw'lgs ;+:s/0f låtLo ljZjo'4
/ lx6n/sf] gLltsf larsf] k/:k/ t'ngf u/L oL b'j} o'4x¿ dfgjtf lj/f]wL,
;dfh lj/f]wL lyP eGg] wf/0ff k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . lgoltsf gfddf dfgjtfsf]
:vng ug{ k|oTg s;}n] klg ug'{ x'Gg eGg] k|v/ dfgjtfjfbL b[li6sf]0f klg o;
pkGof;df JoSt ePsf] 5 . oxL o'4hGo ljeLlifsfsf] k|:t'ltsf nflu k|:t't
pkGof; ldysLo ;Gbe{ dxfef/tb]lv låtLo ljZj o'4 / To;sf] kl5;Ddsf]
c;/ b]vfpg d kfqsf ;Gbe{af6 :yflgs / sflns kl/j]z cleJol~ht
ug{ ;kmn ePsf] 5 . g]kfnaf6 ;'? ePsf] d kfqsf] ofqfsf] ;Gbe{ dfgl;s
¿kn] dxfef/t;Dd / oyfy{ ¿kn] ef/t x'Fb} o'/f]k;Dd k'u]/ o;n] u/]sf ofjt\
cg'dfgx¿ dfgl;s kl/j]zsf ¿kdf /x]sf 5g\ .
kl/j]z pkGof;df k|:t't b]z, sfn / jftfj/0fnfO{ hgfpg] zAb xf] .
kl/j]z;Fu syfj:t' / kfqx¿sf] k|ToIf ;DaGw /x]sf] x'G5 . o;cGtu{t
d"ntM :yfg, ;do, /Lltl:ylt, cfr/0f, ;+:s[lt, j]ife"iff k|fs[lts k[i7e"ldut
kIf tyf oL ;a} sf/0fn] pkGof;df l;h{gf ePsf] dfgl;s jftf/0f cfpF5 .
To;}n] ;flxlTos s[ltdf kl/j]znfO{ ;]l6ªsf ¿kdf klg lnOPsf] kfOG5 .
bLklzvf ÷ 1
 syfj:t', kfq, efiffz}nL h:tf ;flxlTos s[ltsf :y"n ;+/rgfTds kIfsf]
lgdf{0fdf kl/j]zn] E"ldsf v]n]sf] kfOG5 . o;} kl/j]z pTkGg ug]{ dfgl;s
cg'e"ltsf] ;an cleJolSt jftfj/0fcGtu{t x'g] u5{ . hLjg / hut\sf]
snfTds cleJolSt ;flxTodf x'g] ePsfn] hLjg / hut\sf 36gfx¿sf]
cleJolSt ;flxTodf x'G5 . ctM ;flxlTos s[ltsf] lgdf{0fdf kl/j]z clgjfo{
36ssf ¿kdf /x]sf] x'G5 . ;flxlTos s[ltdf k|:t't ePsf 36gf / ;dosf]
ljZj;gLotfsf nflu klg kl/j]zsf] lgdf{0f x'G5 . ;flxlTos s[ltdf 36gfx¿
sxfF sxfF 36]sf 5g\Ù slxn] slxn] 36]sf 5g\Ù tL 36gf / ;Gbe{n] ;flxTodf
s] s:tf] jftfj/0f l;h{gf u/]sf 5g\ eGg] kIf g} kl/j]zcGtu{t cfpg] d'Vo
ljifox¿ x'g\ . sf]O/fnfåf/f lnlvt lx6n/ / ox'bL pkGof;df kl/j]zcGtu{tsf
log} b]z, sfn / jftfj/0fnfO{ vf]tNg] k|oTg ul/Psf] 5 .
@= ;flxTodf kl/j]z cWoogsf] ;}4flGts cfwf/
;flxTodf b]z, sfn / jftfj/0fsf] ;du| ¿knfO{ kl/j]z elgG5 . kl/j]zcGtu{t
b]z, sfn / jftfj/0f cGtlg{lxt eP/ cfpg] x'gfn] o;nfO{ ;]l6ª klg
elgPsf] xf] . kl/j]znfO{ kof{j/0f;Fu klg hf]8]/ x]g]{ ul/Psf] kfOG5 . d"ntM
cfVofgsf ;Gbe{df x]bf{ kl/j]zn] Oltj[Qsf] qmd / k|s[ltnfO{ kl/eflift ug]{
jf rl/qx¿sf] afXo r/0f Pjd\ afXo kl/j]znfO{ ljlzi6tf k|bfg ug]{ k|s[lt,
dfgjLo ;DaGw Pjd\ ;fdflhs / cfly{s k[i7e"ld cflb xf] eGg] k|:6 x'G5
-g]kfn, O{= @))% M !$_ . jf:tjdf kl/j]z cfGtl/s / afXo u/L b'O{j6f
x'G5g\ . afXo kl/j]zcGtu{t b]z / sfn cfpF5g\ . b]z / sfn cfpFbf To;;Fu}
tflgP/ cfpg] tTsfnLg / tT:yflgs ;+:s[lt klg kl/j]z lgdf{0fsf] d'Vo
cfwf/ xf] . ;flxlTos s[ltdf jl0f{t ePsf :yfg;Fu ;Da4 ljleGg 36gf,
;+:s[lt, rfnrng, ljrf/wf/f cflbsf] k|ltlglwTj ;flxTodf ePsf] x'G5 .
To:t} tTsfnLg sflns ;Gbe{;Fu hf]l8P/ cfpg] cg]s ;fdflhs, cfly{s,
/fhg}lts, z}lIfs cflb k|;Ëx¿n] klg ;flxTodf kl/j]zsf] lgdf{0f u/]sf
x'G5g\ . kl/j]z oyfy{ / ldysLo u/L b'O{ k|sf/sf] x'G5 . oyfy{ kl/j]z
jt{dfg;Fu ;DalGwt x'G5 eg] ldysLo kl/j]z ctLt jf ldys;Fu ;DalGwt
x'G5 . To:t} hg>'lt jf lnh]G8 klg ;flxTosf] kl/j]zcGtu{t cfPsf] x'G5 .
To;}n] kl/j]z ;flxTodf jl0f{t b]z, sfn / jftfj/0f tyf To;sf] ;du|
;]l6ª;Fu ;DalGwt 5 -a/fn / P6d, @)%^ M #%_ . jftfj/0fcGtu{t
rflxF b]z / sfncGtu{t 36]sf 36gfsf sf/0fn] pTkGg dfgl;s lrQj[lQ;Fu
;DalGwt 5g\ . ;flxTodf jl0f{t ljleGg 36gf / ;Gbe{nfO{ u|x0f u/]/ kf7sdf
2 ÷ bLklzvf
s] s:tf] efj pTkGg x'G5 tyf ;du|df ;flxTodf s] s:tf] dfgl;s cg'e"lt
u/fpg] lsl;dsf] jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ePsf] 5 Tof] g} ;flxlTos s[ltsf] k7gsf
qmddf cfpg] dfgl;s jftfj/0f xf] . o;af6 kf7ssf s?0ff, O{iof{, ;+j]u,
cGtå{Gå, cfj]u, 8/ h:tf dgf}j}1flgs kIfx¿sf] c:yfoL / :yfoL ;~r/0f
x'g] u5{ . kf7snfO{ /;sf] cfgGb;Dd k'Ug ;flxlTos s[ltleqsf] eo ldl>t
/ /fu ldl>t cfsif{0f jf ljsif{0fn] ;xof]u ub{5g\ .
;flxTodf b]z eg]sf] kfqn] cfˆgf] sfo{snfk ug]{ 7fpF eGg] a'lemG5 . To:t}
sfn eGgfn] kfqn] cfˆgf] sfo{snfk k|:t't u/]sf] ;donfO{ a'lemG5, ;flxlTos
s[ltdf 36]sf] sfo{ ljj/0f slxn]sf] xf] / Tof] sfo{ s'g :yfgdf 36\of] eGg]
k|Zgsf] pQ/;Fu b]z / sfnsf] ;DaGw /x]sf] 5 . b]z / sfnsf] vf; cy{
sfo{ Jofkf/, To;sf] :yfg / ;do xf]Ù hxfF kfqn] sfo{ u/]sf] :yn / ;doj[Q
cfpF5g\ -a/fn / P6d, @)%^ M #%_ . b]z / sfnsf] ;Gbe{n] ;flxlTos
s[ltdf k|:t't ljleGg sfo{Jofkf/ut 36gf ;Gbe{leq ;+:s[ltsf ¿kdf /x]sf
kIfx¿sf ;fy} pkGof;leq / aflx/sf] ;+;f/sf ofjt\ kIfx¿ ljZj;gLo ¿kn]
k|:t't x'G5g\ . o;} sf/0fn] ;flxlTos s[ltdf :yfgLo /ª jf cf~rflnstfsf]
l;h{gf x'g k'U5 . :yfgLo /ªcGtu{t :yfg / sflns ;Gbe{n] g} e"ldsf
v]N5 . :yfgLo /ª eGgfn] lglZrt :yfgsf] lglZrt ;dosf] kof{j/0fnfO{
hgfpF5 . o;cGtu{t dfgjLo ;f+:s[lts / k|fs[lts kIfsf] ;du|tf cfpF5 .
To;}n] :yfgLo /ª klg kl/j]zcGtu{t g} ;d]l6G5 . ;flxTosf/n] ;flxTodf
syfj:t' / ;flxTosf] rl/qsf] ;+of]hg ubf{ vf; ;do, vf; :yfg, e"uf]n,
Oltxf; tyf ;dosf] ;DaGw kl/j]z;Fu /xG5 -a/fn, @)^# M %$_ .
kl/j]zn] pkGof;df jl0f{t 36gfleq ;+:sf/hGo s'/fsf ;fy} afXofGtl/s
;+;f/sf lar e"ldsf v]n]sf] x'G5 . o;df /ªsf] efj pTkGg x'G5 . o;n]
pkGof; n]vgsf] ;doeGbf klg pkGof;df k|:t't ul/Psf] jf 36]sf] ;do
eGg] a'emfpF5 -nfld5fg], @)^# M !%_ .
jftfj/0fn] ;flxTodf ptfl/Psf] :yfg / ;dosf] k|efjn] l;h{gf x'g] 36gf /
k|lt36gf tyf To;af6 ;flxTodf pTkGg dfgl;s k|efjnfO{ a'emfpF5 . s'g}
:yfgsf] kl/j]z ptfl/g' cyjf ;dfhsf] Oltj[Q ptfg]{ sfd x'g' jftfj/0fsf]
sfo{ dflgG5 . o;leq hflt efiff, ;+:sf/, ;+:s[lt, wd{, gLlt, /xg;xg,
rfnrng cflb cfpF5g\ . jftfj/0f b]zsfnsf t'ngfdf ;"Id dflgG5 . o;df
cfVofgsf] syfgs cufl8 a9\b} hfFbf kfq÷kf7sdf pTkGg x'g] b'Mv, ;'v,
3[0ff, qmf]w, ljt[i0ff cflbsf] cg'e"lt x'G5 . dfgl;s cj:yf;Fusf] ;flGgWon]
bLklzvf ÷ 3
 kf7ssf dgdf cfzlSt Iff]e, kL8f, ljifflb cflb pTkGg u/fpF5 . cfVofgsf]
syfgs;Fu ;DalGwt eP/ cfpg] kfqsf dfg;k6ndf Ps k|sf/sf] efj t/ª\u
pTkGg u/fpg] u5{ -nfld5fg] @)^^ M !*#_ . pkGof;df x'g] sfo{Jofkf/n]
kf7sdf 5f8\g] k|efjnfO{ jftfj/0f elgG5 . pkGof;sf] syfgs cl3 a9\b}
hfFbf kf7sdf pTkGg x'g] b'Mv, ;'v, 3[0ff, qmf]w cflb efjsf] pb\af]wg /
ltgsf] kl/t[lKt g} jftfj/0f xf] -e§/fO{, @)&! M!$_ . pkGof;sf] 36gf
jf kfqsf] sfo{n] kf7snfO{ sNkgfsf] c;Ld p8fgdf 8'nfO{ lbg klg ;S5
h;n] ubf{ p;sf dgdf ljiffb, cfzlSt, Iff]e, xif{h:tf u'0f cju'0fx¿sf
d"n k'm6\5g\ cyf{t\ :yfoL efjsf] p2Lkg x'G5 / ltgsf] ;dli6df jftfj/0fsf]
lgwf{/0f x'G5 -a/fn / P6d, @)%^ M ##_ . o;} ;}4flGts dfGotfsf] pkof]u
u/]/ sf]O/fnfåf/f lnlvt lx6n/ / ox'bL pkGof;sf] ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 .
#= …lx6n/ / ox'bLÚ pkGof;sf] k[i7e"ld / sYo
lx6n/ / ox'bL pkGof;df k|yd / låtLo ljZjo'4n] kf/]sf] gsf/fTds k|efjnfO{
lrq0f ul/Psf] 5 . …dÚ kfqsf] ofqf j[QfGtsf ¿kdf cfPsf] o; pkGof;nfO{
cfTd;+:d/0ffTds z}nLsf] pkGof;sf] ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 . o;df hflt e]b,
/ª e]b, lnË e]b h:tf cg]sg\ dfgj lj/f]wL ultljlwsf] rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 .
k|yd / låtLo ljZj o'4 sfnLg o'/f]k]nL ;dfhsf] o;df lrq0f ul/Psf]
5 . ;fy;fy} tTsfnLg ljZj dfgjsf] r]tgfsf] cj:yf, :t/, /fhgLlts,
;fdflhs, cfly{s cj:yf, ljleGg hftLo / n}lËs d'2f cflbsf] klg pNn]v
ul/Psf] 5 . ;fy;fy} o; pkGof;df lj;ËltjfbL lrGtg, z"GojfbL lrGtg,
uLtf bz{gcGtu{tsf] lgoltjfbL h:tf cg]s bfz{lgs dfGotf klg cfPsf
5g\ . cfˆgf] :jf:Yof]krf/sf nflu ;'?df aDaO{ / To;kl5 o'/f]ksf] ofqfdf
lgl:sPsf] …dÚ kfqn] ofqfsf qmddf h] h:tf 36gf / cg'ejx¿ xfl;n u/]sf]
5 To;}sf] j}rfl/s k|:t'ltsf qmddf bz{gsf] k|of]u ePsf] 5 . of] pkGof;sf]
efje"ld k"jL{o uLtf bz{gaf6 ;'? eP/ kfZrfTo lj;ËltjfbL bz{gdf k'u]/
cGTo ePsf] 5 . eujb\uLtfdf k|ltkflbt lgoltjfbL bz{gsf sf]7faf6 o;
pkGof;df hLjg / hut\nfO{ x]g]{ k|oTgsf nflu gf/fo0fg\ gfd u/]sf] kfqnfO{
cl3 ;fl/Psf] 5 . p;n] hLjg / hut\nfO{ uLtf bz{gdf k|ltkflbt lgoltsf
ljrf/af6 x]g]{ k|oTg u/]sf] 5 . To:t} ha …dÚ kfq k|mfG; / hd{gh:tf b]zx¿sf]
e|d0f ug{ k'U5 ta pm l;Ëf] dfgjtfsf] ljgfz ePsf] b]v]/ b'MvL x'G5 . vf;
u/L låtLo ljZjo'4n] Wj:t ePsf] o'/f]kn] …dÚ kfqnfO{ b|jLe"t agfpF5 .
låtLo ljZjo'4n] lgDTofPsf kl/0ffdx¿ cToGt aLeT; x'G5g\ . v/fgLdf
4 ÷ bLklzvf
 kl/0ft ePsf] hd{gsf] 8lAng ;x/nfO{ b]v]/ …dÚ kfqn] lj;Ët hLjg lrGtg
tyf gf/fo0fg\sf dfWodaf6 JoSt lgoltjfbL dfGotfnfO{ s]nfpg k'u]sf] 5 .
dxfef/tsf] n8fOF / lx6n/n] dRrfPsf] g/;+xf/ b'j} dfgjtf lj/f]wL lqmofsnfk
x'g\ . oL 36gfnfO{ s]jn lgolt eg]/ dfq pGd'lSt lbg' x'Fb}g eGg] dfgjtfjfbL
lrGtg o; pkGof;df JoSt 5 . o;df gf/fo0fg\ lx6n/ / O{Zj/ cflbsf k|;Ë
/ ;+jfbaf6 hlt klg ljrf/x¿ k|:t't ul/Psf 5g\ tL uLtf bz{gdf cfwfl/t
5g\ . lx6n/n] O{Zj/;Fu lbPsf] k|ltpQ/ Joª\Uok"0f{ ¿kdf cfPsf 5g\ .
dfgjtfjfbL b[li6n] x]bf{ b'j} o'4df g/;+xf/ ePsf], b'j} o'4df o'4sf] dof{bf
tf]lsPsf], b'j} o'4df dfgjtfsf] xgg ePsf], b'j} o'4df zlStsf] b'?kof]u
ePsf] s'/fnfO{ ;Í]t u/]/ o'4 lj/f]wL bz{gsf] ;dy{g ug]{ sfd pkGof;af6
ePsf] b]lvG5 -rfln;], @)^( M #%@_ . o;af6 klg sf]O/fnfsf] dfgjtfjfbL
bz{g :ki6 x'G5 .
bf];|f] ljZjo'4nfO{ cfwf/ agfP/ pkGof;sf] k[i7e"ld lgdf{0f ul/Psf] 5 . To;}
o'4n] lgDTofPsf] ljgfznLnfdf dfgjtfjfbL b[li6sf]0fnfO{ s]Gb|df /flvPsf] 5 .
dfgjtfsf] ljsNk s]xL klg x'g ;Sb}g eGg] ljrf/ klg pkGof;df JoSt 5 .
dxfef/tsf] o'4 / bf];|f] dxfo'4df dfl/Psf dflg;x¿ ;dfg ¿kn] lgbf]{if lyP
/ oL b'j} o'4sf cfof]hs eujfg\ >Ls[i0f / lx6n/ ;dfg ¿kn] bf]ifL 5g\ tyf
oL b'j} dfgjtf lj/f]wL x'g\ eGg] b[li6sf]0f k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . pkGof;sf/sf]
a'l4 kIf ;lqmo x'Fbf o'4sf] k|s[lt, o'4sf] cj:yf, ;do / kl/l:ylt clg
o'4sf] sf/0f / To;sf] kl/0ffdnfO{ / ;a} plQs} dxŒjk"0f{ x'g]tkm{ ;Í]t ub}{
lgolthGo kl/0ffdnfO{ pkGof;sf/n] :jLsf/ ug{ rfx]sf] a'lemG5 -P]hg,
@*$_ . ;du|Dff o; pkGof;n] h'g;'s} dfgj ljgfzs o'4x¿sf] ;zSt
lj/f]w u/]sf 5g\ . s'g} klg d"Nodf g/;+xf/nfO{ :jLsf/ ug{ g;lsg] / gx'g]
efj cleJoSt ul/Psf] 5 .
$= …lx6n/ / ox'bLÚ pkGof;df kl/j]z
k|:t't pkGof;df g]kfn, ef/t tyf o'/f]ksf] kl/j]z k|:t't ePsf] 5 . of] pkGof;
P3f/ j6f cWofodf ;+/lrt 5 . o; pkGof;sf] ;'?jftdf g} aDaO{ ;x/sf]
kl/j]z cfPsf] 5 . ToxfFsf] Jo:t b}lgsL tyf lqmofsnfknfO{ pNn]v ul/Psf]
5 . To;kl5sf] cWofodf …dÚ kfq aDaO{af6 g]kfn kmls{Psf] 5 . To;}n]
g]kfnsf] kl/j]z bf];|f] cWofodf cfPsf] 5 . To;kl5sf b'O{j6f cWofox¿df
lxGb dxf;fu/ x'Fb} qmdzM o'/f]k;Ddsf] ;fd'lb|s ofqf / To;cGtu{tsf] kl/j]z

bLklzvf ÷ 5
 cfPsf] 5 . kfgL hxfhsf] b}lgsL, To;leqsf] kl/j]z cflbnfO{ lgs} ;"Id
¿kdf pkGof;df ptfl/Psf] 5 . To;kl5sf] kl/j]z a]nfotaf6 ;'? ePsf]
5 . ToxfF …dÚ kfqn] s]xL xKtf :jf:Yof]krf/ u/fPsf] 5 . To;kl5 pm o'/f]ksf
ljleGg b]zx¿sf] e|d0fdf lgl:sPsf] 5 . nG8g, k]l/;, xfgcf]e/, al;{n
h:tf ;x/sf] kl/j]znfO{ pkGof;df k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . cGTodf …dÚ kfq
Oh/fon k'u]kl5 pkGof; ;dfKt ePsf] 5 . o; gh/af6 x]bf{ k|:t't pkGof;n]
cGt/f{li6«o kl/j]znfO{ u|x0f u/]sf] k|:6 x'G5 . o;leqsf] kl/j]znfO{ b]z,
sfn / jftfj/0fsf cfwf/df 5'6\ofpg ;lsG5 .
$=!= …lx6n/ / ox'bLÚ pkGof;df :yfgut kl/j]z
dfly pNn]v ePsf] k|;Ën] k|:t't pkGof;df cGt/f{li6«o kl/j]zsf] lgdf{0f
ePsf] 5 eGg] k|:6 x'G5 . o;df g]kfn, ef/t / o'/f]k;Ddsf ljleGg :yfgx¿
cfPsf 5g\ . To:t} ;fd'lb|s hnofqfsf] :ynut kl/j]z klg o; pkGof;df
cfPsf] 5 . log} 7fpFx¿ / tL 7fpF;Fu ;DalGwt ljleGg 36gfqmdx¿åf/f
k|:t't pkGof;sf] lgdf{0f ul/Psf] 5 . of] pkGof; cfTd;+:d/0ffTds z}nLdf
n]lvPsf] 5 . ofqfsf qmddf …dÚ kfqn] cg'e"t u/]sf s'/f, k'u]sf :yfg
/ cg]s 36gfx¿sf] snfTds cleJolSt pkGof;df 5 . ;'?d} k|:t't
pkGof;df ef/tsf] aDaO{ ;x/sf] kl/j]z cfPsf] 5 . aDaO{ dxfgu/sf]
cltJo:t b}lgsLnfO{ o;df k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . To:t} ToxfFsf] sf]nfxn,
clt 3gf hg3gTj, 7'nf7'nf pBf]u, snsf/vfgfx¿, 7'nf7'nf 3/x¿,
;fd'lb|s lsgf/sf] kl/j]z tyf To; ;fd'lb|s Onfsfdf x'g] /fqLsfnLg
b]xJofkf/ cflbnfO{ k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . To;} u/L o; pkGof;df g]kfnsf]
kl/j]z klg cfPsf] 5 . o;cGtu{t …dÚ kfq h]ndf /x]sf] :d[ltut ;Gbe{
/x]sf] 5 . p;sf] sf7df8f}Fdf 3/ /x]sf] k|;Ë klg o;df 5 . aDaO{sf
t'ngfdf sf7df8f}F cljsl;t / ;'ljwfljxLg cj:yf /x]sf] kl/]j]z klg
b]vfOPsf] 5 . To;kl5 k'gM o; pkGof;df aDaO{sf] k|;Ë cfPsf] 5 . …
dÚ kfq pkrf/sf nflu o'/f]k hfg] qmddf kfgLhxfh r9\g aDaO{ k'u]sf]
k|;Ë 5 . To;kl5 ;d'b|L ofqf ;'? ePsf] 5 . kfgLhxfhleqsf ljleGg
36gfqmdx¿ o;df cfPsf 5g\ . …dÚ kfqsf] o'/f]k ofqf nG8g dxfgu/af6
ePsf] 5 . pm pkrf/sf nflu la|6]gsf] nG8g l:yt c:ktfndf egf{ ePsf]
5 . pm nG8g dxfgu/sf ljleGg :yndf 3'Dg] qmddf ToxfFsf :yfgx¿
klg pkGof;df cfPsf 5g\ . nG8gdf 3'Dg] qmddf ;]S;lko/ hGd]sf] 7fpF
:6«f6kmf]8{ :6sxf]d cflb :ynx¿ 3'd]sf] 5 . To:t} p;n] cem leqL :yfgx¿
6 ÷ bLklzvf
3'Db} hfFbf låtLo ljZjo'4n] tx;gx; ePsf] a]nfotL ;dfhnfO{ cjnf]sg
ug]{ cj;/ kfPsf] 5 . o'4n] Wj:t kf/]sf] ;x/, rr{, /]Nj] Kn]6kmfd{sf]
rrf{ klg o; pkGof;df 5 . o'4kl5sf] k'glg{df{0fsf] cj:yfnfO{ klg o;
pkGof;df b]vfOPsf] 5 . o;sf] k'li6 a'N8f]h/, 6«ofS6/ cflbsf rsf{
cfjfhx¿, w'nf]w'jfF cflb tyf ljgi6 ag]sf] o'/f]kLo ;f}Gbo{sf dfWodaf6
x'G5 . To:t} …dÚ kfq ofqfsf qmddf hd{g k'u]sfn] ToxfFsf] :yflgs ;Gbe{
klg o; pkGof;df cfPsf] 5 . hd{gsf] aln{gnfO{ o'4n] IftljIft ePsf]
;x/sf ¿kdf b]vfOPsf] 5 . o'4n] aln{g ;x/nfO{ v08x/df kl/0ft u/]sf]
5 . rf/}lt/ o'4sf] ljs/fn ljeLlifsf gflr/x]sf] b]vfOPsf] 5 . Wj:t
ePsf ;8s, v08x/df kl/0ft 3/nfO{ o; pkGof;df b]vfOPsf] 5 . To:t}
lx6n/sf] b/af/, p;sL k|]ldsfsf] eoÍ/ lrxfg, lx6n/sf] aª\s/, dfG5]
kf]Ngsf nflu agfOPsf] ljzfn e§L, v/fgLsf] 8ª\u'/, h'Qf / rKknsf]
ljzfn y'k|f] cflb :yflgs kl/j]zsf ¿kdf cfPsf 5g\ . lx6n/n] ^) nfv
ox'bLx¿nfO{ lhpFb} kf]n]sf] UofF; RofDa/sf] cjz]if klg b]vfOPsf] 5 .
To:t} hd{gkl5 o; pkGof;df k]l/;sf] j0f{g ul/Psf] 5 ToxfF klg o'4n]
IftljIft agfPsf ljleGg v08x/x¿nfO{ b]vfOPsf] 5 . To;kl5sf] …dÚ
kfqsf] ofqf Oh/fondf k'u]/ l;Ëf] pkGof;sf] :yflgs ;Gbe{ ;dfKt ePsf]
b]vfOPsf] 5 .
$=@= sflns kl/j]z
k|:t't pkGof;df jl0f{t ePsf 36gf ;Gbe{ tyf …dÚ kfqsf] e|d0fsf k|;Ëaf6
g} pkGof;sf] ;do lgwf{/0f ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 . o; pkGof;df jl0f{t 36gf
;Gbe{af6 x]bf{ b'O{ dlxgf hltsf] ;do pkGof;sf] sfo{Jofkf/sf qmddf vr{
ePsf] b]lvG5 . …dÚ kfqdf aDaO{df pkrf/ ug{ hfg', s]xL lbg a;]/ pkrf/
u/]kl5 g]kfn kms{g', g]kfndf s]xL lbg a;]/ o'/f]k ofqfsf] tof/Ldf nfu]sf]
Ps xKtf ;do, To:t} k'gM aDaO{ uO{ kfgL hxfhdf latfPsf] P3f/ lbg,
nG8gdf pkrf/ ug{ latfPsf] sl/a ltg xKtfsf] ;do, pkrf/kl5 o'/f]k
ofqfdf latfPsf] Ps xKtfeGbf a9L ;do / k|:6 ;do pNn]v geO{ k|:t't
ePsf 36gfqmdn] o; pkGof;sf] syfj:t' ljsl;t eO{ 36gf k|lt36gf x'Fb}
kmnfud;Dd k'Ug sl/a b'O{ dlxgfhltsf] ;do nfu]sf] cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 .
36gf 3l6t ;do b'O{ dlxgf eP klg o;df …dÚ kfqsf] :d[lt ;Gbe{df
/x]sf cg]s k|;Ën] dfq pkGof;sf] ;do lj:tf/ ePsf] 5 . o;df bf];|f]
ljZjo'4sf kl5Nnf rf/ jif{x¿ klg lnof]gf8f]{sf dfWodaf6 k|:t't ul/Psf]
bLklzvf ÷ 7
 5 . oltdfq geP/ …dÚ kfqn] cfˆgf] afNosfnsf] ;d]t j0f{g o; pkGof;df
u/]sf 5g\ . To:t} lyof]8f]/fsf] :d[lt ;Gbe{sf dfWodaf6 sflns kl/j]z
l;h{gf ul/Psf] 5 . To;} u/L gf/fo0fg\ / /]jfsf ctLtsfnLg k|;Ëaf6
sflns kl/j]zsf] l;h{gf ul/Psf] 5 . oL ;a} k|;Ëaf6 pkGof;df jl0f{t
;do ;Gbe{sf] ;Ldf lj:tfl/t ePsf] 5 . o; pkGof;df jl0f{t oL ;a}
kl/wLo ;do ;Gbe{x¿ x'g\ . o; pkGof;sf] s]Gb|Lo ;do eg] …dÚ kfqn]
ofqfsf qmddf latfPsf ;do / To;df klg k|ToIf ¿kdf 36]sf 36gfqmd;Fu
hf]l8P/ cfpg] ;do g} xf] . o;}nfO{ o; pkGof;sf] pGgt ;dosf ¿kdf
lng ;lsG5 . cGo ;donfO{ dgf]ut / k[i7e"ldut ;dosf ¿kdf lng
;lsG5 . æd"ntM oxL b'O{ dlxgfleq klg …dÚ kfqn] aDaO{ ofqfsf b'O{ lbg,
kTgL;Fu sf7df8f}Fdf latfPsf b'O{ lbg, o'/f]k ofqfsf] tof/Ldf latfPsf b'O{
lbg, kfgL hxfh ofqfsf P3f/ lbg, nG8gsf] :of6\kmf]8{ gu/ 3'd]sf] Ps lbg,
:6sxf]ddf a'9L cfd}sf] 3/df latfPsf] b'O{ lbg, aln{gdf Ps lbg, xfgcf]e/
b'O{ lbg, k]l/; Ps lbg / Oh/fondf cfOk'u]sf] kl5Nnf] lbg u/L hDdf
klRr; lbgsf 36gf ljz]if :d/0fLo ag]/ cfPsf] b]lvG5Æ -P]hg, @&#_ .
o;} ;dofjlwnfO{ pkGof;df 3l6t ePsf] sfo{sf/L sflns kl/j]zsf ¿kdf
lng ;lsG5 .
$=#= jftfj/0fLo kl/j]z
lx6n/ / ox'bL pkGof;sf] jftfj/0f ljiffbdo 5 . d"ntM kfqsf] dgf]ut
efjgf tyf 36gf / k|lt36gfsf ;Gbe{af6 o; pkGof;df ljleGg ;+j]ux¿
pTkGg ePsf 5g\ . vf; u/L o;df ljiffb, b'Mv, eo, qf;bL, Iff]e,
qmf]w, 3[0ff cflbaf6 pkGof;sf] jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ePsf] 5 . To:t} o;df
ljleGg hftLo, n}lËs, ;fDk|bflos / ;+:s[ltut kIfx¿af6 ;d]t 36gf /
k|lt36gfsf] lgdf{0f eO{ pkGof;sf] jftfj/0f yk ljiffbdo aGg k'u]sf] 5 .
To:t} k|]d, cfsif{0f,, 3[0ff, ljrf/, ljleGg JolStx¿sf bz{g tyf hLjg
r]tgfn] klg o; pkGof;sf] jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf 5g\ .
o;df d"ntM k|]d, 3[0ff, cfsif{0f, ljsif{0f tyf To;af6 pTkGg åGåsf]
cj:yfnfO{ b]vfOPsf] 5 . o;} cfsif{0f / ljsif{0fsf sf/0fn] pTkGg /fu /
lj/fu pTkGg ePsf] 5 . nIdL / …dÚ kfq, …dÚ kfqsf 36gfx¿af6 hLjgdf
k|]d, cfsif{0f / /fusf] efjgfhGo ;'vb jftfj/0fsf] lgdf{0f ePsf] 5 eg]
lx6n/, s[i0f tyf ltgsf g]t[Tjdf ePsf dxfo'4x¿n] 3[0ff, qmf]w, kL8f,

8 ÷ bLklzvf
b'Mv tyf ljsif{0fhGo jftfj/0fsf] lgdf{0f ePsf] 5 . Pp6} pkGof;leq
k|]d, zf/Ll/s tyf cflTds cfgGbsf] pTsif{tf Pjd\ o'4hGo ljeLlifsf /
To;n] lgDTofPsf] ljs6 jftfj/0fnfO{ b]vfOPsf] 5 . To;}n] o;df Psflt/
pNnf;, pdË / /l;s jftfj/0f 5 eg] csf]{lt/ o'4n] Wj:t kf/]sf] dfgj
hLjgsf] s'¿k / ljs/fn ¿ksf] lrq0f klg 5 . o'4hGo sf/0faf6 o;
pkGof;df lj;Ëlt, Iff]e, ljt[i0ff, lg/;tf tyf lj/funfO{ k|:t't ul/Psf]
5 . æk|:t't pkGof;df ;'v–b'Mv, cfsif{0f–ljsif{0f, dfof, df]x, k|]d–3[0ff,
hGd–d[To', o'4–zflGt OToflb cj:yfx¿ ;dosf] lgoldt qmddf x'g]
hLjgsf clgjfo{tfx¿ ePsfn] hLjgnfO{ 1fg÷dgsf] ulx/fOaf6 x]bf{ oL
s'g} s'/fx¿ klg TolTf dxŒjk"0f{ gx'g] x'Fbf zf]s, lrGtf, lg/fzf, 3[0ff, qmf]w
cflb efj hufpg' Joy{ 5 eGg] ;Gb]z k|jfx ug]{ cfWoflTds hLjgtkm{
clek|]l/t ug]{ zfGt jftfj/0fsf] emns k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 -rfln;], @)^(
M @&$_ .Æ o; pkGof;sf] jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ug]{ ;"qwf/ …dÚ kfq /x]sf] 5 .
;fy;fy} …dÚ kfqs} pkl:yltdf dfq o; pkGof;sf] jftfj/0fn] k"0f{tf k|fKt
u/]sf] 5 .
k|:t't pkGof;df o'4lj/f]wL ljrf/ /fVg] …dÚ kfq To;sf ljk/Lt l:ylt
ef]Ug'kg]{ afWotfdf k'u]kl5 pkGof;sf] jftfj/0fn] pTsif{tf k|fKt u/]sf] 5 .
pkGof;sf] klxnf] cWofodf …dÚ kfq o'4hGo cleJolSt tyf Oh/fonL /
k]n]:6fOgLsf] ltSttfk"0f{ ;DaGwn] b|jLe"t eO{ p;df sf?l0fs efjgf hfu[t
ePsf] 5 . Oh/fonL 8]la8 / n]agfgL kqsf/ ld; dfu{/]6sf] ltSttfk"0f{
;DaGwaf6 …dÚ kfq cfkm}Fleq x/fpg k'u]sf] 5 . p;sf dgleq Ps s?0ff
/ ljiffb pTkGg ePsf] 5 . lsg < ltdL sxLF 5}gf} < s] eof] ltdLnfO{ <
sxfF x/fP/ cfof} cfk"mnfO{ -k[= !)_ eGg] nIdLsf] sygn] …dÚ kfqdf ;'?
ePsf] cGtå{GånfO{ b]vfPsf] 5 . o'4sf] qf;bL / To;n] lgDTofPsf] aLeT;
sf?l0fstfsf sf/0fn] pkGof;df pTkGg ePsf] sf?l0fs jftfj/0fnfO{ o;n]
b]vfPsf] 5 . h'g hfltn] xfn} lx6n/ o'usf] kl5Nnf] ltg rf/ jif{d} cfˆgf
;fyLnfO{ ;b:ox¿nfO{ g/–gf/L, cfafn, j[4, cfˆg} cfFvfsf] cufl8
e§Lleq v/fgL ePsf] b]Vof] To;sf] s'g} klg k|ltlglwn] eg]sf] s'/fn]
Åbodf :jLs[ltsf] Wjlg p7fpF5 -k[= $_ eGg] …dÚ kfqsf] sygn] låtLo
ljZjo'4, To; ljZjo'4df ePsf] g/;+xf/ / To;n] lgDTofPsf] jftfj/0f slt
kL8fbfoL, ljof]ufGt, sf?l0fs / aLeT; lyof] eGg] s'/f k'li6 u5{ . To:t}

bLklzvf ÷ 9
 v08x/df kl/0ft ePsf] o'/f]k tyf ToxfFsf] ;+:s[ltn] yk sf?l0fstfsf] k'li6
u5{ . Ps dfq cf:yfsf] s]Gb|sf ¿kdf /x]sf] O{Zj/ klg dfl/;s]sf] ;Gbe{n]
To; o'/f]kLo ;dfhdf slt lj;Ët dgf]s'07fx¿ o'4n] l;h{gf u/]sf] lyof]
eGg] k'li6 x'G5 . lyof]8f]/fn] ;f]wL ltdLx¿ sxfF cem} b]ptf afFsL 5g\ <
oxfF t z"Go eof] -k[= *$_ eGg] ;fIon] dflysf] sygnfO{ k'li6 u5{ . o;
pkGof;df k|]daf6 la5f]8 ePsf of}jg of}jgLx¿sf] sf?l0fs k|]d k|;Ë klg
5 . o;sf] k|df0fsf nflu lyof]8f]/f / o'jssf] k|]d k|;ËnfO{ lng ;lsG5 .
lyof]8f]/fn] …dÚ kfqnfO{ cfˆgf] :d[lt ;Gbe{ ;'gfpFb} eg]sL 5] Tof] kms]{g
km]l/, Pp6f lr7L dfq cfof] . clg a'em]F aln{gsf] cflv/L df]rf{df vl6Psf]
lyof] /], s'g df]rf{df, stf yfxf ePg . d]/f] k|0fo ad, ToxL Pp6f r'Dag xf],
h;nfO{ d}n] cwL/ eP/ vf];]/ lnPsf] lyPF -k[= *_ . o; sygn] k|:t't
pkGof;df lglxt cToGt eofjx sf?l0fs jftfj/0fnfO{ phfu/ u/]sf] 5 .
o; k|sf/sf] aLeT; sf?l0fs jftfj/0f x6fpgsf nflu /]jf / gf/fo0fg\ h:tf
kfqx¿sf] klg k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 . /]jfn] z/L/ ;+:s[ltsf] k|ltlglwTj u/]sL
5] eg] gf/fo0fg\ cflTds tyf bfz{lgs cf}bfo{ ;+:s[ltsf] k|ltlglwTj u/]sf]
5 . b'j}n] o'4sf] pSt qf;bLdo aLeT;tfnfO{ pkGof;af6 s]xL ;dosf
nflu eP klg x6fO lbPsf 5g\ . gf/fo0fg\n] ;a} 36gf / k|lt36gfnfO{
lgolt;Fu bfFh]/ cToGt ;xh ¿kdf lnPsf] 5 . To:t} /]jfn] ef]u ljnf; /
cfgGbsf dfWodaf6 ctLt / eljiosf] lrGtf ug{ h?/L 5}g eGg] /fu ldl>t
jftfj/0fsf] l;h{gf u/L lbPsL 5] . oL ;a} k|;Ëaf6 x]bf{ k|:t't pkGof;df
d"ntM ljZjo'4 / To;n] lgDTofPsf] eofjx qf;b jftfj/0fsf] ;Ggf6f /
ps';d's';k"0f{ jftfj/0fsf] l;h{gf pkGof;df ePsf] 5 egL lgisif{ lgsfNg
;lsG5 .
%= lgisif{
k|:t't pkGof;sf] kl/j]zn] pkGof;nfO{ ljZj;gLo / cfZjfB agfPsf] 5 .
;+:d/0ffTds z}nLdf n]lvPsf] k|:t't pkGof;n] …dÚ kfqsf] ofqfsf qmddf
ef]u]sf] / cg'ej u/]sf 36gfaf6 k"0f{tf k|fKt u/]sf] 5 . o; pkGof;df d"ntM
cGt/f{li6«o kl/j]zsf] k|:t'lt ul/Psf] 5 . g]kfnsf] sf7df8f}F, ef/tsf] aDaO{,
kfgL hxfhsf] ;fd'lb|s ofqf, a]nfotsf] nG8g dxfgu/, hd{gsf] aln{g /

10 ÷ bLklzvf
 xfgcf]e/, k|mfG;sf] k]l/; tyf Oh/fon h:tf :yflgs ;Gbe{ / tL :yfgdf
ePsf ljljw sfo{Jofkf/af6 k|:t't pkGof;sf] :yflgs kl/j]z ;[hgf ePsf]
5 . To:t} k|:t't pkGof;n] sl/a b'O{ dlxgfsf] k|ToIf sflns kl/j]znfO{
;d]6]sf] 5 . …dÚ kfq g]kfnaf6 aDaO{ pkrf/fy{ uPsf], g]kfn kmls{P/ cfPsf],
k'gM aDaO{ uPsf], ToxfFaf6 P3f/ lbg nfdf] ;fd'lb|s ofqf u/]sf], nG8gdf
ltg xKtf pkrf/df latfPsf], nG8gsf ljleGg :yn 3'd]sf], hd{g uPsf] ToxfF
p;n] aln{g / xfgcf]e/ e|d0f u/]sf], To;kl5 pm k]l/; uPsf] / k]l/;af6
Oh/fon k'u]sf] h:tf 36gf;Fu sflns ;Gbe{ hf]l8P/ cfPsf 5g\ . o;sf
cltl/St låtLo ljZjo'4sf] rf/ jif{sf] kl5Nnf] cjlw klg j0f{g ul/Psf]
5 . ;fy} …dÚ kfqsf] afNosfn, /]jf, gf/fo0fg\ cflbsf ;+:d/0f cflbaf6
o; pkGof;sf] sflns ;Gbe{ lj:tfl/t 5 . To:t} o'4sf] ljeLlifsf tyf
To;sf] kl/0ffdn] lgDTofPsf] qf;bLk"0f{ pRrf6nfUbf] jftfj/0fsf] l;h{gf o;
pkGof;df ePsf] 5 . k|]d, 3[0ff, g}lts ljIff]e, eo, b'Mv, s?0f qmGbg,
kL8f, 56k6L, cft{gfb cflbh:tf cfj]u / ;+j]ux¿n] pkGof;sf] jftfj/0f
cToGt ljiffb\do / sf?l0fs agfO{ g]kfnL ;flxTosf] Ps pTs[i6 pkGof;sf
¿kdf :yflkt u/]sf] 5 .
;Gbe{ ;fdu|L
sf]O/fnf, ljZj]Zj/k|;fb= lx6n/ / ox'bL= nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg, @)^^ .
rfln;], gf/fo0f= k"jL{o bfz{lgs dfGotfdf sf]O/fnfsf pkGof;= bfª M aL=kL= lrGtg
s]Gb|, @)^( .
g]kfn, 3gZofd= cfVofgsf s'/f= l;lnu'9L M Pstf a'S;, @))% O{= .
a/fn, Clif/fh= pkGof;sf] ;f}Gbo{zf:q= nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg, @)^# .
e§/fO{, /~hgf= ;ftf}F Ct' pkGof;sf] ljwf tflŒjs cWoog= ck|sflzt :gftsf]Q/
zf]wkq, lq=lj=, g]kfnL s]Gb|Lo ljefu, @)&! .
a/fn, s[i0fxl/ / g]q P6d= pkGof; l;4fGt / g]kfnL pkGof;= nlntk'/ M ;femf
k|sfzg, @)%^ .
nfld5fg], ofbjk|sfz= cfw'lgs g]kfnL pkGof;df lj;Ëlt af]w= sf7df8f}F M ljBfyL{
k':ts e08f/, @)^# .

bLklzvf ÷ 11
 …tfbL lsgf/sf] uLtÚ
pkGof;df ;dfh dgf]lj1fg
1fg' clwsf/L
!= kl/ro
dx]z kf}8\ofn ;dsfnLg g]kfnL ;flxTosf ;zSt / lqmofzLn ;flxTosf/ x'g\ .
;flxTosf ljleGg ljwf tyf If]qdf pgsf] dxTTjk"0f{ pkl:ylt /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
sljtf, syf, pkGof;, ;dfnf]rgf h:tf ljljw ljwfdf dfq geO{ cg'jfb
;flxTo tyf afn ;flxTodf klg kf}8\ofn lgs} ;lqmo b]lvG5g\ . ax'd'vL
k|ltef ePsf o'jf ;flxTosf/ kf}8\ofn ljleGg ;flxlTos ;ª\3;+:yf tyf
;flxlTos kqklqsfx¿df ;d]t ;+nUg /x]sf 5g\ . o;/L x]bf{ pgsf] ;flxlTos
ofqf cToGt ultzLn / pj{/ b]lvG5 . oxL ultzLn ofqfsf qmddf pgsf]
kl5Nnf] s[ltsf ¿kdf tfbL lsgf/sf] uLt zLif{s cf}kGofl;s s[lt k|sflzt
ePsf] 5 . lszf]/ pkGof;sf ¿kdf lnOPsf] of] s[lt o; If]qsf] dxTTjk"0f{
s[lt xf] . g]kfnL ;flxTodf afn ;flxTosf k':tsx¿ n]lvg] / k|sflzt x'g]
qmd a9\b} uP klg lszf]/ lszf]/Lx¿sf nflu pko'St x'g] lszf]/ ;flxTosf
s[ltx¿ cToGt sd k|sflzt ePsf] b]lvG5 . o;} ;Gbe{df kf}8\ofnsf] k|:t't
s[lt lszf]/ lszf]/Lsf nflu pkof]uL x'g] lsl;dn] n]lvPsf] 5 . cfVofg
ljwfdf klxn]b]lv g} ;lqmo /x]sf kf}8\ofnsf] k|:t't s[lt afnaflnsf÷lszf]/
lszf]/Lsf nflu dfq geO{ ;Dk"0f{ kf7sx¿sf nflu k7gLo 5 . pkGof;sf/n]
k|:t't s[ltnfO{ afn dgf]lj1fgb]lvsf] w/ftndf 6]sfP/ oyfy{ / hLjGt agfpg]
k|of; u/]sf 5g\ .
@= …tfbL lsgf/sf] uLtÚ pkGof;sf] j:t' ;Gbe{
k|:t't pkGof; ;;fgf afnaflnsfsf nflueGbf klg lszf]/ lszf]/Lsf nflu
pko'St pkGof; xf] . o;df gbLsf] 5]p5fpdf a:g] dfemL ;d'bfosf] hLjg
;ª\3if{ / pgLx¿sf] ;f+:s[lts kIfnfO{ s]Gb| agfOPsf] 5 . o; pkGof;df dfemL
;d'bfosf] b'O{ k':tfsf] afNosfn / ltgLx¿ x's{]a9]sf b'O{ 5'§f5'§} kl/j]zsf]
lrq0f ul/Psf] 5 . ;fgf] cfofd af]s]sf] o; cfVofg s[ltdf b'O{ k':tfs}
12 ÷ bLklzvf
 hLjg ;ª\3if{ / cg'e"ltnfO{ JoSt ul/Psfn] pkGof; ;ª\lIfKt / ;6Ls aGg
k'u]sf] b]lvG5 . nDa]tfg j0f{g / lj:tf/af6 of] pkGof; d'St 5 . pkGof;df
j0f{g ul/Psf b'O{ k':tfdWo] klxnf] k':tf n'v'd / b'lvgL x'g\ . pgLx¿n]
sfe|]sf] bf]nfn3f6 cf;kf;sf] ;'gsf];L gbL lsgf/df afNosfn latfPsf 5g\
eg] bf];|f] k':tfdf ljsjf / dfn>Lsf] afNo cj:yfsf] lrq0f ul/Psf] 5 .
n'v'dsf] afNosfn ;'gsf];L gbL lsgf/df / ljsjfsf] afNosfn tfbL gbLsf]
lsgf/df lat]sf] 5 . PSsfO;f}F ztfAbLsf] ljZjdf hLjg afFlr/x]sf dfemL
;d'bfosf oL b'O{ k':tf /fHosf] kx'Fr / ljsf;sf ;'ljwfaf6 sf];f}F 6f9f /x]sf
5g\ eg] lzIff / r]tgfsf] pHofnf]af6 jl~rt ePsf logLx¿ o; pkGof;df
;LdfGtLs[t ju{sf ¿kdf pkl:yt ePsf 5g\ . cfw'lgs ljsf; / ljleGg
oflGqs ;+;fwgx¿sf] ;'ljwfn] dfemL ;d'bfosf] df}lns k];f / pgLx¿sf]
:jtGq hLjgdfly c;/ kg{ uPsf] oyfy{nfO{ o; pkGof;df b]vfOPsf] 5 .
o;/L cfˆgf] hftLo klxrfg tyf ;+:s[ltdfly cGofo / cTofrf/ x'Fbf klg
r'krfk ;xg] / lj:yflkt eP/ otfplt ef}tfl/Fb} lxF8\g] lgolt ef]u]sf dfemLsf]
oyfy{nfO{ b]vfpg' g} o; pkGof;sf] d'Vo p2]Zo /x]sf] b]lvG5 . ;LdfGts[tx¿
cfkmF} af]Ng ;Sb}gg\ eg] em}F o; pkoG;fsf kfqx¿ klg cfjfhljxLg
ag]sf b]lvG5g\ . o; pkGof;sf kfqx¿ n'v'd / b'lvgLsf] hLjg b'Mv
/ clglZrttfdf lat]sf] 5 . ;'gsf];L gbLdf df]6/8'ª\uf rNg yfn]kl5 /
ToxfFsf] :yfgLo u'G8fn] b'Mv lbg yfn]kl5 bf]nfn3f6 5f8]/ g'jfsf]6sf] tfbL
lsgf/df uPsf] n'v'dsf] kl/jf/n] ToxfF klg 9'Ss eP/ hLjg latfpg kfPsf
5}gg\ . sf7df8f}Fsf] w/x/f x]g{] rfxgfnfO{ g} hLjgsf] Pp6} dfq ;kgf agfPsL
b'lvgLsf] Tof] rfxgf;d]t k'/f x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . cfˆgL afn;vL dfn>LnfO{
;w}Fsf nflu cfˆg} ;fyL agfpg rfxg] ljsjfsf] slnnf] rfxgf klg k'/f x'g
;s]sf] 5}g . o;/L k|:t't pkGof;df ul/a / ;LdfGtLs[t dfemL ;d'bfosf
afnaflnsf, ltgLx¿ x's{g] kl/j]z, ;+:sf/ / ltgLx¿sf ljjz kl/l:yltnfO{
b]vfP/ ul/a / sdhf]/x¿sf ;kgf slxNo} k'/f x'g ;Sb}gg\ eGg] oyfy{nfO{ o;
s[ltdf b]vfOPsf] 5 . o; pkGof;df pkl:yt n'v'd, b'lvgL, ljsjf / dfn>L
nufotsf dfemL ;d'bfosf s'g} klg JolStn] ;f]r]sf], rfx]sf] / cfF6]sf] s'g}
s'/f ;kmn / ;fy{s ePsf] b]lvPsf] 5}g . of] g} g]kfnL ;dfhsf] oyfy{ xf] .
oxL oyfy{nfO{ cfVofgsf/ kf}8\ofnn] lgs} /f]rs 9ª\udf k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ .
#= …tfbL lsgf/sf] uLtÚ pkGof;df ;LdfGtLs[t ju{sf] lrq0f
k|:t't pkGof; g]kfnsf] cNk;ª\Vos hfltdWo] dfemL ;d'bfodf s]lGb|t 5 .

bLklzvf ÷ 13
 pkGof;sf] cflbb]lv cGTo;Dd cGo s'g} hft / ju{sf dflg;sf] pkl:ylt /x]sf]
b]lvFb}g . ;Qf / zlStsf] kx'FreGbf w]/} 6f9f /x]sf cyf{t\ lsgf/fdf kfl/Psf
cNk;ª\Vos ;d'bfo g} ;LdfGtLs[t ju{{ x'g\ . o:tf lsgf/Ls[t÷;LdfGtLs[t ju{
s]Gb|sf cufl8 zlStxLg, clwsf/xLg / Oltxf;ljxLg x'G5g\ . o; pkGof;df
klg cNk;ª\Vos / sdhf]/ b]lvPsf dfemL ;d'bfonfO{ syfgssf] ljifo
agfOPsf] 5 . o; pkGof;df pkl:yt n'v'd / b'lvgL ;LdfGtLs[t kfq x'g\ .
pgLx¿ /fHosf] kx'Fraf6 w]/} 6f9f 5g\ . :yfgLo k|e'TjzfnL ju{af6 zf]lift /
kLl8t 5g\ . o; syfsf kfqx¿ cfly{s ¿kdf / hfltut ¿kdf k5fl8 k/]s}
sf/0fn] ;LdfGts[t ePsf x'g\ . n'v'dsf] Ps dfq cfo;|f]t gbLdf rnfpg]
9'ª\uf / df5faf6 cfPsf] yf]/} cfDbfgL xf] . ToxL klg df]6/af6 rNg] df]6/
8'ª\uf cfPkl5 p;sf] 8'ª\uf rnfpg] k];f lj:yflkt ePsf] 5 . df5f df/]/
a]Rg vf]Hbf klg ufpFsf] u'G8fn] wDSofP/ n}hfg] u/]sf] 36gfaf6 n'v'dsf]
bldt / sdhf]/ hLjg lrlqt ePsf] 5 . n'v'd / b'lvgL h:tf dfemL
;d'bfosf dflg;x¿ cfkm"dfly ePsf] cGofok|lt af]Ng ;Sb}gg\ . cfˆgf]
xs / clwsf/sf nflu cfjfh p7fpg ;Sb}gg\ a? cfkm" a:b} cfPsf] :yfg
g} 5fl8lbG5g\ . ;'gsf];L gbL / bf]nfn3f6af6 lj:yflkt eP/ oqtq 5l/P/
a;]sf dfemLx¿sf] ;LdfGts[t cj:yfnfO{ o; pkGof;df k|efjsf/L ¿kdf
lrq0f ul/Psf] 5 . pkGof;df cfPsf s]xL ;Gbe{x¿nfO{ ;fIosf ¿kdf
k|:t't u/]/ o; pkGof;nfO{ ;LdfGts[t b[li6sf]0faf6 ljZn]if0f ug{' pko'St
b]lvG5 . o; k|sf/sf ;fIox¿nfO{ tn b]vfOG5 .
;fIox¿ M
!= g'jfsf]6 a;fOF ;g{' cl3 ;'gsf];L / OGb|fjtLsf 5fnx¿af6 df5f df/]/
nv'dsf] kl/jf/n] u'hf/f rnfO{ /x]sf] lyof] . pgLx¿sf] efUo eg]s} log}
b'O{ gbLx¿ lyP . pgLx¿ hft}n] dfemL . To;}n] nv'dsf] kl/jf/ wfGg]
pkfo eg]sf] gfp lvofpg' / df5f dfg{' lyof] . k[= !% .
@= n'v'd / b'lvgLnfO{ ;x/df dfG5]x¿ cfˆgf 5f]/f5f]/Lsf nflu s:tf] ;kgf
b]V5g\ eGg] yfx} lyPg . xb} eP pgLx¿ ;f]Ry], aRrfx¿ cª\u|]hL af]N5g\
clg s'O/]x¿sf] b]zdf hfG5g\ . ===b'lvgLnfO{ nfUYof] ;aeGbf efUu]dfgL
aRrf t sf7df8f}Fsf x'g\ hf] ;w} w/x/fnfO{ b]V5g\ / sf]xL sf]xL t uP/
xft}n] x'G5g\ klg . k[= %@ .
#= nv'd dfemL, p;sL >LdtL b'lvgL / PSnf] 5f]/f] ljsjf Pp6f ;fgf] em'k8Ldf
a:y], g'jfsf]6sf] ;]/f ufpFdf . pgLx¿sf] 3/ tfbL gbLsf] lsgf/df lyof] . v/n]

14 ÷ bLklzvf
 5fPsf] 5fgf] . n'vd' / p;sf] l5d]sL ltNs] dfemLn] Tof] v/ dfly bfª\da} f6
a8f] b'Mvn] af]s/] NofPsf . ltNs];uF } clnslt k/fn dfu]/, dl;gf] sf6]/
d'5s
] f] sd]/f] df6f] ld;fP/ 6fn]sf] lyof] nv'dn] 3/sf leQfx¿ . k[= !! .
$= x'g t pgLx¿ hft}n] d5'jf/f . 5]pdf gbL jf tfn geO{ a:g} g;Sg] hft t/ af;
klg t dxTTjk"0f{ xf] . nv'dnfO{ nfUof] oxfFsf] af; klg lbuf] x'bF g} . k[= &# .
dfly k|:t't ul/Psf ;fIox¿n] o; pkGof;sf kfqx¿ ;LdfGtLs[t ju{sf
ePsf] k'li6 ub{5 . o; pkGof;df hfltut / ju{ut ¿kdf b'j} kIfaf6 kfqx¿
;LdfGtLs[t ag]sf] b]lvG5 . dfly k|:t't ul/Psf] ;fIo Psdf pkGof;sf]
d'Vo kfq n'v'dsf] cfly{s kIfnfO{ b]vfOPsf] 5 . ;'gsf];L / OGb|fjtL gbLsf]
lsgf/df a:g] c¿ dfemL kl/jf/sf] h:t} n'v'dsf] klg cfo cfh{gsf] d'Vo
;|f]t eg]sf] df5f dfg{] / gfp lvofpg] lyof] . To;af6 h] hlt k|fKt x'GYof]
Toltdf g} p;n] ;Gtf]if uYof{] . Ps lbg ToxL 7fpF / ToxL ;|f]taf6 jl~rt
x'g'kbf{ a:b} cfPsf] bf]nfn3f6 5f8]/ g'jfsf]6 ;g{'kg{] afWotfnfO{ b]vfOPsf]
5 . o;/L n'v'd h:tf lsgf/fdf k/]sf ;d'bfox¿ cfˆgf] clglZrt eljio /
kfPsf] b'MvnfO{ efUo ;DemG5g\ / cfjfhljxLg eP/ b'O{ 5fssf nflu ;ª\3if{
ul//xG5g\ eGg] s'/fnfO{ o; ;fIodf b]vfOPsf] 5 eg] ;fIo b'O{df n'v'd /
b'lvgLsf] c1fgtf / r]tgfljxLg dfgl;stfnfO{ lrq0f ul/Psf] 5 . ;a}eGbf
lgDg :t/sf] hLjg latfO/x]sf oL kfqnfO{ ;x/sf dfG5]n] s:tf ;kgf b]Vbf
xf]nfg\, s] ;f]Rbf xf]nfg\ clg cfˆgf afnaflnsfnfO{ s] agf];\ eGg] rfxgf
/fVbf xf]nfg\ eGg];Dd r]tgf / 1fg gePsf] l:yltsf] lrq0f ul/Psf] 5 .
hLjgsf] Ps dfq nIo÷;kgf g} w/x/f x]g{'nfO{ agfPsL b'lvgLn] w/x/fsf]
jl/kl/ v]Ng kfpg], w/x/fnfO{ ;w}F x]g{ / slxn]sfxLF 5'g kfpg] ePsfn] ToxfFsf
s]6fs]6LnfO{ efUodfgL ;Dem]sL 5 . /f]dfl~rt ePsL 5 . pkGof;sf] o; k|;ª\
un] s]Gb| / lsgf/sf aLr slt 7"nf] b'/L /x]5 eGg] s'/fnfO{ :ki6 kf/]sf] 5 .
dfly k|:t't ul/Psf] ;fIo ltgn] n'v'dsf] kl/>d / p;sf] 3/ u[x:yLnfO{
lrq0f u/]sf] 5 . lsgf/Ls[t ju{sf s]xL s'/f klg :yfoL x'Fb}g / lglZrt
x'Fb}g . pgLx¿ kl/>dL, ldlxg]tL t x'G5g\ t/ Tof] kl/>d / ldlxg]tsf] s'g}
cy{ x'Fb}g eGg] s'/f o; ;fIon] k|:t't u/]sf] 5 . bf]nfn3f6sf] cfˆgf] k'/fgf]
3/ To;} 5f8]/ g'jfsf]6sf] ;]/fdf a;fO ;/]sf] n'v'dn] a8f] b'Mv / kl/>dn]
v/n] 5fPsf] 3/÷em'k8L agfPsf] x'G5 t/ To;df b'O{ jif{ a:g gkfpFb} p;n]
5f8\g'kb{5 . o;/L hLjgsf ;a} ofdx¿ b'Mv / kl/>ddf g} latfP klg
hLjgdf s'g} pknlAw gkfPsf] n'v'dsf] of] oyfy{ ;Dk"0f{ ;LdfGts[tsf] oyfy{
xf] eGg] s'/f o;af6 k'li6 x'G5 . o;} u/L ;fIo rf/df klg n'v'dsf] clglZrt

bLklzvf ÷ 15
 eljio / p;sf] cfly{s b'u{ltnfO{ g} b]vfOPsf] 5 . hfltut ¿kdf klg gbL
vf]nfsf] lsgf/ vf]Hb} lxF8\g] oL hflt÷kfqx¿ /fHosf] ;'ljwf, ;]jf / /fHok|bQ
clwsf/af6 k"0f{ ¿kdf jl~rt 5g\ eGg] oyfy{nfO{ oL ;fIon] k|:6 kf/]sf 5g\ .
$= afn dgf]lj1fgb]lv / ;dfh dgf]lj1fgsf] cGt3'{ng
…tfbL lsgf/sf] uLtÚ zLif{ssf] k|:t't cfVofg s[ltdf afn dgf]lj1fgb]lv
;dfh dgf]lj1fg cGt3{'lnt eP/ cfPsf] b]lvG5 . o; pkofG;df afa' /
5f]/f u/L b'O{ k':tfsf] afNokg / lszf]/kgsf] lrq0f ul/Psf] 5 . oL b'j}
k':tfsf afnaflnsfsf dgdf cfpg] s'/f / pAhg] ts{x¿sf ;fy} pgLx¿sf
;f]rfO, ;kgf / p2]Zox¿ k'/} ;dfh ;fk]If 5 . pgLx¿ cfˆgf] dg;FueGbf
a9L ;dfh;Fu hf]l8Psf 5g\ . ;dfh cyf{t\ dfemL ;d'bfosf /Llt, l/jfh,
k/Dk/f, dfGotfeGbf aflx/ uP/ o; pkGof;sf kfqx¿n] slxNo} ;f]r]sf 5}gg\
/ ;f]Rg klg ;Sb}gg\ . ljsjf / dfn>L h:tf afn kfqx¿sf] dgf]lj1fg dfemL
;d'bfosf] /Lltlylt, rfnrng k/Dk/f cflbaf6 g} lgld{t / ljsl;t ePsf]
x'Fbf pgLx¿sf] j}olSts ;f]rfO jf lghL efj o; pkGof;df JoSt ePsf]
kfOFb}g . To;}n] pkGof;sf afnkfqx¿df j}olSts dgf]lj1fgeGbf ;dfh
dgf]lj1fg xfjL ePsf] b]lvG5 .
k|:t't pkGof;sf afnaflnsfdf ;dfh dgf]lj1fgsf] ulx/f] k|efj t k/]sf] 5
g} emg\ o;df klg ;a}eGbf k|an ¿kdf k|efj k/]sf] kIf rflxF n}ª\lus r]tgf
xf] . dfemL ;d'bfosf tL afnaflnsfn] cfkm"x¿nfO{ Ps dfgjsf ¿kdf lrGg',
a'em\g' / hfGg' cufl8 g} :jf:gLdfG5] / nf]Ug]dfG5]sf ¿kdf lrlg;s]sf x'G5g\
/ cfˆgf ;f]rfO sNkgf / ;kgfnfO{ klg To;}cg'¿k 9fln;s]sf x'G5g\ .
o; pkGof;df pkl:yt ljsjf / dfn>Lsf ;+jfb, lqmofsnfk / pgLx¿sf]
hLjgsf] nIo klg j}olSts geO{ ;dfhk/s 5 / ;fdflhs dgf]lj1fgdf
cfwfl/t 5 . pkGof;df k|o'St afnkfqsf ;+jfb / lqmofsnfkn] o; s'/fsf]
k'li6 ug{] ePsfn] pkGof;sf tT;DaGwL c+z÷jfSonfO{ ;fIosf ¿kdf k|:t't
u/L ljZn]if0f ug{ pko'St b]lvG5 . To:tf ;fIox¿ o;k|sf/ 5g\ M
!= æt/ /fgL t ?Fb}gg\ lg . 5f]/L kf] ?G5g\ . d klg 5f]/L eP/ 3/df ?G5' t
a]nf a]nf . d ltd|L 5f]/L x'G5' x} <Æ k[= && .
@= ljsjfn] df5f] Nofpg] jfrf u¥of] . rf]/]/ jf c¿n] df/]sf] Nofpg gkfOg],
cfkm}Fn] dfg{'kg{] zt{ /fvL dfn>Ln] . k[= *)
#= dfn>Ln] p;nfO{ eg]sL lyO{, pm a]xn' f] xf] / a]xn' fn] df5f] Nofpg} k5{ . k[= *$ .
$= ljsjfn] 9'ª\uf y'kfl//xG5 . dfn>L eg] p;nfO{ vfhf kfgL lbg] uyL{ .

16 ÷ bLklzvf
 p;n] p;sf a'afn] v]tdf sfd ubf{ cfdfn] vfhf kfgL lbPsf] b]v]sL
lyO{ . p;n] ljsjfnfO{ ;'xfpg] vfhf eg]sf] gbL lsgf/sf ao/sf
xf]rfxf]rf ?vdf kmn]sf sfFrf ao/ / wf/fsf] kfgL lyof] . k[=** .
%= EjfSs} elTsof] lsgf/ / un{Dd} n8\of] w'kL, gbLdf . dfn>Ln] 7"nf]
:j/df elgg\, æljsjf w'kL n8\of] . ca xfd|f] lax] x'bF g} . ltdLn] arfpg
;s]gf} .Æ k[= ()
dfly k|:t't ul/Psf pbfx/0fx¿ o; pkGof;sf afnkfq ljsjf / dfn>Lsf]
xf] . dfy lbOPsf ;fIox¿dWo] klxnf] ;fIodf dfn>L / ljsjfn] b]v]sf],
l;s]sf] / hfg]sf] s'/f 5f]/LdfG5] ?G5g\ eGg] xf] . vf; u/L ljjfx u/]/ b'nfxfsf]
3/df hfFbf 5f]/LdfG5] ?G5g\ eGg] ;fdflhs dgf]lj1fgnfO{ g} o; pkGof;sL
;ftjif{] kfq dfn>Ln] cleJoSt u/]sL 5 . p;n] JoSt u/]sf] o; cleJolStn]
5f]/f dfG5] ?Fb}gg\ jf ?g'x'Fb}g t/ 5f]/LdfG5] eg] a]nfa]nfdf ?G5g\, To;}n] d
klg ?G5' eGg] cfzo k|s6 u/]sf] 5 . o; ;fIodf k|:t't ul/Psf] egfOn]
dfn>Lsf] j}olSts dgf]lj1fgnfO{ eGbf klg ;fdflhs dgf]lj1fgnfO{ k|:t't
u/]sf] 5 . o;} u/L bf];|f] ;fIodf ljsjf / dfn>Lsf] ;+jfbdf cfPsf] dfemL
;d'bfosf] ;+:s[ltcg';f/ a]x'nfn] hlt 7"nf] df5f] dfg{ ;S5 Tolt g} pm of]Uo
j/ sxlng] x'Fbf oxL ;+:s[lt / k/Dk/fnfO{ g} l;sf] u/]/ dfn>Ln] k|:tfj
/fv]sL 5] eg] Tof] k|:tfjnfO{ ljsjfn] :jLsf/ u/]sf] 5 . o;n] dflg;leqsf]
;fd"lxs cjr]tg / cflbd k|j[lQnfO{ klg b]vfPsf] 5 .
o;} u/L ;fIo ltgdf ;fdflhs / k/Dkl/t ¿kdf ljsl;t x'Fb} cfPsf] n}ª\
lus ;f]r k|ltlalDat ePsf] 5 . o;df elgPsf] …pm a]x'nf] xf]Ú n] pm k'?if
hflt xf] eGg] clek|fo JoSt u/]sf] 5 . k'¿if hfltn] hlt;'s} uf/f], cK7\
of/f] / r'gf}tLk"0f{ eP klg sfd kmQ] ug{} k5{ eGg] ;dfh dgf]lj1fgnfO{ o;
pkGof;sf afnkfqx¿n] cfˆgf cleJolStdfkm{t k|s6 u/]sf 5g\ eg] ;fIo
rf/df pkGof;sf afnkfq dfn>L / ljsjfsf] ultljlw / lqmofsnfksf] lrq0f
u/L ;dfhdf JofKt /x]sf] n}ª\lus dgf]lj1fgnfO{ b]vfOPsf] 5 . ljsjfn]
w'kLsf] ?vd'lGt/ 9'ª\uf y'kfl//xFbf dfn>Ln] Tof] sfddf ljsjfnfO{ ;3fPsL
5}g a? sfFrf ao/ / kfgL NofP/ vfg lbPsL 5] . of] pgLx¿sf] dgdf
ulx/f];Fu k|efj hdfPsf] ;dfh dgf]lj1fgs} kl/0flt xf] . ljsjfn] 9'ª\uf
cf];fbf{ d klg cf];f5{' of ;Fu} ldn]/ u/f}F eGg] efj g t dfn>Ldf cfPsf] 5
g t ljsjfn] g} ;DemfPsf] 5 . oxfF k'?ifn] ug{] / gf/Ln] ug{] sfdsf] afF8kmfF8
h;/L ;dfhn] u/]sf] To;} u/L tL afnkfqn] klg u/]sf 5g\ . dfly lbOPsf
;fIox¿dWo] ;fIo kfFrdf klg o:t} lsl;dsf] cleJolSt kfOG5 . cfˆgf]

bLklzvf ÷ 17
 lax] ug{] 7fpFsf ¿kdf r'lgPsf] w'kLsf] ?vnfO{ gbLn] s6fg u/]/ aufPkl5
dfn>Ln] ljsjfnfO{ ca xfd|f] lax] x'Fb}g, ltdLn] w'kLnfO{ arfpg ;s]gf}F eg]/
ljsjfsf] dbf{ª\lugLdfly wfjf af]n]sL 5] . of] af]nL ;fgL aflnsf dfn>Lsf]
xf]Og ;dfhsf] xf] . o; jfSodf dfn>Ln] xfdLn] arfpg ;s]gf}F geg]/ ltdLn]
arfpg ;s]gf} eGg] efj cleJoSt ePsf] 5 . o;n] gf/LnfO{ k/fl>t b]vfpF5
eg] k'?ifnfO{ bafasf] l:ylt l;h{gf u/fpF5 h'g dfemL ;d'bfosf] dfq geO{
cGo ;d'bfosf] klg ;fdflhs dgf]lj1fg xf] . o;sf cnfjf o; pkGof;df
dfemL ;d'bfosf gf/Ln] cIf/ glrGg', 7"nf7"nf sfd nf]Ug]dfG5]n] g} ug{'k5{
eGg] 7fGg', k'?ifx¿sf] lge{/df afFRg', k'?ifn] g} ;a} s'/fsf] lg0f{o ug{', gf/LnfO{
kfNg'kg{] lhDdf lng' h:tf ;fdflhs ultljlwsf] k|ToIf k|efj o; pkGof;sf
afnkfqdf b]lvPsf] 5 .
%= lgisif{
;flxTosf/ dx]z kf}8\ofnsf] k|:t't cf}kGofl;s s[lt dfemL ;d'bfo / ToxfFsf
afnaflnsfdf nlIft pkGof; xf] . pkGof;sf] syfj:t'n] cf]u6]sf] ;do nfdf]
b]lvP klg To;sf] lj:t[t lrq0f pkGof;df ul/Psf] 5}g . ;6Ls tyf ;ª\
lIfKt ¿kdf n]lvPsf] o; pkGof;n] d"n b'O{ cf]6f kIfnfO{ phfu/ ug{] p2]Zo
lnPsf] b]lvG5 . o;dWo] klxnf] dfemL ;d'bfosf] ;f+:s[lts tyf ;fdflhs
laDa / bf];|f] afn tyf lszf]/ dgf]lj1fgsf] k|:t'lt /x]sf 5g\ . oL b'j} kIfdf
pkGof;n] ldlxg tyf uxg k|:t'lt lbg g;s] klg o; If]qdf ePsf] of] klxnf]
sfo{ / ljifosf] k|:t'ltsf] ;'?jftn] pkGof; dxŒjk"0f{ ag]sf] 5 . afnkfqsf
dfWodaf6 g} eP klg pkGof;n] k/Dkl/t dfGotfnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbPsf] b]lvG5 .
gofF b[li6sf]0f pkGof;df k|:t't ePsf] kfOFb}g . lsgf/fdf /x]sf kfqx¿sf]
;hLj lrq0f ug{' o; pkGof;sf] dxŒjk"0f{ ljz]iftf xf] .
;Gbe{;"rL
clwsf/L, 1fg'= k|fof]lus ;dfnf]rgf M s]xL k|lt¿k= sf7df8f}F M e'8F Lk'/f0f k|sfzg, @)^& .
lIflth, dx]z= Jofjxfl/s ;dfnf]rgfsf s]xL cfofd, sf7df8f}F M bLIffGt k|sfzg,
@)&! .
kf}8\ofn, dx]z= tfbL lsgf/sf] uLt, sf7df8f}F M a's cf6{ g]kfn, @)&@ .
;'j]bL, /fh]Gb| / uf}td nId0f k|;fb -;Dkf=_= /Tg a[xt\ g]kfnL ;dfnf]rgf -;}4flGts
v08_= sf7df8f}F M /Tgk':ts e08f/, @)^* .

18 ÷ bLklzvf
 sf]6]Zj/ j/k/sf] lth uLt
efjgf k/fh'nL
!= ljifo kl/ro
k|:t't n]v sf7df8f}F dxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+= #% sf]6]Zj/nfO{ nf]s uLtsf]
;ª\sng If]q agfP/ tof/ kfl/Psf] xf] . sf]6]Zj/ sf7df8f}F dxfgu/kflnsfsf
#% gDa/ j8fsf] 7"nf] j8f xf] . of] c¿ eGbf ef}uf]lns ¿kdf 7"nf] 5 . of]
cfk}Fmdf ljz]if ¿kn] dxŒjk"0f{ :yfg xf] . oxfF ljleGg d7dlGb/, :s'n, sn]h
/ sfof{nox¿ 5g\ . o; If]qn] eStk'/ / nlntk'/nfO{ sf7df8f}F;Fu hf]8]sf]
5 . x/]s b[li6n] ;DkGg o; If]q ;f+:s[lts / wfld{s ¿kdf klg cufl8
b]lvG5 . o; If]qsf afl;Gbfdf ;lxi0f'tfsf] efjgf k|an ¿kdf kfOG5 .
oxfF ljleGg hfthflt, efiff, k];f, wd{ ePsf dflg;x¿ ldn]/ a;]sf 5g\ /
cfˆgf] hLjg ofkg ul//x]sf 5g\ . g]kfn ax'eflifs ax';f+:s[lts, ax'hftLo
b]z xf] . To;}n] sf]6]Zj/ If]qdf klg ljleGg k];f, wd{, hft, efiff ePsf
dflg;x¿ cfk;df ldn]/ a;]sf 5g\ . h'g;'s} ;fdflhs hghLjgleq To;
;dfhsf hfthflt, k];f, wd{, /xg;xg, efiff, ;+:sf/ cflb k5{g\ . To;n]
o; If]qsf] ;dfhdf ljBdfg kl/ronfO{ phfu/ ub{5 . o; If]qsf oL ljljw
kIfx¿sf af/]df tn qmd};Fu ;ª\lIfKt rrf{ ul/G5 M
-s_ hfthflt M
sf]6]Zj/ If]qnfO{ x]bf{ a|fXd0f, IfqL, j}Zo / z"b| rf/} hfltsf] a;f]af; kfOG5 .
oLdWo] a|fXd0f hfltsf] afx'No kfOG5 . a|fXd0fsf] a;f]af; w]/} klxn]b]lv
/xFb} cfPsf] kfOG5 . o;sf cltl/St IfqL, 7s'/L, du/, g]jf/, sfdL, bdfO{,
;fsL{, u'?ª cflb w]/} hfltsf] a;f]af; kfOG5 . oxfFsf] ;dfh k'?if k|wfg
5 t/ cfhsf] ;do kl/jt{g;F+u} gf/Ln] klg cfˆgf] clwsf/nfO{ /fd|/L k|of]u
ug{ yfn]sf 5g\ / ;fdflhs sfo{df ;xefuL x'g yfn]sf 5g\ .

bLklzvf ÷ 19
 -v_ wd{ M
o; If]qdf ljleGg hfthfltsf ljleGg wd{ dfGg] dflg;x¿ a;f]af; u5{g\ t/
oxfF lxGb" wd{ dfGg] dflg;sf] afx'No 5 . oxfFsf sl/a (% k|ltzt dflg;x¿n]
lxGb" wd{ dfG5g\ . pgLx¿n] cfˆgf] wd{;F+u} cfˆgf] k/Dk/f / ;+:s[ltsf] hu]gf{
klg u/]sf 5g\ . s]xL dfqfdf cGo wd{sf cg'ofoL klg oxfF 5g\ . af}4dfuL{,
lqml:rog / d'l:nd wd{sf cg'ofoL klg oxfF 5g\ . ;du|df o; If]qdf wfld{s
ljljwtf kfOP klg cfk;L d]nldnfk / ;lxi0f'tf oxfFsf dflg;x¿df kfOG5 .
-u_ efiff M
o; If]qdf ljleGg hfthfltsf] a;f]af; 5 . oxfFsf clwsf+z dflg;x¿
dft[efiffsf ¿kdf /fi6«efiff g]kfnL af]N5g\ . kl/jf/df dft[efiff k|of]u ug]{ /
;dfhdf g]kfnL efiff k|of]u ug'{kbf{ sltko g]jf/, du/, u'?ª\n] t nfO{ 6÷8
k|of]u u/]sf] kfOG5 . ;fIf/eGbf lg/If/ JolStn] klg alxgLnfO{ a'OgL, e}F;L
nfO{ eF'O;L cflb km/s njhdf af]n]sf] kfOG5 .
-3_ k];f M
o; If]qsf hgtfsf] k];f k|frLg sfndf s[lif lyof] eg] cfhsf] ;dodf ljleGg
efudf afFl8Psf 5g\ . s;}sf] gf]s/L, s;}sf] Joj;fo cflb k];fdf ljeSt
5g\ . hgtfx¿ yf]/} dfqfdf s[lif ub{5g\ . s[lifof]Uo hldgdf slGqm6sf] ;x/
ag]sf] 5 . o; afx]s sf]sfsf]nf km\ofS6«L h:tf pBf]uwGbf snsf/vfgf
klg oxfF cjl:yt 5g\ . plrt /f]huf/Lsf] sdLn] ubf{ oxfFsf clwsf+z o'jf
lab]l;g] qmd a9\bf] 5 .
-ª_ /xg;xg M
;fdfGotM o; If]qsf dflg;x¿sf] /xg;xg cGo g]kfnLx¿sf] h:t} 5 . oxfF
ljleGg hfthflt efiffefifL, wd{, ju{sf dflg;x¿sf] a;f]af; ePsf]n] hflt
/ ju{cg';f/ njfO, v'jfO, ;+:sf/, rfnrng, rf8kj{ dgfpg] rng cfkm\g}
lsl;dsf] 5 . w]/}h;f] lxGb" wd{ dfGg] dflg;x¿sf] a;f]af; ePsf]n] d'Vo
rf8 b;}F, ltxf/, lth, lzj/fqL, ;fpg] ;ª\qmflGt, xl/zogL PsfbzL cflb
rf8kj{x¿ a8f] /f]rstfsf ;fy dgfpg] rng 5 . oxfF wd{cg';f/ ljleGg
;+:s[lt k|rlnt 5 . lxGb" wd{cg';f/ hftsd{, Gjf/fg, 5}F6L, kf:gL, a|tjGw
/ cGTo]li6 ul/G5 . d';ndfgx¿n] Ob / /dfbfg dgfpF5g\ eg] g]jf/x¿n]
Dxk"hf cflb dgfpF5g\ .

20 ÷ bLklzvf
-r_ a;fOF;/fO M
of] If]q Jofj;flos ¿kdf ;DkGg ePsfn] aflx/sf hgtfx¿ o; If]qdf a;L
Jofkf/ / pBf]u ug{ rfxG5g\ . o; If]qdf oxLFsf eGbf aflx/sf afl;Gbfx¿
a9L 5g\ . s;}n] oxfF 3/ lgdf{0f u/]sf 5g\ t sf]xL 3/ef8fdf a;]sf 5g\ .
of] If]q eStk'/, nlntk'/, sf7df8f}Fsf] l;dfgf dfq geO{ k"j{, klZrd, pQ/,
blIf0f h'g;'s} uGtJodf hfg] oftfoftsf] ;fwg kfOg] ePsfn] oxfF a;fOF ;/L
cfpg] dflg;sf] ;+Vof a9\bf] 5 . clxn] t hUufsf] cefj eO;s]sf] dx;';
x'G5 .
-5_ cfly{s cj:yf M
o; If]qsf hgtfx¿n] s[lif 5f8L cGo k];f cFufn]sf] b]lvG5 . kof{Kt l;FrfO
;'ljwf / s[lifdf cfw'lgsLs/0f gx'bF f / ;x/Ls/0fn] ubf{ v]tL ls;fgL ug]{ v]tdf
3/ /f]lkg yfn]sf 5g\ h;n] ubf{ oxfFsf hgtf k/fl>t x'g yfn]sf 5g\ . c¿n]
3/ef8f b]nf eg]/ pgLx¿ cN5L ePsf] b]lvG5 . sf]xL eg] lab]l;g afWo 5g\ .
oxfF k|lt kl/jf/ Psb'O{ ;b:o lab]l;g afWo 5g\ . ul/aL / ljkGgtf Tolt geP
klg k9fO / sfdsf] l;nl;nfdf hgtf lab]l;g k'u]sf 5g\ .
-h_ ;+:s[lt M
;+:s[lt zAbsf] cy{ z'4Ls/0f ug'{, ;'wfg'{, kljq agfpg' cflb x'G5 . h'g;'s}
b]zsf hfltdf ;+:s[ltsf] kfngf / k|of]u x'G5 . ;+:s[ltleq ljleGg ;+:sf/x¿
/xG5g\ . ;+:s[ltnfO{ ljleGg k|sf/df juL{s/0f ug{ ;lsG5 . ;+;f/sf] x/]s
:yfgdf a;f]af; ug]{ dfgj ;d'bfodf hGdb]lv d[To'ko{Gt ljleGg ;+:sf/
;DkGg ug]{ rng 5 . lxGb"x¿df iff]8z ;+:sf/sf] k/Dk/f 5 . of] zf]wu|Gysf]
cWoog If]qdf a9L dfqfdf a|fXd0f / If]qLx¿sf] a;f]af; /x]sf] x'Fbf hGd,
pkgog, ljjfx / d[To' ;+:sf/ dgfpg] rng kfOG5 .
j}zfvb]lv r}q;Dd kg]{ ljz]if ltly jf rf8kj{x¿ a8f] >4fsf ;fy o;
If]qdf dgfOG5, h:t} – cIfo t[tLof, a'4 hoGtL, ;fpg] ;+qmflGt, hg}k"l0f{df,
ufO{hfqf, s[i0f hGdfi6dL, lth, b;}F, ltxf/, afnfrt'{bzL, of]d/L, k'GxL,
-g]jf/ hfltn] ljz]if dgfpg]_, r}t] b;}F, /dfbfg, Ob pn lkmQ/ -d'l:nd
;Dk|bfon] dgfpg]_ cflb oxfFsf afl;Gbfx¿n] dgfPsf] kfOG5 . o; If]qsf
afl;Gbfx¿ wfld{s cf:yfdf lgs} k|lta4 b]lvG5g\ . zf:qn] atfPcg';f/
o1o1flb wfld{s sfo{ ug]{, ceLi6 kmn jf lrtfPsf] s'/f kfpgfsf nflu
zf:qdf atfOPsf] ljlwd'tflas lgodk"j{s s'g} b]jtfsf] hk, k"hf, kf7 cflb

bLklzvf ÷ 21
 ug]{ sfd, cf/fwgf jf pkf;gf -g]=k|=k|=@)%*, $#_ lxGb" wd{zf:qcGtu{t
cg'i7fg, o1x¿ ug]{ k|rng oxfF kfOG5 . ljz]if u/L lxGb" wdf{jnDaLx¿n]
ljleGg o1, cg'i7fgx¿ h:t} M ;Ktfx, gjfx, dxfo1, cfOtaf/ ;"o{sf] k"hf
j|t, ;fpg] ;f]djf/ j|t, k"l0f{dfsf] j|t, ci6dLsf] j|t, ljleGg :yfg, dlGb/df
uO{ aflng] nfv aQL, xjg, j|t lj;h{g -j|t klRri7_ / ljleGg gju|xsf
k"hf cflb kb{5g\ . o; If]qdf kg]{ sf]6]Zj/ dxfb]j:yfgnfO{ >L:j:yfgL
j|tsyfcg';f/ ;tLb]jLsf] cª\u ktg ePsf] k'0oIf]q dflgG5 . lglvn]Zj/
dxfb]j, e}/j :yfg, u0f]z :yfg cflb oxfFsf wfld{s ;Dkbfx¿ x'g\ . ljleGg
rf8kj{ / ltlydf oxfF >4fn'sf] 3'OFrf] nfU5 .
@= lth kj{sf] kl/ro
;f}efUo / ;d[l4sf lglDt wfld{s k/Dk/fcg';f/ lxGb" gf/Lx¿n] lzj kfj{tLsf]
k"hfcfhf ug]{ efb| z'Sn t[tLofsf] lbgnfO{ lth elgG5 . lthnfO{ xl/tflnsf
k"hf klg eGg] rng 5 . of] lxGb" gf/Lx¿sf] 7"nf] / /dfOnf] ;f+:s[lts kj{sf
¿kdf k|l;4 5 . jif}{lkR5] efb| z'Sn låtLofb]lv k~rdL;Dd dgfOg] lthsf]
k/Dk/f kf}/fl0fs syf;Fu hf]l8P/ cfPsf] 5 . kf}/fl0fs sfndf lxdfno /
d]g'sf k'qL kfj{tLnfO{ lji0f';F+u ljjfx ul/lbg] c7f]6 u/]sf lyP t/ kfj{tLn]
dgdg} dxfb]jnfO{ j/0f ul/;s]sf] x'Fbf cfˆgL ;vLåf/f x/]/ jgdf k'¥ofPsL
kfj{tL lg/fxf/ j|t a;]sL x'gfn] o;nfO{ xl/tflnsf eGg] rng 5 . kfj{tLn]
/ftel/ hfu|fd /x]/ a]n'sL ?vd'lg a;]/ b'O{ sf];f s]/f vfO{ j|t al;g\ clg
To;} j|tsf k|efjn] pgsf] dgf]sfª\Iff k"0f{ eof] . csf]{ syfcg';f/ kf}/fl0fs
sfndf lzj / kfj{tL s}nfzaf6 dTo{nf]ssf b'Mv kfPsf gf/Lx¿nfO{ s;/L
p4f/ ug{ ;lsG5 egL pkfosf ¿kdf efb| t[tLofsf lbg j|t lg/fxf/ a;L
lzj / kfj{tLsf] k"hf u/]/ /ftel/ hfu|fd a;]df kfk gfz x'g], ;f}efUo a9\g]
/ ;Gtfgsf] ;d]t sNof0f x'g] s'/f atfP . o;/L gf/Ln] OlR5t j/ kfpg]
cfGtl/s efjgf cyjf ;wF}el/ cfkm\gf hLjg ;fyL;+Fu /xL ;f}efUojtL x'g]
sfdgf lthsf] j|t;F+u ufFl;Psf] 5 .
lthdf låtLofsf] lbg /flt;Dd j|tfn' :jf:gL dflg; ldn]/ b"w, bxL, Wo",
ld7fO{, ksjfg, kmnk"mn cflb dL7f kl/sf/ vfg] v'jfpg] rng 5 . kfj{tLn]
j|t a:bf s]/f vfPsfn] ljz]if ¿kdf s]/f vfg}k5{ eGg] dfGotf klg kfOG5 .
ef]lnkN6 lg:nfd÷lg/fxf/ /xL j|t a:gsf nflu cln b¥x} ¿kdf vfOg] log}
ljz]if vfg]s'/fsf] gfd b/ xf] / tL vfg]s'/f vfg'nfO{ b/ vfg' elgG5 . clxn]
kl5Nnf] ;dodf cfP/ b/ vfg] / v'jfpg] cf8Da/L, e8\lsnf] / vlr{nf]

22 ÷ bLklzvf
¿kdf b]vf k/]sf] 5 . t/ o;sf] /dfOnf] kIf eg] 5 .
b/ vfPsf] ef]lnkN6 t[tLosf lbg lg/fxf/÷lg:nfd÷lg/fxf/L -kfgL klg gvfO{
a:g] j|t_ a:g]df ljjflxt jf /h:jnf ePsf sGof s'df/Lx¿ x'G5g\ . j|t
a:bf ;Sg]n] kfgL klg gvfO{ ef]lnkN6 uf]bfg ug]{ a]nf;Dd a:5g\ . t/ s;}n]
a]n'sL kv kmnk"mn, b"w / kfgL vfG5g\ . laxfgb]lv gbLdf uP/ :gfg u/L
;s]/ dxfb]j÷lzjsf] dlGb/df uO{ ljleGg ljlwn] k"hfcfhf u5{g\ . ;f]x| z[ª\
uf/ u/]/ uP/ dlxnf lbbLalxgLx¿ dlGb/df a;L sLt{g ehg u5{g\ . pgLx¿
cfkm\gf snf, lzNkn] pg]/ uLtsf] efsfdf ufpg] gfRg] ub{5g\ . lthsf] j|t
k'/f u/]kl5 k~rdLsf lbg ;Ktlif{ -clq, sZok, ef/åfh, ljZjfldq, uf}td,
hdblUg / jlzi7_ sf] k"hf ul/G5 . ;Ktlif{sf] k"hf ul/g] k~rdL ltly ePs}
sf/0f Clif k~rdL gfd /x]sf] o; lbgnfO{ lthsf] clGtd r/0f÷lbg dflgG5 .
o; lbgsf klg ljleGg kf}/fl0fs syf÷ls+jbGtL kfOG5 . o; lbgdf k|foM
/h:jnf eO;s]sf gf/Ln] laxfg ;a]/} tLyf{lbdf uO{ #^% 6'qmf bltjg 6f]s]/
z/L/sf cª\u k|ToËdf df6fn] rf]VofO{ g'xfPkl5 ;Ktlif{sf] k"hf ul/;s]/
dWofXgdf Ps 5fs rf]vf] vfg] rng 5 . o;kl5 lthsf ;a} /Lt k'/f
x'G5g\ .
@=!= lth uLt / o;sf] ;f+:s[lts dxTTj
lthsf cj;/df gf/Lx¿åf/f ufOg] uLtnfO{ lth uLt elgG5 . lthsf cj;/df
b/ vfgsf lglDt ljjflxtf gf/Lx¿nfO{ dfOtLx¿ lng cfpF5g\ . b/ vfg]
lbgsf] /flt / lths} lbg j|t a:bf gf/Lx¿ lthsf] uLt ufpF5g\ . lth ljz]if
kj{sf ¿kdf rlncfPsf] ljifo ljleGg kf}/fl0fs syf, ls+jbGtL;F+u ;Da4
5 tfklg o;} xf] eg]/ 7f]s'jf ug{ ;lsg] cfwf/ 5}g . dfgj hLjg;F+u leHb}
hfFbf o; kj{sf] ljz]if dxŒj a9\b} uPsf] b]lvG5 . b/ vfg] lbgsf] /flt /
lths} lbg j|t a:bf gf/Lx¿ lthsf] uLt ufpF5g\ . dfOt hfg]x¿sf] cfgGb
/ pdË clg dfOt hfg gkfpg]x¿sf Joyf / dd{x¿nfO{ lthsf uLtx¿df
JoSt ul/Psf] x'G5 . gf/L hLjgsf dd{x¿sf] cleJolSt lthsf uLtx¿df
kfOG5 . ;dfhsf] oyfy{ / ;f+:s[lts kIfnfO{ lth uLtn] ;d]6]sf] x'G5 .
o;nfO{ tn lbOPsf] k|:t't uLtn] k'li6 ub{5 M
w'gLa];Ldf glbg' 5f]/LnfO{
;v/sf] efp rfln;
sf]6]Zj/df glbg' 5f]/LnfO{
afp5f]/fsf] gfln;

bLklzvf ÷ 23
 afoZj]/L 8fF8fdf glbg' 5f]/LnfO{
lz/dfly lxF8\g] s'nf]
sf]Nkfsf]6 ufpFdf glbg' 5f]/LnfO{
8Nnfsf] aofg 7"nf]
dR5]ufpFdf glbg' 5f]/LnfO{
3fd tfKg lrTnfª ;x/
9'Ëvsf{ ufpFdf glbg' 5f]/LnfO{
wfgsf] eft vfg /x/
sfo]Zj/L ufpFdf glbg' 5f]/LnfO{
bfp/f af]Sg] lzjk'/L
hfjnfv]ndf xf] lbg' 5f]/LnfO{
em\ofndf a;L £o" k'/L
ljz]iftM g]kfnL lxGb" gf/Lsf nflu dxfg\ rf8 lth /fli6«o kj{ g} aGg k'u]sf]
5 . o;a]nfsf] k|s[lt klg jiff{t\n] ev{/ 5f8\g yfn]sf] x'G5 / xl/ofnLn]
9fSb} cfPsf] x'G5 . Psflt/ k|fs[lts ;f}Gbo{ clg csf{lt/ hLjgsf pNnf;sf]
t/ª\udf lth kj{ dfËlns klg aG5 / dgf]/~hgfTds klg x'G5 .
b/ vfg] lbgsf] /flt / lths} lbg j|t a:bf gf/Lx¿ lthsf] uLt ufpF5g\ . dfOt
hfg]x¿sf] cfgGb / pdË clg dfOt hfg gkfpg]x¿sf Joyf / dd{x¿nfO{
lthsf uLtx¿df JoSt ul/Psf] x'G5 . gf/L hLjgsf dd{x¿sf] cleJolSt
lthsf uLtx¿df kfOG5 . clxn]sf uLtx¿df zf]if0fsf lj?4sf] gf/L ljb|f]x
/ ;~r]tgfsf :j/ klg ;'lgg yfn]sf 5g\ . o;sf] pbfx/0fsf nflu tn k|:t't
ul/Psf] uLtnfO{ lng ;lsG5 M
/fi6« xfd|f] /fhgLltn] zflGt / lzIffn]
xfd|f] t b]z lalu| ;Sof] cfcfkm\g}n]
b]znfO{ ;'wfg]{ kfnf] xfdL dlxnfsf]
efF8e}nf], e|i6frf/ aflx/ lgsfnf} b]zsf]
cj;/ kfPdf xfdL cl3 a9\g ;Sb5f}F
k'?ifsf] v'§f tfGg] k|j[lQnfO{ /f]Sb5f}F
;fgfnfO{ dfof 7"nfnfO{ cfb/ ug{ l;sfP
gf/LnfO{ ;Fw} r'nfrf}sfdf s'bfP
;'lglZrt u/f}F dlxnfsf] xs clwsf/
lzIffsf] Hof]ltn] kf/f}F ;a} hu ;fsf/

24 ÷ bLklzvf
 ;tL k|yfsf] cGTo ca e};Sof]
gf/Ln] /fi6«fWoIf aGg] cj;/ kfO;s]
lthdf hlt;'s} 6f9f eP klg 5f]/Lr]nL dfOt hfg rfxG5g\ . pvfg g} 5
dfOtLsf] s's'/ Kof/f] eGg] . dfOtLaf6 lng cfPsf bfh', a'af, efOsf ;fy
nfu]/ dfOtL k'u]sL r]nLn] cfkm\gf afNosfn latfPsf 7fpF, ;fyL ;FlugL,
cfkm\gf k|f0feGbf Kof/f cfdfa'afsf sfvdf a;L latfPsf] If0f clj:d/0fLo
aGb5 .
pko'{St k[i7e"lddf lthsf] rf8 k|To]s jif{ dL7f] cfsfª\Iff / k|tLIff af]s]/
cfpg] u5{ . o; ;Gbe{df o;sf] ;a}eGbf dxŒjk"0f{ kIf uLt ufog;Fu /x]sf]
5 . o; kj{df gf/L dgsf efjgf s';'d ljleGg ¿kdf km'Ng] / nx/fpg]
u5{g\ . o;a]nf dlGb/, 3f6, rf}/, rf}tf/L, j/kLknsf rf}tf/Ldf dlxnfx¿sf
;'l/nf :j/df u'lGhPsf uLt, g[Tosf] 5d5d, xftsf] yk8Ldf wtL{ g} ;ËLtdo
aGb5 . o:tf] pNnf;do jftfj/0fdf x/]ssf] dg /dfO/x]sf] x'G5 . nfU5,
wtL{df :juL{o cfgGbsf] cg'ej x'G5 . r]nLa]6Lx¿ cfˆgf] kL/, b'Mv, bb{
la;]{/ /ftel/ hfu|fd a;]/ bf]xf]/L jf h'xf/L klg v]N5g\ . cTof;nfUbf] 3/fo;L
sfdaf6 To;lbg dlxnfn] pGd'lSt kfPsf] cg'ej u5{g\ . o; cj;/nfO{
ljifo agfO{ ufOPsf uLtx¿ o;k|sf/ 5g\ M
jif{ lbgsf lthdf afaf lng cfpg' ef],
k7fPgg\ 3/sfn] kmsf]{ hfg' ef] .
uf]7 hfFbf ;;'/fn] 3fF;sf d'7f kN6fpgL,
leq hfFbf ;f;"n] cfFvf emNsfpgL .
:jfdLHo" d'v x]¿F eg] v'g vfPsf af3 e}Fm,
;f;"sf] d'v x]¿F eg] kf]Ng] cfuf e}mF .
?Fbf?Fb} uP/ lkF9Ldf a:g] xf],
s;sf] d'v x]/]/ leq k:g] xf] .
lthsf] kj{df ufOg] uLt 7fpFcg';f/ ljleGg lsl;dn] 3GsG5g\ eg] oL uLtsf
af]n, no / efjfy{ ;d]t leGgfleGg} / y/L y/Lsf x'G5g\ . uLtx¿ h'g k|sf/sf
eP klg o;} kj{ ljz]ifdf ufOg] ePsfn] ltgnfO{ ;femf ¿kdf lthsf uLt
eGg] ul/Psf] kfOG5 / tL uLt o;} gfdn] lrlgG5g\ klg . uLtx¿df syfgs
klg ldl;Psf] x'G5 . s'g} uLtx¿ r'6\s] vfnsf klg x'G5g\ .
@=@= lth uLtsf] ljifoj:t'
lth uLt ljz]if u/L gf/Lx¿n] dfq ufpg] x'gfn] k|foM gf/Lk|wfg ljifoj:t'

bLklzvf ÷ 25
 o;df ;d]l6Psf] x'G5 . gf/L j]bgfsf] cleJolSt, n}ª\lus lje]bk|lt c;Gt'li6,
c;dfg Jojxf/af6 d'lStsf] rfxgf h:tf gf/Lsf nflu Ps sbd cl3 a9\g]
;dfh ;'wf/sf] cfx\jfg u/]sf] kfOG5 . lth uLtdf Pp6} r'8\sfnfO{ nfdf]
;do;Dd bf]x¥ofP/ ufOG5 . o; uLtdf al/n}, x] lg, lkof/fh}, :jfdL /fhf
cflb h:tf y]uf] / r'6\sfx¿sf] a9L k|of]u kfOG5 . 36gfk|wfg uLtdf o:tf
y]uf] sd g} k|of]u ePsf] kfOG5 . Pp6L gf/Ln] uLt lems]kl5 c¿n] ;fd"lxs
¿kdf ToxL uLt nfdf] ;do;Dd ufpg] rng 5 . sltko uLtx¿df bfz{lgstf
klg kfOG5 .
lthsf uLtx¿ kxf8L If]qsf gf/Lx¿sf] ;fdflhs Oltxf;sf ;"qx¿ x'g\ . oL
uLtx¿df afn ljjfx / cgd]n ljjfxn] NofPsf ;d:ofx¿, ;f;"sf] k|tf8gf
/ lyrf]ldrf]n] hGdfPsf kL8fx¿, ;+:sf/ut / ;fdflhs ljlwn] lbPsf b'Mv
/ bb{x¿nfO{ cleJoSt ul/Psf] x'G5 . lthsf uLtx¿n] r]nLsf cfdfafa',
lbbLalxgL / bfh'x¿k|ltsf] k|]d, afNosfn / hGd:ynsf] ;Demgf dfq k|:t't
ub}{gg\, ;fdflhs oyfy{x¿nfO{ klg /fd|/L b]vfpF5g\ PSn}, bf]xf]/Lsf ¿kdf /
;fd"lxs ¿kdf ufOg] lthsf uLtx¿n] ;dfhdf gf/Lsf l:yltnfO{ /fd|/L :ki6
u/]sf 5g\, o; s'/fsf] k'li6 tnsf] uLtn] u/]sf] 5 M
ca d}n] s] u/L vfgL
s eg]sf] cIf/} ghfgL
bfh'efO SofDk;sf] cf]/fnf]
d 5f]/LnfO{ s'6f] / sf]bfnf]
d}n] 8fF8f] sf6];L ;/Ss
;a}nfO{ x'g]5 km/fs
afaf eGg] 5f]/LnfO{ bfOhf]
3/df eGg] kms]{/ gcfOhf]
lx+F8\bflx+F8\b} af6f]df eL/ k¥of]
of] slnnf] pd]/df kL/ k¥of] .
rf/ efO 5f]/f a'afsf] sfvdf
d 5f]/LnfO{ csf{sf] ;fydf
oL uLtx¿ k"jL{ kxf8df ;FlugL nodf k|:t't x'G5g\ . ;x/Ls/0fsf] a9\bf]
ult, g]kfnsf ljljw hfltx¿sf] k/Dk/f / a;fOF;/fOh:tf sf/0fn] ubf{ cfh
lthsf uLtx¿sf] k|rng 36\b} uPsf] 5 . dWo g]kfnsf] kxf8L If]qdf k|rlnt

26 ÷ bLklzvf
lthsf] uLt / t/fO{ If]qdf kfOPsf uLtdf km/skg e]l6G5 . sltko lthsf
uLtx¿df wfld{s ljifoj:t' ;d]l6Psf] x'G5 eg] sltko uLtx¿df ;fdflhs
ljifoj:t' ;d]l6Psf] x'G5 . ljz]if u/L clwsf+z lth uLtdf gf/Lsf j]bgf,
b'Mv / u'gf;f] kf]lvPsf x'G5g\ h:t} M
k9\g b]gg\ a'af / cfdfn]
b'j} hgf clzlIft x'gfn]
k9\g hfcf}F t eGby] ;fyL
3/sf] wGbf cfOnfUof] ddfly
kxf8df hGd ef] xfd|f]
lzIffljgf hLjg g/fd|f]
hlGdP/ e"ldnfO{ eof] ef/
lzIffljgf eljio 5 cGwsf/
Pp6f hLjg csf{sf] aGbuL
cGwsf/df glatfpFm lhGbuL
k9\g] a]nf uf]7fnf] ;/f;/
sfnf] cIf/ ef] e}F;L a/fa/
3fF; sf6\5' s'/s'/] nx/f
slt u/f}F eL/ / kx/f
s] n]v]5 efjLn] lgwf/df
?Fb} lxF8\5' vf]nfsf] lsgf/df
lthsf cj;/df dfOtLdf e]nf x'Fbf vf; u/L b/ vfg] lbgsf] /flt / lths}
lbg j|t a:bf lthsf] uLt ufOG5 . k"jL{ g]kfnsf] kxf8L If]qdf gf/Lx¿ ;FlugL
nodf uLt ufpF5g\ . t/ ;j{q g} oL uLtx¿df gf/L hLjgsf OR5f / cfsfª\
Iff tyf b'Mvk"0f{ cg'ejx¿sf] cleJolSt b]lvG5 . clxn] lthsf uLtdf
zf]if0fsf lj?4sf] gf/L ljb|f]x / ;~r]tgfsf :j/ klg ;'lgg yfn]sf 5g\ .
c+z klg rflxFb}g bfOhf] klg rflxFb}g
5f]/f h:tf] lzIff b]pm ca 5f]/LnfO{ .
sGof bfg 7"nf] bfg xf]Ogf cfdf ltdLnfO{
bfg lbG5f} eg] b]pm lzIff xfdLnfO{ .
afpcfdfsf xfdL 5f]/L w]/} hgf eP/
afafcfdf k9fpm ca ;Gtfg ;De]m/ .
3fF; bfp/f ;f]Q/ :ofpnf xf]Og ca s6fpg]

bLklzvf ÷ 27
 P]g aGof] cfdf ca 5f]/L k9fpg] .
5f]/L klg afaf ltd|f] d'6'sf] Tof] 3fpm
k9\g n]Vg kfP eg] /fV5g\ cfˆgf] gfpFm .
afnljjfx / ax'ljjfxsf hfndf k/]sf gf/Lx¿sf] cft{gfb / s?0f ufyf lthsf
uLtx¿df k|ltlalDat 5g\ . jif{ lbgsf] lthdf dfOtL lng cfpnfg\ eg]/ k|tLIff
ug]{ gf/Lsf] dgf]bzfsf] lrq0f lth uLtx¿df kfOG5 -aGw', @)%* M !^$_ .
lth dlxnfx¿sf] ;a}eGbf dxŒjk"0f{ rf8 xf] . lthdf lth kj{ ljz]ifs} uLtsf]
k|rng 5 . oL uLtnfO{ lth uLt jf lthsf uLt elgG5 -cfrfo{, @)^@ M
##_ . lthdf ufOg] uLtx¿ ljleGg ljifo;Fu ;DalGwt 5g\ . ltgsf gf/Lsf
OR5f, 3/, dfOtL ;d:of, 3/ dfOtL ubf{ af6fdf x'g] b'3{6gf, 5f]/f5f]/Lk|ltsf]
e]befj, b]jL b]jtfk|ltsf] elSt, u/uxgf / kf];fsk|ltsf] df]x, ;fdflhs
kl/jt{gsf] rfxgf cflb k|s6 ePsf] kfOG5 .
;'g ;'g :jfdL lthsf j|t ef]ln
ca t dsg b]pm w"k 5fofsL rf]nL
dndnsL tf}ln b]pm tL; xftsL kml/of
c;n /ªlj/ªsf b]pm g r'/f xl/of
b/ vfg] lbgdf ahf/ 3/df
;f;" klg ;fydf
Pp6f ;]n d vfG5' eg]/ xftdf
o;/L g]kfnL lxGb" dlxnfx¿sf] Ps dfq ljz]if rf8 lth xf] . of] kj{ efb|
z'Sn låtLofb]lv k~rdL;Dd dgfOg] ul/G5 . lthdf gf/L dgsf ps';d's';
/ kL8fnfO{ 5tf5'Nn x'g] u/L uLtsf dfWodaf6 hg;d'bfo ;fd' cfpF5 . b/
vfg] lbgb]lv lnP/ k~rdLsf] k"hf gu/];Dd gf/Lx¿ Jo:t /xG5g\ . olb kj{df
ufOg] uLt lthsf uLt jf lth uLt x'g\ . dlxnfsf] jif{lbg] pGd'lSt kj{sf
pNn]v u/fO lthdf gf/Ln] cfkm\gf 5l/Psf] dgnfO{ ;+sNkdf afFw]/ Psfu| kfg]{
ljlwut j|t al;G5 . lthdf ufOg] uLtdf gf/L ljb|f]x, ;zStLs/0f, lje]b,
3/]n' lx+;f, g}ltstfdf cfFr h:tf s'/fx¿nfO{ ;d]l6Psf] x'G5 . k':tf}Fk':tfb]lv
x:tfGtl/t eP/ cfˆgf] lth kj{ / lth uLt g]kfnL dlxnfsf] snf / unf
;+;f/e/ k|l;l4 a9]sf] b]lvG5 . dlxnfsf] hg;+Vof sl/a %! k|ltzt 5
eg] /fHo ;~rfng k|ltlqmofdf ToxL k|ltzt /fVg'kg]{ nufotsf y'k|} dfu
clwsf/sdL{x¿n] ul//x]sf 5g\ . dlxnf d}qLsf s'/f, j+zdf clwsf/, s'/Llt
/ k|yfsf gfddf ePsf lx+;fsf s'/f klg lthsf efsfdf ;d]l6Psf b]lvG5g\ .

28 ÷ bLklzvf
#= lgisif{
lth uLt nf]s uLtsf] kj{ uLtcGtu{t kb{5 . g]kfnL lxGb" dlxnfn] dgfpg]
lthkj{n] wfld{s ¿kdf w]/} dxŒj /fVb5 . efb| z'Sn låtLofb]lv k~rdL;Dd
dgfOg] o; rf8 >L dxfb]jsf] k"hf / cf/fwgf ug]{ kj{ xf] . lthsf] kf}/fl0fs
dxŒj klg lgs} 5 . dlxnfsf] jif{lbg] pGd'lSt kj{sf ¿kdf lthnfO{ klg
pNn]v ul/G5 . lthsf ljleGg af]nsf] uLt ufpg] ul/Psf] 5, h;df afn
ljwjfsf] lanf}gf, lthdf dfOtL hfg gkfPsf], lth, dfOtL b]z, gf/L j]bgf,
cFw]/L vf]nf, 5f]/Lsf] lanf}gf, cfOh sfn, kf]/ lthdf, afn ljjfx, r]nL /Dg]
rf8, 5f]/L, 5f]/Lsf] hGd xf/]sf] sd{, 5f]/Lsf lanf}gf cflb kb{5g\ . lthkj{
/ lthdf ufpg] uLtn] a|fx\d0f ;d'bfosf gf/L / ;dfhsf tTsfnLg oyfy{nfO{
phfu/ u/]sf] 5 .
;Gbe{ ;fdu|L ;"rL
cof{n, dw'= …o;/L dgfcf}F lthÚ= -ljljw_ sflGtk'/= sf7df8f}F M sflGtk'/ klAns];G;
-k|f=_ ln=, @)&@ .
cfrfo{, afa'/fd= k'/fgf slj / sljtf= nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg, @))# .
cfrfo{, Clifs]z= nlntk'/sf u|fdL0f If]qsf nf]s uLtsf] cWoog / ljZn]if0f -zf]wkq_=
sf7df8f}F M g]kfn s]Gb|Lo ljefu, @)%^ .
cfrfo{, uf]ljGb= nf]s uLtsf] ljZn]if0f= sf7df8f}F M k}/jL k|sfzg, @)^@ .
pkfWofo, s]zjk|;fb= ;flxTo k|sfz= nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg, @)$$ .
uf}td, ;fljqL= …lth uLtdf u'Dbf] df}lnstfÚ= -ljljw_ sflGtk'/= sf7df8f}F M sflGtk'/
klAns];G; -k|f=_ ln, @)&@ .
hf]zL, ;Todf]xg= …nf]s uLtsf s]xL emNsfÚ= k|ult= jif{ #= cÍ @= k"0ff{Í !$, @)!@ .
=== === ===, xfd|f] nf]s ;+:s[lt= sf7df8f}F M /Tg k':ts e08f/, @)!$ .
lqkf7L, jf;'b]j= l;+xfjnf]sg= nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg, @)#! .
yfkf, wd{/fh / ;'j]bL= x+;k'/]= g]kfnL nf]s;flxTosf] ljj]rgf= sf7df8f}F M lq=lj=kf7\
oqmd ljsf; s]Gb|, @)$! .
g]kfn …ofqLÚ, k"0f{ k|sfz= …g]kfnL nf]s uLtÚ -ljrf/ d~r_ dw'ks{ jif{ !%= cÍ *,
@)#( .
k/fh'nL, s[i0fk|;fb= g]kfnL nf]s uLtsf] cfnf]s= sf7df8f}F M jL0ff k|sfzg k|f=ln=,
@)%& .
k/fh'nL, df]tLnfn / lu/L= hLj]Gb| b]j= g]kfnL nf]s ;flxTosf] ¿k/]vf= nlntk'/ M
;femf k|sfzg, @)^* .

bLklzvf ÷ 29
 le8Gt syfdf If0f, hflt / kof{j/0f
dx]z lIflth
!= ljifo kl/ro M ;}¢flGts cfwf/
k|:t't cWoogsf] zLif{s le8Gt syfdf k|o'St If0f, hflt / kof{j/0fsf]
ljZn]if0f /x]sf] 5 . le8Gt syfsf n]vs gog/fh kf08] -lj=;+= @)@#_
x'g\ . kf08]sf vf]/leqsf] hf]s/ -@)^)_, lgbfPF hubDaf -@)^)_ / rsn]6
-@)^(_ h:tf syf ;ª\u|x k|sflzt 5g\ . syfsf cltl/St kf08]sf
pkGof;x¿ klg rlr{t /x]sf 5g\ .
syf uBdf n]lvg] Pp6f ;flxlTos ljwf xf] . syf Psf]2]Zodf s]lGb|t hLjgsf]
oyfy{ / cg'e"ltnfO{ ;zSt ¿kn] cleJoSt ug]{ 5f]6f] uBfTds ;flxlTos
ljwf xf] . ;flxlTos s[ltsf] cf:jfbg / cWoogaf6 ;dfhdf h'g dfgl;s
k|efj kb{5, ToxL g} s[ltut k|efjsf] ;fdflhstf xf] . ;fdflhs ljifoj:t' /
;fdflhs kof{j/0fsf rfkaf6 k|fKt cg'ej /fzLnfO{ k|s6 ul/Psf] ;flxlTos
s[lt k|sflzt jf k|rfl/t ul/gf;fy Ps ;fj{hlgs j:t' aGb5 / To;n]
;fj{sflns cl:tTj lng k'Ub5 . n]vssf] o'uaf]w, p;n] lrq0f u/]sf]
k|hflt tyf kof{j/0fsf cfwf/df klg syfnfO{ ljZn]if0f ug{ ;lsG5 . k|:t't
syfnfO{ cWoog ug]{ ;fwg jf cfwf/ lxKkf]nfO6 t]gsf] ;flxTosf] ;dfh
zf:qLo ;}4flGts kof{wf/ If0f, hflt / kof{j/0f /x]sf] 5 . ljZj Oltxf;df
;dfh zf:qsf hGdbftf cu:t sf]Dt] -!&(*–!*%&_ dflgP klg ;flxTosf]
;dfh zf:qnfO{ ;}4flGts cfwf/ lbg] sfd lxKkf]nfO6 t]g -;g\ !*@*–!*(#_
n] u/]sf x'g\ . ;dfh / ;flxTosf] ;DaGwaf/] Jojl:yt / ;}4flGts ¿ksf]
cWoog lxKkf]nfO6 t]gaf6} k|f/De ePsf] xf] . logn] ;flxTonfO{ ;dfhsf
af/]df yfxf kfpg] d"n ;|f]t dfg]sf 5g\ . t]gn] ;flxTonfO{ ;dfhsf] bk{0fsf
¿kdf JofVof ub}{ k|ToIfjfbL ljw]ojfbL l;4fGtsf] :yfkgf u/] .
t]g ;flxTosf] ljj]rgf ubf{ ;fdflhs ;Gbe{df hf]8 lbg'kg],{ ;|i6fsf] JolStTjnfO{
30 ÷ bLklzvf
dxTTj lbg'kg]{ / /rgfdf ;fdflhs ;Tosf] vf]h ug'k{ g]{ s'/f cf}NF ofpF5g\ . pgL
;a} dfgjLo pTkfbg cem ljz]if u/]/ snfTds pTkfbgnfO{ ljz]iftfsf] klxrfg /
sf/0fsf] vf]h ug'k{ g]{ tYo Pj+ 36gf dfGb5g\ . pgL ;a} k|sf/sf snfnfO{ dfgj
r]tgfsf] cleJolSt dfGb} To;nfO{ lgikIf Pj+ j}1flgs b[li6n] x]gk{' g]{ s'/f u5{g\ .
o;/L pgL snf Pj+ ;flxlTos s[ltnfO{ ;fdflhs 36gf Pj+ tYosf ¿kdf x]gk{' g],{
ltgsf] pTklQsf] JofVof ubf{ sfo{sf/0f ;DaGw :yflkt ug'k{ g],{ cWoogdf lgikIf,
j:t'ut Pj+ j}1flgs b[li6 ckgfpg'kg]{ / s'g} klg snfs[ltnfO{ dfgj r]tgfsf]
cleJolSt dfGg'kg]{ s'/f cf}NF ofpF5g\ . pgL snf tyf ;flxTo;Fu wd{, bz{g,
k'/f0f, efiff cflbnfO{ klg ;Da4 dfGb5g\ . t]g ;flxlTos s[ltnfO{ ;fdflhs
pTkfbg dfGb} ;j{ky| d pTkfbs / To;kl5 pTkfbgsf] kl/l:yltdf Wofg lbG5g\ .
pgL snfnfO{ dg'iosf] dfgl;stfsf] pkh dfGb5g\ . o;/L pgsf cufl8 h'g
dfgl;stfaf6 snfsf] l;h{gf x'G5, Tof] dfgl;stf s;/L l;lh{t x'G5 < eGg]
k|Zg pleg cfpF5 . oxL k|Zgsf] pQ/df pgL If0f, k|hflt / kof{j/0fsf] l;4fGt
k|ltkfbg ug{ k'U5g\ .
-s_ If0f
t]gsf] ;flxTo ljZn]if0fsf] dxŒjk"0f{ cfwf/ If0f xf] . ;flxTosf/ tyf snfsf/n]
ef]u]sf] tyf afFr]sf] o'usf] k|ltlaDa ;flxTodf cleJoSt x'G5 . ;flxTosf]
cWoogaf6 ;flxTon] cleJoSt u/]sf] o'u tyf ;dosf dflg;x¿sf] cj:yfaf/]
af]w x'G5 . t]gsf cg';f/ Ps o'udf s'g} ljrf/sf] k|wfgtf /x]sf] x'G5 / To;sf]
Ps lsl;dsf] af}l4s 9fFrf klg /x]sf] x'G5, h;n] ;Dk"0f{ ;dfhs} lrGtgnfO{
k|efljt u/]sf] x'G5 -kf08]o, ;g\ @))^ M !@%_ . n]vs tyf snfsf/ cfˆgf]
o'usf] ljifodf ;r]t x'G5 . To;sf/0f p;n] s[ltdf JoSt u/]sf] o'u Pp6f ljz]if
:d/0fLo ;dosf ¿kdf /x]sf] x'G5 . If0fnfO{ t]gn] ljz]if u/L sfn, o'u ljz]if
/ o'u r]tgfsf] ¿kdf k|of]u u/]sf] kfOG5 -h}g, !((@ M @#_ . t]gsf cg';f/
Pp6f o'udf af}l4s ;fFrf]sf] ¿kdf s'g} k|wfg ljrf/ /x]sf] x'G5 . To;n] k"/}
;dfhsf] lrGtg tyf Jojxf/nfO{ k|efljt kf/]sf] x'G5 / hLjgsf ;a} If]qdf
km}lnPsf] x'G5 . nfdf] ;dokl5 o:tf] ljrf/sf] la:tf/} x|f; x'Fb} hfG5 / csf]{
gofF ljrf/ k|wfg ljrf/sf] ¿kdf /xg k'U5 . o;sf ;fy} o;n] /fli6«o k|ltef
/ ;dsfnLg kl/j]z;Fu hf]l8P/ gofF k|sf/sf] lrGtg / l;h{gfsf nflu k|]/0ff
lbG5 -kf08]o, @))^ M !@%_ . o;af6 h'g;'s} o'udf klg Pp6} lsl;dsf]
dfGotf /lx/xg ;Sb}g eGg] s'/f :ki6 x'G5 .
t]gn] ;flxTonfO{ bk{0f;Fu t'ngf u/]/ ;flxTonfO{ lglZrt o'usf] ;TonfO{

bLklzvf ÷ 31
 cleJoSt ug]{ dfWod dfg]sf 5g\ . pgL ;flxTosf/n] s[ltdf cfkm" afFr]sf]
o'usf] k|ltlaDa ptf/]sf] x'G5 eG5g\ . ;fy} o;nfO{ :ki6 kfg{ pgn] Pp6f
ztfAbL / csf]{ ztfAbLsf] ;flxTonfO{ t'ngf u/L Pp6f o'udf Ps k|sf/sf]
/ csf]{ o'udf csf]{ k|sf/sf] ;fdflhs kl/l:ylt /x]af6 of] s'/f :ki6 x'G5
eg]sf 5g\ -If]qL, @)^$ M @#_ . s'g o'u / ;dfhdf s:tf] lsl;dsf] ljrf/
k|wfg lyof] eGg] s'/f ghfGbf ;dfh zf:qLo cWoogsf] cf}lrTo klg x'Fb}g .
bk{0fn] dfgjsf] k|ltlaDa b]vfP h:t} ;flxTon] klg s'g} o'u tyf ;dosf]
k|ltlaDanfO{ k|:t't ub{5 . t;y{, ;flxTosf] ;dfh zf:qLo cWoogdf If0fnfO{
klg cWoogsf] cfwf/ agfOPsf] 5 .
-v_ k|hflt
t]gn] k|hfltsf] wf/0ffnfO{ ;jf{lws dxŒj lbPsf 5g\ . pgsf cg';f/ ;flxTodf
;dfhsf k|hfltx¿sf] kblrXgsf] k|efj x'G5 . pgn] k|hfltcGtu{t dflg;sf
j+zfg'ut ljz]iftf tyf dfgl;s Pj+ zf/Ll/s ;+/rgfsf] JofVof u/]sf 5g\ .
j+zfg'ut u'0f eg]sf] s'g} k|hfltdf klxNo}b]lv /xL cfPsf] ljz]iftf xf] . /h
Pj+ jLo{sf dfWodaf6 Tof] u'0f Ps k':tfaf6 csf]{ k':tfdf ;b{5 . /h Pj+
jLo{sf dfWodaf6 cfdf / afa'sf ljz]iftfnfO{ jxg ug]{ jfxsf0f'sf sf/0f
dflg;x¿ ljljw cfs[lt, j0f{ / ljz]iftfsf x'G5g\ . jfxsf0f'n] j+z k/Dk/fb]lv
zf/Ll/s Pj+ dfgl;s ;+/rgfdf ;dfg ljz]iftf ;b}{ cfpF5 .
t]gsf cg';f/ jf:tjdf dfG5] ljleGg hfthflt ag]/ ljZjel/ g} lkmFlhP/ /x]
klg k|To]s dfG5]df p;sf] d'Vo hfltut ljz]iftf /x]sf] x'G5 . pm hxfF k'u]
klg p;n] k|f/Dedf l;s]sf cfˆgf hfltut ljz]iftfx¿ h:tf] vfgkfg, af]nfO,
lxF8fO, /Lltl/jfh, ;+:sf/ cflb p;sf] cfbz{sf ¿kdf /lx/xG5g\ -h}g, !((@
M @@_ . gsf/fTds k|efj k/] klg dfG5]n] cfˆgf] ;fdflhs ;+:sf/nfO{ sxLF
g sxLF cjnDag u/]s} x'G5 . t]gsf cg';f/ ;Dk"0f{ ;flxTo lrGtgsf] nIo
;dfhsf] dfgj hflt tyf k|hfltaf/] hfGg' xf] . s[ltsf] ;h{s / s[ltdf JolSt
ePsf] dfgjsf af/]df hfGgsf lglDt ;flxTosf] cWoog cfjZos x'G5 . s'g}
klg ;flxlTos s[lt cfsfzaf6 cjtl/t ePsf] x'Fb}g . k|To]s k':ts s'g}
;dosf k|hfltx¿sf] 5fof tyf vf]n h:tf] x'G5 . h;/L k|f0fLsf] cjz]if /
vf]naf6 k|frLg k|f0fLsf] cWoog ug{ ;lsG5, To;/L g} s[ltsf] cWoogaf6
dfgj k|hfltsf] cWoog ug{ ;lsG5 . o;/L t]gn] k|hfltnfO{ ;flxTosf] ;dfh
zf:qLo cWoogsf lglDt Pp6f d'Vo ljifosf ¿kdf lnP .
-u_ kof{j/0f

32 ÷ bLklzvf
 ;flxTosf] ;dfh zf:qLo cWoogdf t]gn] k|hflt / If0f h:t} kof{j/0fnfO{
klg d'Vo cfwf/sf ¿kdf lnPsf 5g\ . d"ntM t]gn] k|fs[lts kof{j/0fnfO{
dxŒj lbP tfklg To;df ;fdflhs kl/j]znfO{ klg ;dflji6 u5{g\ . pgL
eG5g\, …;+;f/df dflg; PSn} x'Fb}g, p;sf rf/}lt/ k|s[lt x'G5, ;dfh x'G5 .
p;sf cflbd k|j[lQ tyf k|hfltut ljz]iftfx¿ ef}lts ;fdflhs kl/l:ylt /
36gfx¿af6 k|efljt x'G5g\ .Ú -kf08]o, @))^ M !@%_ pgn] kfqsf] :jefj
/ p;sf] k|fs[lts ;fdflhs kl/j]zsf aLr sfo{sf/0f ;DaGw :yflkt ug]{
sf]l;; u/]sf 5g\ . o;/L pgn] k|fs[lts Pj+ ;fdflhs kl/j]zsf] k|efj kfqdf
kg]{ x'Fbf kl/j]zsf k[i7e"lddf kfqsf rfl/lqs ljz]iftfx¿sf] ljZn]if0f ug{
;lsg] s'/fnfO{ cf}FNofPsf 5g\ .
t]gsf ljrf/df kl/j]z;DaGwL l;4fGt ;flxTosf] sfo{sf/0f ;DaGwnfO{ k"0f{
JofVof ug]{ l;4fGt xf] -h}g, !((@ M @$_ . pgL kl/j]zcGtu{t xfjfkfgL tyf
e"uf]nnfO{ dxŒj lbG5g\ / ;flxTosf] ;"Id ljZn]if0fdf ;fdflhs / /fhgLlts
kl/j]znfO{ klg ;flxTo;Fu hf]8\g] k|of; u5{g\ -h}g, !((@ M @%_ . o;/L
aflx/L kl/j]zn] dfG5]nfO{ k|efj kfb{5 . To;}n] ;flxTosf/ afFr]sf] ;dfhsf]
k|fs[lts / ;fdflhs k|efj ;flxTodf klg k5{ . ctM ;flxTosf] ;dfh
zf:qLo cWoogdf kl/j]znfO{ klg d'Vo cfwf/sf ¿kdf u|x0f ul/Psf] 5 .
@= le8Gt syfsf] ljZn]if0f
@=! cfVofg ;Gbe{
le8Gt syfsf] ;fdflhs k[i7e"ld ;z:q o'4do kl/j]z /x]sf] 5 . @)%@ ;fn
kmfu'g ! b]lv g]kfndf ;z:q o'4 cf/De eof] . o;sf] ;~rfns tTsfnLg
g]skf dfcf]jfbLn] o;nfO{ ;fdGtjfbL pTkL8gsf lj?4sf] hgo'4sf] gfpF
lbof] . oyfy{df Tof] Pp6f ju{ ;ª\3if{ lyof] . hgo'4sf] o; kl/36gfn] l;ª\
uf] /fli6«o hLjg k|efljt eof] . To; k|efjsf ljleGg cfofdx¿ b]lvP .
tTsfnLg /fHokIfn] o;nfO{ cftª\ssf] ;+1f lbof] / /fHokIf / ljb|f]xL
dfcf]jfbLaLrdf o'4sf] jftfj/0f k}bf eof] . ;fdflhs :t/df klg o;sf
kIf / ljkIf jf ;dy{g / lj/f]wsf Jojxf/x¿ b]vf k/] . g]kfndf rn]sf]
åGå / To;sf sf/0f lgbf]{if hgtfn] lhpg'k/]sf] kL8fbfos hLjgsf] oyfy{
lrq0f o; syfn] u/]sf] 5 . h'Dnfdf a:g g;Sg] jftfj/0f ePkl5 hLjg
rnfpg] /x/ af]s]/ hutaxfb'/ g]kfnuGh ljdfg:yndf cf]ln{Psf] k|;ª\uaf6
syfsf] lgdf{0f ePsf] 5 .
h'Dnfaf6 Kn]g r9]sf] hutaxfb'/ g]kfnuGh ljdfg:yndf cf]ln{Pkl5 v';L
bLklzvf ÷ 33
 b]lvG5 . h'Dnfdf ePsf] Pp6f 3/ klg ;'/Iffkmf}hn] cfuf] nufOlbPkl5 pm
ToxfFaf6 efu]/ g]kfnuGh uPsf] xf] . kfFr jif{cufl8 p;sL >LdtL aRrf
kfpg g;s]/ d/]sL lyO{ . Pp6f ePsf] ;Gtfg klg ;'/Iffkmf}hn] cftª\sjfbL
eg]/ dfl/lbPkl5 hutaxfb'/sf lbgx¿ b'MvbfoL eP . /fHokIf / ljb|f]xL
dfcf]jfbLsf aLrdf emg\ 7"nf] o'4 rls{of] . 5/l5d]sLx¿ sf]xL ;b/d'sfd
efUg yfn] eg] sf]xL e"ldut eP/ hª\un k;] . 5f]/fsf] lsl/of ;lsPkl5
;'/Iffkmf}hn] p;sf] 3/df cfP/ cftª\sjfbLsf] 3/ eGb} cfuf] nufOlbP .
To;kl5 hutaxfb/ h'Dnf a:g ;s]g . pm g]kfnuGh em¥of], ;fydf lznflht
/ lhDa' lnP/ . lznflht / lhDa' a]r]/ sf7df8f}F hfg] clg un}Frf a]Rg]
;kgf b]v]sf] lyof] p;n] . Tof] lbg p;n] g]kfnuGhsf] jfu]Zj/L dlGb/glhs
lznflht / lhDa' a]Rof] . k};f k|fKt ePkl5 p;df hLjgk|lt pT;fx knfP/
cfof] . p;n] s]xL lbgd} sf7df8f}F hfg] of]hgf agfof] . Tof] /ft pm ToxL
jfu]Zj/L dlGb/df ;'Tof] . /flt ;kgfdf p;n] l;kfxLnfO{ df/]sf] ;kgf b]Vof] .
Ao'Fem]kl5 p;nfO{ cfˆgf] ;kgfk|lt lbSbf/ nfUof] . ;fFlRrs} dfG5] df/]sf] h:tf]
ck/fwaf]wn] pm u|:t eof] . v/fa ;kgf u|xbzf v/fa ePkl5 g} b]lvG5 eGg]
s'/f jiff}{+cufl8 p;n] afahLaf6 ;'g]sf] lyof] . cfˆgf] u|x s6fpg p;n] ToxfFsf]
j8f k|x/L sfof{nodf ;xf/f lnof] . OG:k]S6/nfO{ nnfOkmsfO{ u/]/ Ps 306fsf
nflu cfkm"nfO{ y'lglbg cfu|x u¥of] . OG:k]S6/n] p;nfO{ y'g]afkt lznflht
/ lhDa' lnof] . ToxL a]nf k|x/L sfof{nocufl8 ad k8\lsof] . OG:k]S6/n]
csf]{ OG:k]S6/nfO{ kmf]g u/]/ 8\o'6Ldf af]nfP/ pm 36gf:ynlt/ uof] . Ps
306f lat]kl5 hutaxfb'/n] lrRofP/ ca 9f]sf vf]lnlbg'xf];\ eGof] . To;
;dodf cs}{ OG:k]S6/ ePsfn] p;n] 9f]sf vf]Ng dfg]g . hutaxfb'/n] Tof]
OG:k]S6;Fu ;a} s'/f eGof] t/ p;n] kTofPg . hutaxfb'/nfO{ y'Gg] OG:k]S6/
kmls{Pg . kl5 yfxf eof]– Tof] OG:k]S6/nfO{ df]6/;fOsndf cfPsf b'O{ o'jsn]
uf]nL xfg]/ df/]5 / o'js efu]5 . hutaxfb'/nfO{ s]/sf/ ul/of] . OG:k]S6/nfO{
dfg]{ o;s} ;fyL x'g\ ls eGg] zª\sf ul/of] . s]/sf/ ubf{ eStaxfb'/ o;s}
5f]/f] xf] eGg] yfxf kfPkl5 k'ln;n] p;nfO{ 5f8]g . hutaxfb'/n] k|x/L;fd'
b'v];f] kf]Vof] . t/, p;sf] s'/f kTofOPg . cGTodf p;dfly uf]nL rnfOof] .
pm d¥of] . lznflht / lhDa' k|x/Ln] lnP . hutaxfb'/sf] sf7df8f}F uP/ gofF
hLjg lgjf{x ug]{ ;kgf tf;sf] 3/ em}F etfe'ª\u eof] . ef]lnkN6 kqklqsfdf
le8Gtdf cftª\ssf/Lsf] d[To', d[tssf] gfd hutaxfb'/ dxt ;ª\u|fd eg]/
;dfrf/ cfof] . o;/L o; syfsf] syfgs ;lsG5 .

34 ÷ bLklzvf
@=@= le8Gt syfdf k|o'St If0f
If0f;DaGwL ;fIox¿
;fIo ! M Kn]g g]kfnuGh ljdfg:yndf cf]ln{Pkl5 pm s]xL 9'Ss eof] .
cfZj:t eof] . ca t afFlrof] eGg] efj b]lvof] p;sf] cg'xf/df .
;fIo @ M cxF, 3/ clnslt klg :ofxfg{ kfPg p;n] . Ps}l5gdf cfuf]n]
o;/L 89fof] ls 3/;Fu} p;sf] s]–s] hNof] s]–s] .
;fIo # M hxfg p;sL kfFr jif{cl3 g} v;]sL . bf];|f] aRrf hGdfpg
g;s]/ .
;fIo $ M 5f]/f] dfl/Pkl5sf lbg p;sf nflu eofgs si6s/ / kL8fbfos
eP . pm 3/df PSnf] eof] .
;fIo % M To;kl5 ;'/Iffkmf}hn] p;nfO{ klg dhfn] s'6lk6 u¥of] .
;fIo ^ M cGttM OG:k]S6/ /fhL eof] . p;n] cfˆg} k|x/L sfof{nosf] ;fgf]
vf]/df p;nfO{ y'lglbof] .
;fIo & M p;sf] dlyª\undf e'OFrfnf] uof] . pm vf]/df a;]/ ?g–s/fpg
yfNof] . dnfO{ vf]/af6 d'lSt lbg'k¥of] eGg yfNof] .
;fIo * M h'Dnfdf h:t} ToxfF klg p;sf] ofrgf ;'lgPg . ToxfF klg pm To;}
u/L /f]Psf] lyof] . oxfF klg To;} u/L /f]Psf] lyof] . oxfF klg To;}
u/L ?Fb} 5 .
;fIox¿sf] ljZn]if0f
;fIo ! n] åGåsfndf h'Dnfdf a:g g;s]/ g]kfnuGh k'u]sf] hutaxfb'/n]
ca afFlrG5 eGg] cfz u/]sf] If0fsf] af]w u/fPsf] 5 .
;fIo @ n] åGåsfndf ;'/Iffkmf}hn] hutaxfb'/sf] 3/nfO{ hnfOlbPsf] /
To; cfuf]af6 hutaxfb'/n] ;DklQ ;a} v/fgL ePsf] If0fsf]
af]w u/fPsf] 5 .
;fIo # n] kfFr jif{cufl8 aRrf hGdfpg g;s]/ hutaxfb'/sL >LdtL
d/]sf] If0fsf] af]w u/fPsf] 5 .
;fIo $ n] ;'/Iffkmf}hn] cfˆgf] 5f]/f] eStaxfb'/nfO{ cftª\sjfbLsf]
cf/f]kdf df/]kl5 hutaxfb'/sf lbgx¿ b'MvbfoL / si6s/ ePsf]
If0fsf] af]w u/fPsf] 5 .
;fIo % n] cfˆgf] 5f] / f] eStaxfb' / nfO{ cftª\ s jfbLsf] cf/f] k df

bLklzvf ÷ 35
 ;'/Iffkmf}hn] dfl/lbPkl5 hutaxfb'/nfO{ klg s'6lk6 u/]/ oftgf
lbPsf] If0fsf] af]w u/fPsf] 5 .
;fIo ^ n] g] k fnuGhsf] jfu] Z j/L dlGb/df ;' t ] s f] hutaxfb' / n]
;'/IffsdL{nfO{ df/]sf] ;kgf b]v]sf] / u|xbzf s6fpg k|x/L
sfof{nodf uP/ OG:k]S6/;Fu Ps 306f cfkm"nfO{ y'lglbg cfu|x
u/]kl5 OG:k]S6/n] hutaxfb'/nfO{ vf]/df y'g]sf] If0fsf] af]w
u/fPsf] 5 .
;fIo & n] cfkm"nfO{ y'Gg] OG:k]S6/nfO{ c1ft ;d"xn] df/]sf] / ToxfF cs}{
OG:k]S6/ cfPsfn] hutaxfb'/nfO{ vf]/af6 lgsfNg gdfg]kl5 pm
cflQPsf] If0fsf] af]w u/fPsf] 5 .
;fIo * n] hutaxfb'/nfO{ vf]/af6 lgsfNg k|x/Ln] gdfg]kl5 h'Dnfdf /f]P
h;/L g} g]kfnuGhdf pm /f]Psf] If0fsf] af]w u/fPsf] 5 .
le8Gt syfdf d"ntM @)%@ ;fnb]lv g]kfndf k|f/De ePsf] ;z:q åGåsf]
If0f k|d'v ¿kdf k|:t't ePsf] 5 . h'Dnfdf a:g] jftfj/0f gePkl5 Hofg
hf]ufpg g]kfnuGh k'u]sf] hutaxfb'/df afFRg] cfzfsf ls/0f knfPsf] If0faf6
syf k|f/De ePsf] 5 . h'Dnfdf ePsf] 3/nfO{ ;'/Iffkmf}hn] 89fOlbPkl5
hutaxfb'/sf] h'Dnf a:g] lbg ;lsPsf] If0f k|:t't ePsf] 5 . kfFr jif{cufl8
aRrf hGdfpg g;s]/ >LdtLsf] d[To' ePsf] / To;nuQ} 5f]/f eStaxfb'/nfO{
;'/Iffkmf}hn] cftª\sjfbLsf] cf/f]kdf df/]kl5 hutaxfb'/sf] hLjg si6s/
ePsf] If0f k|:t't ePsf] 5 . ufpF3/df a:g g;Sg] l:ylt k}bf ePkl5
5/l5d]sL sf]xL ;b/d'sfddf uP/ n'Sg] u/]sf] / sf]xLrflxF e"ldut eP/
hª\un k;]sf] If0f syfdf k|:t't ePsf] 5 . 5f]/fsf] lsl/of u/]/ l;l4Psf]
s]xL lbgd} ;'/IffsdL{ cfP/ eSt]sf] afa' tF g} xf]Og;\ < eGb} hutaxfb'/nfO{
s'6lk6 u/]sf] / ;DklQsf gfddf ToxL Pp6f /x]sf] 3/ klg 89fOlbPsf] If0f
syfdf cfPsf] 5 . h'Dnfaf6 g]kfnuGh cfpFbf hutaxfb'/n] lznflht /
lhDa' klg NofPsf] / To;nfO{ a]r]/ cfPsf] k};fn] sf7df8f}F uP/ un}Frf a]Rg]
/x/ u/]sf] 5 . cfˆgf] /x/cg';f/ p;n] s]xL lznflht / lhDa' a]r]/ k};f xft
kf/]kl5 p;df hLjgk|lt pT;fx knfPsf] If0f k|:t't ePsf] 5 . g]kfnuGhsf]
jfu]Zj/L dlGb/d} hutaxfb'/ ;'t]sf], /ftel/ nfdv'§]n] 6f]s]sf], ;kgfdf Pshgf
l;kfxLnfO{ df/]sf], cfkm"n] b]v]sf] ;kgf ;lDemP/ hutaxfb'/ lbSbf/ ePsf] /
;fFlRrs} dfG5] df/]sf] h:tf] ck/fwaf]wn] pm u|:t ePsf] cg]s If0f syfdf
cfPsf 5g\ . ;kgfdf u/]sf] xTofsf] Ifdfofrgfsf nflu j8f k|x/L sfof{nodf
;xof]u lnPsf], ToxfF uP/ OG:k]S6/nfO{ Ps 306f vf]/df cfkm"nfO{ y'lglbg
36 ÷ bLklzvf
cfu|x u/]sf], OG:k]S6/n] p;nfO{ y'lglbPsf], y'Gg] OG:k]S6/nfO{ c1ft ;d"xn]
uf]nL xfg]/ dfl/lbPsf], ToxfF cs}{ OG:k]S6/ cfPsf] / Ps 306f lat]kl5 klg
cfkm"nfO{ vf]/af6 aflx/ glgsfn]kl5 hutaxfb'/ lrRofPsf] h:tf cg]s
If0fx¿ syfdf k|:t't ePsf 5g\ . gofF OG:k]S6/n] hutaxfb'/nfO{ vf]/af6
aflx/ lg:sg glbPkl5 pm lg/fz ePsf] If0f k|:t't 5 . k|x/Ln] p;nfO{ s]/sf/
ubf{ pm eStaxfb'/sf] afa' ePsf] / pm klg cftª\sjfbL g} xf] eGg] zª\sfs}
e/df hutaxfb'/nfO{ uf]nL xfg]/ df/]sf] If0f syfdf cfPsf] 5 . ;du|df
syfn] @)%@ ;fnb]lv g]kfndf rn]sf] tTsfnLg dfcf]jfbL / ;/sf/ kIfsf
aLrsf] ;z:q åGåsf] If0fnfO{ lrgfpg] p2]Zo lnPsf] b]lvG5 .
@=#= le8Gt syfdf k|o'St k|hflt
k|hflt;DaGwL ;fIox¿
;fIo ! M pm h'DnL . h'Dnf p;sf] 3/ . t/, ca p;sf] h'Dnfdf 3/ 5}g .
;fIo @ M To;kl5 Hofg hf]ufP/ efUg'k¥of] p;n] . h'Dnf 5f8\g'k¥of] p;n] .
;fIo # M lgs} kl5 dfq Pp6f kqsf/n] …ltd|f] 5f]/f] ;'/Iffkmf}h;Fusf] le8Gtdf
dfl/of]Ú eGg] va/ Nofof] . To;kl5 p;n] 5f]/fsf] nf;lag}
sfhlsl/of u¥of] .
;fIo $ M Ps/ft p;n] 5f]/fnfO{ e}F;Ln] nv]6]sf] ;kgf b]v]sf] lyof] .
;kgfsf af/]df eGbf 5f]/fn] xfF;f]df p8fPsf] lyof] .
;fIo % M h'DnL g xf] . d h:tf] x'GYof] . ;f]emf] . uf]Hofª\u|f] .
;fIo ^ M ;a}eGbf klxnf jfu]Zj/L dlGb/sf] bz{g u¥of] . cfzLjf{b dfUof] /
dlGb/s} aflx/ ;8sdf lznflht / lhDa'sf] kf]sf] vf]n]/ a:of] .
;fIo & M xfdL d"nf /ut r';fpgs} nflu t hGd]sf . p;n] nfdv'§]l;t
cfTd;dk{0f u¥of] / lgbfof] .
;fIo * M h'DnL 5fFufaf6 v;]h:tf] eof] . t}klg lxDdt xf/]g . …d}n] em'6f]
af]n]sf] xf]Og xh'/ Û gkTofP csf]{ ;fanfO{ ;f]lwaS:of];\ .Ú
;fIox¿sf] ljZn]if0f M
;fIo ! n] hutaxfb'/ h'Dnfdf hlGdPsf] If]qL s'nsf] g]kfnL hflt
xf] / p;n] åGåsfndf lj:yflkt ePsf ;Dk"0f{ g]kfnL hfltsf]
k|ltlglwTj u/]sf] s'/fnfO{ hfgsf/L u/fPsf] 5 .
;fIo @ n] åGåsf] r]kj' fdf k/]/ g]kfnLx¿n] h'g si6s/ hLjg latfP, To;sf]
k|ltlglwTj hutaxfb'/n] u/]sf] 5 eGg] hfgsf/L u/fPsf] 5 .

bLklzvf ÷ 37
 ;fIo # n] g]kfnLx¿ cfˆgf] k/Dk/feGbf k/ hfg ;Sb}gg\ eGg] dxfhfltut
u'0fsf] kl/ro lbG5 .
;fIo $ n] g]kfnLx¿df ;kgfdf ljZjf; ug]{ h'g k/Dk/f 5, Tof] cem}
klg lg/Gt/ rln/x]sf] 5 eGg] s'/fsf] af]w u/fPsf] 5 .
;fIo % n] h'Dnfdf a;f]af; ug]{ hutaxfb'/ h:tf clzlIft g]kfnLsf]
;f]emf]kgsf] kl/ro lbG5 .
;fIo ^ n] g]kfnLx¿ s'g} klg sfd ug'c { ufl8 cfkm"n] dfGg] eujfgsf] k|fy{gf
u5{g\ / sfd cufl8 a9fpF5g\ eGg] s'/fnfO{ ;ª\s]t u/]sf] 5 .
;fIo & n] zf]lift kLl8t lgDg juL{o g]kfnLsf] hLjgrof{sf] kl/ro lbPsf] 5 .
;fIo * n] h'DnL hutaxfb'/sf dfWodaf6 g]kfnLx¿sf] lxDdt gxfg]{
u'0fsf] kl/ro lbG5 .
gog/fh kf08]sf] le8Gt syfn] g]kfnL dxfhflt tyf k|hfltx¿sf] klg klxrfg
u/fPsf] 5 . Odfgbf/Lsf] sdfOaf6 afFRg rfxg] g]kfnLx¿n] tTsfnLg åGåsf]
r]k'jfdf k/]/ Hofg u'dfpg'k/]sf] oyfy{ 36gf syfdf cleJoSt ePsf] 5 .
syfsf] s]Gb|Lo kfq hutaxfb'/ tTsfnLg åGåaf6 kLl8t lgDg juL{o rl/q
xf] . cfˆg} kf}/vdf afFRgsf nflu euL/y k|of; ug]{ g]kfnLx¿sf] ljz]iftfnfO{
hutaxfb'/n] af]s]sf] 5 . b]zdf tTsfnLg ljb|f]xL dfcf]jfbL / ;/sf/ kIfsf
aLrdf o'4 rls{Pkl5 h'g cK7\of/f] kl/l:ylt l;h{gf ePsf] lyof], Tof] cK7\
of/f] kl/l:yltsf] l;sf/ hutaxfb'/ / p;sf] kl/jf/sf ;b:o ePsf 5g\ .
hutaxfb'/sL >LdtL hf] plrt 8fS6/ / cf}ifwLsf] cefjdf aRrf hGdfpg
g;s]/ d/]sL 5] . hutaxfb'/sf] 5f]/f] eStaxfb'/ hf] lgbf]{if lyof] t/ klg p;nfO{
;'/Iffkmf}hn] cftª\sjfbL eg]/ ckx/0f u/]sf] s]xL lbgkl5 dfl/lbPsf] 5 .
o;/L hutaxfb'/sL >LdtLn] b'u{d If]qsf gf/Lsf] k|ltlglwTj u/]sL 5 eg] 5f]/f]
eSt]n] cgfxsd} uf]nLsf] l;sf/ aGg afWo lgbf]{if g]kfnLsf] k|ltlglwTj u/]sf]
5 . hutaxfb'/df g]kfnLdf x'g'kg]{ ;f/f u'0f /x]sf 5g\ . b]zdf o'4 rls{Pkl5
lgbf]{if hgtfsf] lbgrof{df ;ª\s6 k}bf eof] . ;'/Iffkmf}hn] 5f]/f] dfl/lbPkl5
hutaxfb'/n] g]kfnL k/Dk/fcg';f/ sfhlsl/of u/]sf] 5 . h'Dnfaf6 lj:yflkt
eP/ g]kfnuGh k'u]kl5 hutaxfb'/df afFRg] ;fx; knfPsf] 5 . cfˆgf] ;fydf
nu]sf] lznflht / lhDa' a]r]/ cfPsf] k};fn] sf7df8f}Fdf un}Frf a'Gg] p;sf]
;kgfn] pm :jfledfg g]kfnL xf] eGg] ;ª\s]t u5{ . ;kgfdf b]v]sf] s'/fnfO{
;xL dfGg] / u|xbzf s6fpg k|x/L sfof{nodf uP/ Ps 306f cfkm"nfO{ y'lglbg
cfu|x ug]{ hutaxfb'/n] ;f]emf g]kfnLsf] k|ltlglwTj u/]sf] 5 . hutaxfb'/
åGåsf sf/0f cfˆgf] k'Vof}{nL ynf] h'Dnf 5f8]/ g]kfnuGh efUg ljjz ePsf]
38 ÷ bLklzvf
åGåkLl8t g]kfnLsf] k|ltlglwTj ug]{ kfqsf ¿kdf syfdf k|:t't ePsf] 5 .
u|xbzf s6fpgsf nflu cfkm"v; ' L h]n k;] klg cGTodf p;dfly cftª\sjfbLsf]
cf/f]kdf uf]nL rnfOPsf] 5 . 5f]/f] cftª\sjfbL ePkl5 afa' klg cftª\sjfbL
g} x'G5 eGg] sdhf]/ dfgl;stf af]s]sf ;'/IffsdL{sf sf/0f Hofg u'dfpg afWo
lgbf]{if hgtfsf] k|ltlglwTj hutaxfb'/n] u/]sf] 5 .
@=$= le8Gt syfdf k|o'St kof{j/0f
kof{j/0f;DaGwL ;fIox¿
;fIo ! M h'Dnf 5f8\g'k¥of] p;n] . km]l/ h'Dnf kms{g kfOPnf gkfOPnf,
hn]sf] 7fpFdf km]l/ csf]{ 3/ agfpg kfOPnf gkfOPnf .
;fIo @ M Tolta]nf h'Dnfsf] x]Ny kf]:6df g 8fS6/ lyof] g x]Ny cl;:6]G6 .
x'g t afFsL g]kfnsf nflu h'Dnfdf :ofpafx]s s] 5 / <
;fIo # M lgs} kl5 dfq Pp6f kqsf/n] ltd|f] 5f]/f] ;'/Iffkmf}h;Fusf] le8Gtdf
dfl/of] eGg] va/ Nofof] .
;fIo $ M 5/l5d]sLx¿ ls ;b/d'sfd efUg yfn] ls wdfwd hª\un a:g
yfn] .
;fIo % M eSt]sf] sfhlsl/of l;l4Psf] s]xL lbgkl5 Ps x'n ;'/IffsdL{
p;sf] 3/df cfP . ;f]w]– eSt]sf] afp t}F xf];\ < p;n] x'F eGof] .
To;kl5 ;'/Iffkmf}hn] p;nfO{ klg dhfn] s'6lk6 u¥of] .
;fIo ^ M /flt p;nfO{ nfdv'§]n] v'a} 6f]s] . p;n] cfklQ hgfPg . 6f]s\
hlt 6f]Sg dg nfU5 . hlt ;S5;\ r';\ /ut .
;fIo & M Ps 306f laTof] . vf]/sf] 9f]sf v'n]g . clg h'DnL lrRofof], …
xh'/, ca 9f]sf vf]lnaS:of];\ .Ú
;fIo * M pgLx¿n] 7fg] 5f]/fsf] d[To'sf] abnf lng / s'g} 7"n} of]hgf
sfof{Gjogsf] l;nl;nfdf of] g]kfnuGh cfOk'u]sf] xf] .
;fIox¿sf] ljZn]if0f
;fIo ! n] g]kfnsf] kxf8L ljs6 lhNnf h'Dnfsf] kof{j/0fsf ;fy}
;'/Iffkmf}hn] cfuf] nufOlbP/ tx;gx; ePsf] hutaxfb'/sf]
3/sf] kl/j]znfO{ hgfPsf] 5 .
;fIo @ n] 8fS6/ / x]Ny cl;:6]G6ljxLg h'Dnfsf] c:ktfnsf] kof{j/0f
/ :ofp kmNg] ToxfFsf] ef}uf]lns kl/j]znfO{ a'emfPsf] 5 .
;fIo # n] ;Gtfgsf gfddf Pp6} dfq ePsf] 5f]/f] klg ;'/Iffkmf}hn]

bLklzvf ÷ 39
 dfl/lbPkl5 hutaxfb'/sf] bogLo l:yltsf] kl/ro lbPsf] 5 .
;fIo $ n] tTsfnLg g]kfnsf] åGåfTds kof{j/0fnfO{ ;ª\s]t u/]sf] 5 .
;fIo % n] @)%@ ;fnb]lv ;'? ePsf] åGå / To; åGådf ;j{;fwf/0f
hgtfn] cgfxsdf b'Mv v]Kg'k/]sf] b'Mvb\ kl/j]znfO{ ;ª\s]t
u/]sf] 5 .
;fIo ^ n] g]kfnuGhsf] jfu]Zj/L dlGb/sf] kl/j]znfO{ hgfPsf] 5 .
;fIo & n] g]kfnuGh k|x/L sfof{nosf] h]nsf] kof{j/0fnfO{ k|:t't u/]sf] 5 .
;fIo * n] åGåsfndf Pp6f g]kfnLn] csf]{ g]kfnLnfO{ ljZjf; ug{ g;Sg]
kl/j]znfO{ ;ª\s]t u/]sf] 5 .
le8Gt syfsf] kl/j]z klg tTsfnLg If0fsf] kl/kf]ifs ag]/ b]vf k/]sf] 5 .
;flxTo ;dfnf]rgfsf] cfwf/sf ¿kdf /x]sf] kof{j/0f k|:t't syfdf kfqsf
a;p7, ef]hg, af]nLrfnL / /xg;xg;Fu ;DalGwt 5 . åGåkLl8t lgDg
juL{o dflg;x¿n] ef]Ug'k/]sf] si6s/ kl/j]z syfdf k|:t't ePsf] 5 .
syfdf h'Dnfsf] ef}lts, ;fdflhs kl/j]z / g]kfnuGhsf] ef}lts, ;fdflhs
kl/j]z k|:t't ePsf 5g\ . g]kfndf @)%@ ;fnb]lv rn]sf] tTsfnLg ljb|f]xL
dfcf]jfbL / ;/sf/ kIfsf] o'4n] xTof, lx+;f a9]sf] kof{j/0fnfO{ a'emfPsf]
5 . dfcf]jfbLsf] cf/f]kdf ;'/IffsdL{n] w]/} lgbf]{if hgtfsf] xTof u/]sf] /
;'/Iffkmf}h;Fusf] l/; hgtfdfly kf]Vbf dfcf]jfbLn] w]/} lgbf]{if hgtfnfO{
df/]sf] lx+;fTds kof{j/0f syfdf k|:t't ePsf] 5 . ;'/Iffkmf}hn] zª\sfs}
e/df lgbf]{if hgtfsf] 3/df cfuf] nufP/ ufpF a:tL v/fgL agfOlbPsf] kl/j]z
syfdf k|:t't ePsf] 5 . hutaxfb'/sL :jf:gL kfFr jif{cl3 g} aRrf kfpg
g;s]/ dg'{, 8fS6/ tyf x]Ny cl;:6]G6 sf]xL gx'g', c:ktfn g'xg', lzIffsf]
/fd|f] Joj:yf gx'g', df]6/af6f] gk'Ug' cflb ;"rsx¿ k|:t't syfsf kl/j]z
x'g\ . h'Dnfaf6 Kn]g r9]/ g]kfnuGh cf]ln{Psf] hutaxfb'/n] g]kfnuGhsf]
kof{j/0f;Fu ;fIffTsf/ u/]sf] 5 . g]kfnuGhsf] jfu]Zj/L dlGb/df hutaxfb'/
;'t]sf] / nfdv'§]n] /ftel/ 6f]s]sf] k|;ª\uaf6 g]kfnuGhsf] udL{ kl/j]z syfdf
k|:t't ePsf] :ki6 x'G5 . ;kgfdf l;kfxL df/]sf] b]v]kl5 Tof] ckzs'g xf] eGb}
u|xbzf s6fpg'k5{ eGg] hutaxfb'/ afFr]sf] ?l9u|:t dfGotf;lxtsf] ;fdflhs
kl/j]z syfdf k|:t't ePsf] 5 . Ps 306f y'g]/ 5fl8lbg] ;t{df vf]/df
y'lgPsf] hutaxfb'/ slxNo} glg:sg] u/L y'lgg'k/]sf] kl/j]z syfdf k|:t't
ePsf] 5 . c1ft ;d"xn] OG:k]S6/nfO{ uf]nL xfg]/ df/]sf] kl/j]z, OG:k]S6/
dfl/Pkl5 emg} qf;bLk"0f{ ag]sf] g]kfnuGhsf] kl/j]z syfdf k|:t't ePsf]
5 . OG:k]S6/ dfl/Pkl5 hutaxfb'/sf] hLjgdf ;ª\s6sf] kl/j]zsf] cfudg
40 ÷ bLklzvf
 ePsf] 5 . ;'/IffsdL{sf gh/df pm cftª\sjfbL ePsf] / ;''/IffsdL{n] p;nfO{
s7f]/ oftgf lbPsf] kl/j]z syfdf k|:t't ePsf] 5 . d cftª\sjfbL xf]Og,
lgbf]{if h'DnL hutaxfb'/ x'F eGb} u/]sf] cg'go ljgo g;'g]/ k|x/Ln] p;nfO{
uf]nL rnfPsf] kl/j]z syfdf k|:t't ePsf] 5 . o;/L k|:t't syfdf h'Dnf
/ g]kfnuGhsf] ef}uf]lns ;fdflhs kof{j/0fsf ;fy} ;z:q åGåsf] kof{j/0f
klg ;zSt ¿kn] cfPsf] 5 .
#= lgisif{
syfsf/ gog/fh kf08]åf/f lnlvt le8Gt syfdf tTsfnLg g]kfnsf] bz jif]{
åGånfO{ k|d'v If0f agfOPsf] 5 . ljb|f]xL dfcf]jfbL / ;/sf/ kIfsf aLrdf
rn]sf] o'4n] lgbf]{if hgtfn] ;f:tL ef]Ug'k/]sf] oyfy{ 36gfnfO{ k|:t't syfn]
cleJoSt u/]sf] 5 . tTsfnLg ljb|f]xL dfcf]jfbLnfO{ bafpg ;/sf/ kIfaf6
ul/Psf] bdg / hgtfn] ef]u]sf] kL8fnfO{ lrq0f ug{ syf ;kmn ePsf] 5 .
syfdf Odfgbf/Lsf] sdfOaf6 afFRg rfxg] g]kfnLx¿n] tTsfnLg åGåsf] df/df
k/]/ Hofg u'dfpg'k/]sf] kL8fnfO{ k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . syfsf] s]Gb|Lo kfq
hutaxfb'/ / p;sf] 5f]/f] eStaxfb'/ tTsfnLg åGåsf] df/ v]Kg] lgDg juL{o
g]kfnL dxfhflt x'g\ . ef}lts / ;fdflhs kof{j/0fsf ¿kdf g]kfnsf] kxf8L
lhNnf h'Dnf / t/fO{sf] lhNnf g]kfnuGh cfP klg d"ntM @)%@ ;fnb]lv
g]kfndf k|f/De ePsf] bz jif]{ ;z:q åGåsf] kof{j/0fnfO{ syfn] ;zSt ¿kdf
lrq0f u/]sf] 5 . o;/L lxKkf]nfO6 t]gsf] If0f, k|hflt / kof{j/0f;DaGwL
;dfh zf:qL l;4fGtcg';f/ le8Gt syf ;zSt Pj+ ;kmn ;fdflhs syfsf
¿kdf b]vf kb{5 .
;fGble{sf
If]qL, pbo= ;dfh zf:qLo b[li6df OGb|axfb'/ /fO{sf cfVofgsf] cWoog= ljBfjfl/lw zf]w
k|aGw= lqe'jg ljZjljBfno g]kfnL s]Gb|Lo ljefu, @)^$ .
h}g, lgd{nf= -cg' tyf ;Dkf_= ;flxTosf ;dfh zf:qLo lrGtg= bf]=;+= lbNnL M df]8{g
6fpg, ;g\ !((@ .
kf08], gog/fh= rsn]6= sf7df8f}F M ;fª\lu|nf k':ts k|f=ln= afuahf/, @)^( .
kf08], d}g]h/= ;flxTo s] ;dfh zf:qL sL e"ldsf= r08Lu8 M xl/of0ff ;flxTo csfbdL,
;g\ @))^ .

bLklzvf ÷ 41
 c;n / k|efjsf/L JolStTj lgdf{0f
/fdafa' g]kfn
JolStTj s] xf] <
JolStTj xfdL ;a}sf] kl/rfos tTTj xf] . gfdn] xfdLnfO{ c¿;Fu lrlgg] cfwf/
k|bfg ub{5 / ;Daf]wgnfO{ ;lhnf] agfpF5 . s'g} JolSt s:tf] 5 eg]/ ;f]lwof] jf
hfGg vf]lhof] eg] d'VotM d'xf/, zfl//Ls agf]6sf] l:ylt, klx/g, ;/;kmfO h:tf
afx\o ¿kdf b]lvg] s'/fx¿ / cfGtl/s u'0fx¿ -1fg, Jofjxfl/s s'zntf, z}lIfs
of]Uotf, cGtj{}olSts ;DaGw /fVg] ;Lk / pknlAw_ cflb af/] cfjZostf jf
;Gbe{cg';f/ rrf{ ul/G5 . oL ;a} tTTjx¿sf] ;du|tfaf6 JolStTj ag]sf] x'G5 .
s'g} k'?if jf dlxnfsf] afx\o ;'Gb/tfn] xfd|f] Wofg lvRb5 t/ rl/q / ;fdflhs
u'0fx¿n] dgdf :yfg lnPsf] x'G5 . s'g} JolStsf] ljifodf lg0f{o lng'kbf{ xfdLn]
aflx/L ¿kdf b]lvg] s'/fx¿eGbf a9L rl/q / cfGtl/s u'0fx¿nfO{ cfwf/ lbPsf
x'G5f}F . JolStTj lgdf{0fdf cfGtl/s u'0fx¿sf] ljsf; ug'{sf ;fy} aflx/ b]lvg]
s'/fx¿ -d'VotM ;/;kmfO / klx/g_ df klg Vofn /fVg'kb{5 . JolStTj ;DaGwL
ck]Iff / To;sf u'0fx¿sf ;DaGwdf xfd|f] ;dfg a'emfO gx'g ;S5 . To; af/]df
Pp6} dfGo kl/efiff kfpg sl7g 5 .;fdfGo dflg;sf] JolStTjaf/]sf] b[li6sf]0f
;}4flGts ¿kdf ljsl;t ul/Psf kl/efiffhlt Jofks geP klg ltgLx¿sf] ;f/
ldNbf] x'g ;S5 . ;fdfGo dflg;nfO{ c;n / k|efjsf/L JolStTj ePsf dflg;
s:tf x'G5g\ eg]/ ;f]lwof] eg] Odfgbf/, ;Ifd, lqmofzLn / st{Jolgi7 x'g'kg]{ /
afx\o ¿kdf klg cfsif{s b]lvg'kg]{ hafkm kfOg]5 .
JolStTj lgdf{0f ultzLn k|lqmof xf] . o;sf s]xL ljz]iftf÷u'0fx¿ :yfoL k|s[ltsf,
;a} k];f jf Joj;fodf nfUg]x¿af6 ck]Iff ul/g] jf ;j{sfnLg -ljgd|tf, c¿sf]
ljrf/ / efjgfsf] sb/, ;lxi0f'tf, lgi7f, g}ltstf cflb_ x'G5g\ eg] s]xL k];f
jf Joj;fo ljz]ifnfO{ ;'xfpFbf] x'g'kb{5 h'g ab\lng klg ;S5g\ . Ps ;}lgs
clws[t, lghfdtL sd{rf/L, Joj;foL, cWofks, u}/ ;/sf/L lgsfodf sfo{/t

42 ÷ bLklzvf
clwsf/Ldf ;dfhn] ck]Iff ug]{ k];fut jf Jofj;flos u'0f km/s x'G5g\ .
dflg;n] ;do ljz]ifdf ;Dxfn]sf] kb / ;'lDkPsf] lhDd]jf/Lcg'¿k cfr/0f /
sfo{;Dkfbg ug{ g;s] JolStTjdf x|f; cfpg]5 . JolStTjnfO{ ck]lIft tLg
lsl;dsf -JolStut, ;fdflhs tyf Jofj;flos÷k];fut_ u'0fx¿sf] pRrtd
k|flKt / ;dli6ut cleJolSt (Composite Expression) eGg ;lsG5 .

;dfh ablnFbf] 5 . s]xL bzs otf lj1fg / k|ljlwsf If]qdf cfPsf] ce"tk"j{
kl/jt{gn] dfgj r]tgfdf lgs} lj:tf/ ePsf] 5 . o;n] ubf{ JolStTj ljsf;
ug{ rfxg] JolStn] cWoog / ?lrsf] If]q a9fO{ 1fgsf] lIflthnfO{ km/flsnf]
agfpg'kb{5 . dflg;df cGtlglx{t lgDg u'0fx¿n] ubf{ JolStTj ljsf;sf] rfxgf
k|an eP/ b]vf kb{5 .
-s_ r]tgzLntf –
dflg; r]tgzLn 5 . ljleGg 36gfx¿ Eff]u]/, b]v]/ jf ;'g]/} klg dflg; v';L jf
b'MvL clg ;+j]bgzLn aGb5 / To;af/] k|ltlqmof JoSt ug{ vf]Hb5 . ;fdfGotM
;dfhdf eO/x]sf] 36gf / To;af6 kg]{ ;sf/fTds jf gsf/fTds k|efjaf6
r]tgzLn dflg; lg/k]If /xg ;Sb}g . clxn] lj1fg / k|ljlwsf If]qdf ePsf]
ce"tk"j{ ljsf;n] ;dfh / d'n'sx¿nfO{ w]/} glhs NofOlbPsf] 5 . o;n] cfkm\
gf] jl/kl/ dfq geP/ 6f9f / cGo b]zdf 36]sf 36gfk|lt klg dflg;n] rf;f]
/fVg / cdfgjLo sfo{x¿sf lj?4df P]Soa4tf b]vfpg yfn]sf 5g\ . x/]s
JolStn] JoSt ug]{ k|ltlqmofdf cfkm\gf] efjgf k|ltlalDat xf];\ eGg] rfx]sf] x'G5 .
g/fd|f 36gfx¿ ;s];Dd k'gM 36\g gkfpmg\, To;af6 Iflt gxf];\ eGg] rfxgfn]
ljleGg pkfox¿sf] vf]hLdf Ifdtfcg';f/ nfu]sf] x'G5 . p;sf k|lta4tf, ;Lk
/ sd{sf] ljj]rgf ;dfhn] ul//x]sf] x'G5 . h;sf] ;Lk / sd{n] ;dfhsf] Wofg
lvRg ;kmn x'G5 / ;d'bfonfO{ k|efljt ub{5 p;sf] JolStTjsf] prfO a9\5 .

bLklzvf ÷ 43
-v_ ;fdflhstf –
dflg; ;fdflhs k|f0fL x'gfn] ;dfhdf jf ;d"xdf a:g rfxG5 . ;fdflhs u'0fs}]
sf/0f JolStn] cfk"mnfO{ ;dfhdf kl/lrt u/fpg], cufl8 a9fpg] / :yflkt ug]{
k|oTg u5{ . To;sf nflu p;n] cfkm\gf] Jojxf/ / ;fdflhs dfGotfleq /x]/
Jojxf/ kl/jt{g ug{ rfx]sf s'/f klg ;dfhnfO{ :jLsfo{ xf];\ eGg] rfxgf /fv]sf]
x'G5 h'g cToGt :jfefljs klg 5 . To:t} ;dfhdf ePsf s'/Llt / ?9Lu|:t
dfGotf abNg] / Gofok"0f{ / ;dtfd"ns ;fdflhs k|0ffnL ljsf; ug]{ / To;nfO{
:jLsfo{ agfpg] rfxgf ;dfh ;'wf/sdf x'G5 . o;sf nflu p;n] s]xL ;fdflhs
u'0fx¿ -c;n ;|f]tf, ;+jfbstf{, ;xof]uL, gofF dflg;;Fu kl/ro a9fpg rfxg]
/ ;dfhdf kl/jt{g ug{'kg]{ s'/fx¿nfO{ tfls{s 9ª\uaf6 k|:t't ug]{ Ifdtf cflb_
sf] ljsf; ug{'kb{5 .
-u_ ultzLntf —
dflg; ;w}F cfkm"nfO{ cfhsf] cj:yfaf6 cufl8 n}hfg] pkfox¿sf] vf]hLdf
x'G5 . dflg; gofF 7fFpdf hfg, gjLg j:t' b]Vg / gofF s'/f ;'Gg rfxG5 .
ædflg; o:tf] k|f0fL xf] hf] k|s[ltsf] tTIf0fsf] jf:tljstf;Fu cfkm"nfO{ cEo:t
/ Psfsf/ u/fP/eGbf a9L oyfl:yltk|ltsf] c;Gt'li6n] lgb]{lzt eP/ lg0f{o
u5{ . oyfl:yltk|ltsf] of] c;Gt'li6 ;DejtM dfgj hfltsf] ljsf;sf] qmddf
k|fKt ljlzi6 u'0f xf] . ;fob oxL u'0fsf sf/0f dflg;n] olt k|ult u/]sf] 5 .Æ1
ultzLn x'g] jf oyfl:yltaf6 cufl8 a9\g] qmddf cfkm"nfO{ s'g lbzftkm{ n}hfg
rfxG5, kl/jf/, k];f / ;dfhk|ltsf] p;sf] bfloTjnfO{ sg ¿kdf u|x0f ub{5
To;n] p;sf] ;kmntf / k|efjnfO{ lgb]{lzt u/]sf] x'G5 . To;df ;kmn x'g] gx'g]
s'/f ljleGg tTTjx¿sf ;fy}] k|lta4tf, ;Lk ;fy} cj;/nfO{ lrGg] / pkof]u
ug]{ Ifdtfdf lge{/ /xG5 . To;}n] ultzLntf;Fu} p;sf] Ifdtfdf j[l4 x'Fb} hfg'
h?/L 5 .
c;n / k|efjsf/Lsf] cy{
c;n / k|efjsf/L k/:k/df ;Da4 / kl/k"/s ljifo x'g\ . c;n zAbk|ltsf]
df]xn] ubf{ xfdL cfkm\gf :jhg / afnaRrfnfO{ c;n aGg k|]l/t ul//x]sf x'G5f}F .
c;nkg d'VotM JolStut u'0f -Odfgbf/L, ljgozLntf, lzi6tf / ;xof]uL
cflb / cGtj}{olSts ;DaGw sfod ug]{ ;Lk_ ;Fu ;DalGwt x'G5 . c;n
dflg;x¿df rl/q, g}ltstf, lgi7f, gd|tf jf zfnLgtf (Humility), ;sf/fTds

1 ;/f]h lwtfn – pHofnfsf aLp, ;f+lu|nf a'S;, @)&@, k[i7 !!^

44 ÷ bLklzvf
b[li6sf]0f, dfgjLo d"NodfGotfk|lt cfb/ / ;f]xLcg';f/sf] Jojxf/ h:tf u'0fx¿
x'G5g\ . g}ltstf cfbz{ dfgjLo :jefj cyjf g}lts st{Jo ;DaGwL lj1fg
xf] . æg}ltstf JolStTjnfO{ cfGtl/s ¿kdf k"0f{tf lbnfpg] lbzfdf ul/g] dfgjLo
lqmofsnfk xf] .2 g}ltstfnfO{ clwsf/ / st{Jolarsf] cGt/ yfxf kfpg' /
st{Jodf hf]8 lbg] Ifdtf / u'0f eGg ;lsG5 .
k|efjsfl/tfn] d'VotM k];f÷Joj;fo;Fu ;DalGwt jf ;'lDkPsf] lhDd]jf/L
s'zntfk"j{s ;DkGg ug]{ p2]Zo tyf nIo xfl;n ug]{ IfdtfnfO{ hgfpF5 .
dflg; c;n 5 eg] klg cfkm\gf] p2]Zo xfl;n ug{ ;Ifd 5}g eg] p;n] ;dfhdf
;sf/fTds k|efj kfg{ sl7g x'G5 . c;nkgsf] ;fy{stfaf/] k|ZglrGx v8f x'g
;S5 . s'g} JolStn] cfkm\gf] kbLo clwsf/ / pknAw ;|f]tsf cfwf/df cfk\
mgf] rfxgf / k|lta4tf k'/f ug{ ;S5 t/ c;nkgsf] cefjdf k];fdf ;kmn
eP klg p;sf] JolStTjsf] k|efj kg{ sl7g x'G5 . 5f]6f] ;dodf pRr kbdf
k'u]sf], Jofkf/ Joj;fodf cfkm"nfO{ rfF8f] :yflkt u/]sf], zlSt ;~ro / pkof]u
ug{ ;Sg] JolStnfO{ k|efjsf/L dflgPsf] kfOG5 . To;n] ;kmntf ePsf] 5gs
cjZo lbG5 t/ ;kmntf Toltd} ;Lldt x'Fb}g . wg / zlStsf] cf8df dfq xfl;n
ul/Psf] ;kmntfsf] ;'jf; lbuf] /xg ;Sb}g . To;}n] cfkm\gf] JolStTj lbuf] xf];\
eGg] rfxgf /fVg]n] dflg;sf] dg lhTg'kg]{ x'G5 .
c;nkg sfod /fv]/ k|efjsf/L x'g ;Sg]n] dfq ;dfhdf >4f cfh{g ug'{sf ;fy}
cflh{t pknlAwsf] ;'jf; 6f9f;Dd km}nfpg ;S5 . xfdLn] sltko dflg; cfkm\gf]
If]q -k];f jf Joj;fo_ df ;kmn / k|efjsf/L eP klg cGtj{}olSts Jojxf/
z}nL ?vf] ;fy} :jefjut, ljrf/ut leGgtfsf] Vofn Pj+ cfb/ gug]{ / c¿sf
k|lt cfb/ efj gePsf] dx;'; u/]sf 5f}F . To:tf JolStn] ;dfhdf oyf]lrt\
cfb/ cfh{g ug{ ;Sb}gg\ . h;n] c¿sf] cfb/ ;Ddfg ug{ hfGb}g jf rfxFb}g pm
klg To;sf] xsbf/ x'g g;Sg' :jfefljs 5 . cfkm\gf] JolStTj k|efjsf/L ;fy}
c¿sf] dg lhTg] vfnsf] xf];\ eGg] rfxg]n] cGtj}{olSts ;DaGw / ;fdflhs
Jojxf/nfO{ cfb/k"0f{ agfpg}kb{5 . k];fut jf Jofj;flos ;kmntf k|flKt;Fu}
cgfjZos bDe a9\g] u/]sf] cg'ej klg 5 . o;n] ;dfhdf cfb/ cfh{g ug{df
k|lts"n c;/ kfb{5 . c;n JolStTj lgdf{0f ug{ rfxg]n] ;Tojflbtf, >ddf
ljZjf; / To;sf] cfb/, Odfgbf/Lk|lt cfkm"nfO{ ;hu / ;dlk{t /fVg'kb{5 eg]
k|efjsf/L aGg rfxg]n] glthf pGd'vtf, lgi7f / 1fgj[l4k|lt lg/Gt/ k|of;/t
/xg'kb{5 .
2 Ethics is the activity of man directed to secure the inner perfection of his own
personality. Albert Schweitzer

bLklzvf ÷ 45
 JolStTj lgdf{0f lg/Gt/ k|lqmof xf] . Ps k6s s'g} sfd ;kmntfk"j{s ;DkGg
eof] jf JolStut ¿kdf s'g} sfd /fd|f];Fu ;DkGg u/]sf]df ;w}F To;sf] rrf{
u/]/ a:g' pkoSt x'Fb}g . hLjgnfO{ ultzLn agfO/fVg'kb{5 . sltko dflg;
cfkm\gf] z}lIfs k[i7e"ld cfkm\gf ;xsdL{x¿sf] eGbf /fd|f] ePsf] uj{ ub{5g\ t/
To;s} cfwf/df cfkm\gf] klxrfg eO/xf];, cj;/ / cfb/ ldnf];\ eGg] rfxG5g\
t/ ltgLx¿dWo] sltkon] clxn] cfk"m h'g k];f, Joj;fo jf kbdf 5g\ To;sf
lhDd]jf/Lk|lt d k"0f{ akmfbf/ 5 jf 5}g / cfkm\g} tkm{af6 ;dfh pkof]uL sfd u/]sf]
5 5}g eGg] s'/fsf] Vofn /fv]sf x'Fb}gg\ . ha;Dd dflg; cfkm"nfO{ tf]lsPsf]
jf cfkm\gf] lhDd]jf/Lsf] sfddf lgi7fk"j{s nfUb}g ta;Dd ljutsf pknlAwsf]
u'0fufgn] dfq lbuf] ;Ddfg lbnfpg ;Sb}g . To:t} sltko cfkmF}n] s]xL u/]/
b]vfpg g;s] klg kfl/jfl/s k[i7e"ldsf cfwf/df ;fdflhs k|lti7f alg/xf];\
eGg] rfxgf /fVg]x¿ klg x'G5g\ . Tof] ;f]r clxn] c;fGble{s eO;s]sf] 5 . s'g}
kl/jf/ jf j+zdf hGdb}df d c¿n] cfb/ ug{'kg]{ ePF ;f]Rg' o'u ;'xfpFbf] x'Fb}g .
To;nfO{ clxn]sf] k':tfn] :jLsf/ ub}{g . jt{dfg ;do dxTTjk"0f{ x'g] ePsfn]
JolStn] clxn] u/]sf]] sfd / To;df b]lvPsf] ;Lk jf s'zntfs} cfwf/df
d"NofÍg x'G5 .
JolStTj lgdf{0fsf cfwf/x¿
JolStTj ljsf; bL3{ sfnsf nflu xf];\ eGg] rfxgf /fVg]n] cfhsf] kbLo pknlAw,
;kmntf / cyf]{kfh{gaf6 ;Gtf]if dfg]/ ga;L hLjg ofqfdf cfOk/]sf ;sf/fTds
gsf/fTds 36gf / If0fsf] p2]Zod"ns 9ª\uaf6 ljj]rgf u/L gsf/fTdstfaf6
kg]{ c;/nfO{ Go"gtd u/fpg] / ;sf/fTds s'/fx¿nfO{ cufl8 a9fpg] k|of;
ul//xg'kb{5 . xfdLnfO{ o;sf nflu Tofu, ;dk{0f, d]xgt, nugzLntf /
;sf/fTds ;f]r cfjZos x'G5 . c¿sf] s'/f / cfnf]rgf ;'Gg] / To;nfO{
;sf/fTds ¿kdf u|x0f u/L cfk"mdf /x]sf sdL sdhf]/L x6fpFb} n}hfg] k|lta4tf
h?/L 5 . tnsf] lrqn] JolStTj lgdf{0fsf cTofjZos tTTjx¿nfO{ b;f{pF5 .

46 ÷ bLklzvf
 -s_ ljj]s (Common Sense) JolStTj ljsf;sf nflu Wofg lbg'kg]{ s'/fx¿
o;n] x/]s dflg;df Jojxf/ ubf{  ;+rf/ ;Lk / cGtj}{olSts ;DaGwdf ;'wf/
ljrf/ k' ¥ ofpgkg] { cTofjZos ug'{ .
tTTjsf] 1fg / ltgnfO{ b}lgs hLjgdf  u'0ffTds ;~hfnsf] la:tf/ ug'{ .
¿kfGt/0f ug]{ ;Lk / IfdtfnfO{  1fg / ;Lk lj:tf/ ug{ lg/Gt/ cWoog ug'{ .
hgfpF 5 . æljj] s nfO{ ljZjn]  Jojxf/ s'zn aGg] sf]l;; ug'{ .
c;fwf/0f a'l4dfgL dfGb5 .Æ1#  cfkm'df ePsf] ;[hgzLn IfdtfnfO{ k|f]T;flxt
;fdfGotM plrt sfd, plrt ;dodf, ug'{ .
plrt tl/sfaf6 x'g' sl7g 5 . o;sf]  ;do Joj:yfkg Ifdtfdf ;'wf/ / ;b'kof]u
k|d'v sf/0f ljj]ssf] cefj x'g' klg ug'{ .
xf] . k|m]Gr n]vs tyf Oltxf;sf/  c¿sf] kL/dsf{sf] Vofn /fVg] / ;Sbf]
ef]Nt]o/ eG5g\ æljj]s Tolt ;fdfGo ;xof]u ug{' .
-;xh pknAw_ 5} g . ljj] s  ;fdflhs / k];fut Jojxf/nfO{ cg'zfl;t
cf}krfl/s lzIffaf6eGbf a9L agfpg' .
 cfˆgf] lhDd]jf/L k'/f ug{ dg, jrg / sd{n]
;dlk{t x'g' .
b}lgs hLjgdf b]v]/ ef]u]/ cfh{g x'g'sf ;fy} qmlds ¿kdf ljsl;t / kl/is[t
xF'b} hfG5 .Ú o; egfOn] dflg; Jofjxfl/stfsf] s;Ldf v/f] plqg'kg]{ / ljj]sL
x'g'kg]{ s'/fnfO{ dxTTj lbPsf] 5 . cd]l/sL n]vs, k|sfzs tyf Joj;foL x]n]g
u'n]{ a|fpg elG5g\ æd]/f] ;kmntf dxfg\ af}l4s tLI0ftfdf geO{ pRr ljj]sdf
cfwfl/t 5 .Æ3 kfl/jfl/s, k];fut / ;fdflhs lhDd]jf/L uDeL/tfk"j{s lgjf{x
ub}{ hfFbf dflg;df kl/kSjtf cfpF5 . p;df r]tgfsf ;fy} ljj]ssf nIf0fx¿
qmdzM b]vf kg{ yfN5g\ . ljZj;gLotf, ;r]tgtf (Good Conscience) / ;Tosf]
k|s6Ls/0f ljj]ssf nIf0f x'g\ . ljj]szLn JolStn] olb xfdLnfO{ ;d:ofaf/] /fd|f]
1fg 5 eg] To;sf ;dfwfg pkfoaf/] klg 1fg x'g'kb{5 . ;d:ofeGbf ;dfwfg
k[ys\ x'g ;Sb}g eGg] ljZjf; /fV5 . ljj]s k|of]u ug{ g;Sg] dflg;af6 s'g}
sfd ;xL 9ª\uaf6 ;xL ;dodf x'G5 egL ljZjf; ug{ sl7g kb{5 . ljj]s
eg]sf] s] xf] eg]/ kl/eflift ug{'eGbf ljj]sxLgtfsf lgDg nIf0fx¿n] o;sf]
dxTTj phfu/ (Highlight) ub{5g\ .
 s'g sfd s'g ;dodf ug{ pko'St x'G5 eGg] s'/fsf] Vofn /fVg g;Sgfn]
u/]sf sfd k|ltkmnljxLg jf cg'kof]uL x'g hfG5g\ / ;|f]t ;fwg v]/ hfG5 .
#
Common sense in an uncommon degree is what the world calls wisdom.
- Samuel Taylor Coleridge

bLklzvf ÷ 47
 ;fdflhs Jojxf/ / dof{bfsf] Vofn /fVg g;Sbf c¿;Fu ug]{ Jojxf/ gldNbf]
jf g;'xfpFbf] x'g hfG5 . s'/f / sfd aLr ;fdGh:o x'Fb}g .
 cfkm\gf] Jojxf/ jf ;Daf]wgn] c¿df s:tf] c;/ kg{ ;S5 eGg] s'/fsf]
Vofn /fVg g;Sgfn] ubf{ pmk|lt gsf/fTds efj pTkGg x'g] l:ylt cfpF5 .
 dflg;sf] Jojxf/ jf lqmofsf] To;}cg';f/sf] k|ltlqmof k|fKt x'G5 eGg] Vofn
/fVg ;Sb}g . sfd jf Jojxf/sf] k|ltkmnaf6 cfjZostfeGbf a9L v';L
jf b'MvL x'g] ub{5 .
 ljifoj:t' jf 36gfnfO{ lgtfGt JolStut ;f]r /fvL JofVof jf ljZn]if0f ub{5,
sf/0f / glthfnfO{ ;du|tfdf x]g]{ jf ;f]Rg] Ifdtf x'Fb}g jf cfjZos 7fGb}g .
 36gfsf] uDeL/tfnfO{ ljrf/ u/L lg0f{o lng jf tTk/tf b]vfpg] Ifdtfsf]
cefj x'G5 .
-v_ dfgl;stf (Mentality)
of]] d'VotM ;f]Rg], c¿nfO{ x]g]{, d"NofÍg ug]{ / Jojxf/ ug]{ tl/sf / cfkm\gf]
k];f, ldq, jfGwj / 36]sf 36gfx¿k|lt lng] b[li6sf]0f;Fu ;DalGwt 5 . Ps}
ljifodf x/]s JolStsf] cnu cnu b[li6sf]0f /x]sf] kfOG5 . To:tf] x'g'sf] d'Vo
sf/0f ljifok|ltsf] cfu|x k"jf{u|x, ljifoj:t'k|ltsf] ;f]r -;sf/fTds, gsf/fTds
jf lg/k]If_, ljifoj:t'sf] 1fgsf] uxgtf / To;sf] ljljw / ;Defljt k|efjnfO{
a'em\g nfu]sf] ;do / To;sf nflu u/]sf] d]xgt, k|of; jf c¿df cfl>t /xg]
afgL cflb xf] . sltkon] ljifoj:t'nfO{ /fd|f];Fu ga'emL, gx]/L, c¿n] eg]sf]
e/df l6Kk0fL u/]sf] klg kfOG5 . Pp6} ljifoj:t'nfO{ cfk"mn] uDeL/tfk"j{s ljrf/
ubf{ Pp6f wf/0ff aGg] jf lgisif{df k'lug] / c¿df lge{/ /xFbf cs}{ wf/0ff aGg]
l:ylt klg x'G5 . uxg ljifonfO{ klg ;txL ¿kdf lnP/ 6Lsfl6Kk0fL ug]{ afgLn]
kl5 uP/ cfˆgf] b[li6sf]0f abNg'kg]{ cj:yf cfpg ;S5 . To;n] JolStTjdf
gsf/fTds c;/ kg{ ;S5 . To;}n] 6Lsfl6Kk0fL ug{'k"j{ ljifoj:t'nfO{ /fd|f];Fu
a'‰g] sf]l;; ug{' plrt x'G5 .
s'g} ljifoj:t'df ;ª\s'lrt dfgl;stf ePsf] dflg; hft hflt, wd{, kb, zlSt
/ k[i7e"ldnfO{ clws dxTTj lbO{ c¿;Fu ug]{ Jojxf/sf] cfwf/ to ub{5 . pbf/
dfgl;stf x'g]n] v'nf ;f]r /fvL k"jf{u|xljgf u'0f / bf]ifsf cfwf/df Jojxf/
ub{5g\ . ;sf/fTds dfgl;stf ePsf] JolStn] c¿n] u/]sf /fd|f sfdsf] v'n]/
k|z+;f ug{ / cfkm"df ePsf sdLsdhf]/LnfO{ ;xh ¿kdf :jLsf/ u/]/ Jojxf/ /
sfo{z}nLdf ;'wf/ Nofpg] sf]l;; ub{5 . cfkm"n] h:tf] dfgl;stf /fv]/ c¿;Fu
Jojxf/ ul/G5 c¿n] klg cfkm";Fu ;f]xL dflkmssf] Jojxf/ ug]{5g\ eGg] a'em]sf]

48 ÷ bLklzvf
x'G5 . s'g} k|sf/sf] k|lta4tf gx'g', h?/L kbf{ 7f]; cleJolSt lbg g;Sg',
cfkm"n] ;xL 7fg]sf ljifok|lt ;dy{g jf P]Soa4tf b]vfpg g;Sg' / To;cg';f/sf]
Jojxf/ ug{ g;Sg' sdhf]/ dfgl;stfsf ljz]iftf x'g\ / o:tf] dflg;n] ldq /
;xsdL{sf] ljZjf; cfh{g ug{ ;Sb}g . h;nfO{ ljZjf; ul/Fb}g, p;sf] JolStTjk|lt
cfslif{t x'g] s'/f cfpFb}g . sltko ;'wf/ sfo{qmdx¿ To;nfO{ sfof{Gjog ug]{
clwsf/Lx¿df ;sf/fTds dfgl;stfsf] cefjsf sf/0f ;kmn x'g g;s]sf]
kfOPsf] 5 . To;}n] dfgl;stfdf ;sf/fTds kl/jt{g cfpg' JolStut ¿kdf dfq
geO{ ;+:yfut k|efjsfl/tfsf nflu ;d]t cTofjZos 5 . c¿df cfk"mk|lt ?lr
hfu[t u/fpg cfk"mn] klg p;k|lt ?lr /fv]sf] b]vfpg ;Sg'kb{5 . o;sf nflu
c¿sf] s'/f ;'Gg] rfxgf /fVg'kb{5 . d klg dxTTjk"0f{ /x]5' / d]/f] s'/f ;'lgof]
eGg] efjgf hufpg ;Sg]n] ;xof]u kfpg ;S5 . c¿sf] efjgf / ljrf/nfO{
Odfgbf/Lk"j{s ;'Gg] u/] dfq ;dy{g jf v08g ug]{ alnof] cfwf/ kfpg ;lsG5 .
-u_ af}l4stf (Intelligence)
JolStTjsf] d"NofÍg ug]{ cfwf/x¿df af}l4stfnfO{ ;jf{lws dxTTj lbOG5 .
o;n] d'VotM b]v], ;'g]sf / k9]sf s'/fx¿ l56f] / ;xL cy{df a'em\g], ;Demgfdf
/fVg], p2]Zod"ns 9ª\uaf6 x]g]{, ljZn]if0f ug]{, ;dsfnLg kl/l:yltsf] ;xL
cfFsng u/L cfkm"n] hfg]a'em]sf s'/fx¿nfO{ ts{;ª\ut 9ª\uaf6 pkof]udf Nofpg
;Sg] IfdtfnfO{ hgfpF5 . a'l4sf] pkof]uaf6 hLjg lgjf{xsf] ;fwg h'6fpg]nfO{
a'l4hLjL eGg] ul/G5 . af}l4stfnfO{ 7"nf / ax'z}lIfs pkflwx¿ xfl;n ug{'df
dfq ;Lldt ul/g' x'Fb}g . d]xgt, hafkmb]xL / ljZj;gLotf h:tf u'0fx¿ gePdf
af}l4stfsf] s'g} cy{ /xFb}g . af}l4stfnfO{ Jojxf/sf] s;Ldf v/f] ptfg{ ;s]
dfq To;sf] ;fy{stf /xG5 . s'g} sfd ug'{k"j{ Tof] sfd s;/L ubf{ ldtJooL
-sd ;] sd ;fwg ;|f]tsf] r'xfj6 jf gf]S;fgL_ x'G5 / ;dod} ;DkGg ug{
;lsG5 eg]/ ljrf/ ug{' h?/L 5 . s'g} lg0f{o lng'k"j{ To;af6 kg{ ;Sg] k|ToIf
/ ck|ToIf c;/sf] p2]Zod"ns 9ª\uaf6 ljj]rgf ug{'kb{5 . af}l4stfnfO{ gLlxt
:jfy{ kl/k"lt{ ug{ s;/L nufpg ;lsG5 eGg] s'/fnfO{ s]Gb|ljGb'df /fv]df Jojxf/
ug]{nfO{ ;dfhn] lrG5 / p;k|ltsf] hgljZjf; u'Dg hfG5 . gk9]sf] d"v{eGbf k9]sf]
gLlxt :jfy{ /fVg] dflg; a9L vt/gfs dflgG5 . To;}n] af}l4stfsf] lj:tf/sf
;fy} :jfy{df lgoGq0f ug'{ h?/L x'G5 . lg/Gt/ cWoog / 36]sf 36gfnfO{ ;"Id
¿kdf ljZn]if0f u/L Jojxf/df ;'wf/ Nofpg] sf]l;; u/]df af}l4stfdf ;'wf/ x'Fb}
nf]slk|otf klg a9\g hfG5 .

bLklzvf ÷ 49
-3_ pT;fx jf hfFu/ (Enthusiasm and Activeness)
cfn:o pGgltsf] k|dv afws xf] . s]xL gu/L cN5L ug]{sf] JolStTj
lgdf{0fsf] cfwf/ x'Fb}g . ælhpFb} d/]sf] elg gfd s;sf], pBf]u ljgf laTb5 sfn
h;sf]Æ eGg] kª\lStn] s'g} sfd gu/L a;]sf] cj:yfk|lt Joª\Uo ub{5 . cN5L
/ ;dodf sfd ug]{ rf;f] jf tTk/tf gb]vfpg] JolStnfO{ sd}n] dg k/fpF5g\
/ ljZjf; u5{g\ . pT;fx jf hfFu/sf] cefjdf ljZjf; u'Db} uPkl5 cl:tTj
;ª\s6df kg]{ x'Fbf pT;fxsf] ;~rf/ eO/xg' h?/L 5 . o;sf nflu lqmofzLn
dflg;sf] ;ª\ut ug'{kb{5 . h] s'/fnfO{ klg xn'sf ¿kdf lng] ;'wf/ gu/L gx'g]
sfd s'/fdf klg pT;fx gb]vfpg] afgLn] cfkm}nfO{ gf]S;fgL k'¥ofO/x]sf] x'G5 .
;dodf sfd ug]{ / cfh ;DkGg ug{ ;lsg] sfdnfO{ slxNo} ef]ln u/f}Fnf egL
;fFr]/ g/fVg] afgL a;fNg' ;kmntf rfxg] x/]ssf nflu h?/L 5 . o;} ;Gbe{df
lgDg tLg egfOsf] ;Demgf ug'{ plrt x'g]5 .
 vfg ;fFr] c¿nfO{ sfd ;fFr] cfk"mnfO{ – g]kfnL pvfg
 h'g sfd ltdL cfh ug{ ;S5f}, Tof] ef]lnsf nflu slxNo} klg g5f]8 .4
 Ps 7fFpdf Rofltgf;fy To;nfO{ l;nfPdf c¿ Gff} 7fpFdf Rofltgaf6 arfpg]5 .5
sfd ;fFRb} hfg] afgLn] af]em y'kfl//x]sf] x'G5 . ;dodf ug{ g;lsPsf] sfdsf]
kmn c¿n] pkof]u u5{g\ eGg] zf:qLo egfO klg 5 . ;dod} sfd u/]df To;sf]
afgLn] k|ltkmn klg ;dod} kfpg ;lsG5 / To;af6 dfgl;s ;Gt'li6 k|fKt x'g'sf
;fy} gofF sfd Wofgk"j{s ug]{ cj;/ ldN5 . o;n] pTkfbsTj pRr u/fpg
d2t k'U5 . k|ult ug{ rfxg] x/]s JolStdf gjLg j:t'x¿af/] hfGg], Tof] cfkm\gf
nflu pkof]uL x'g ;S5 ;Sb}g eGg] s'/f ljrf/ ug]{ pT;fx x'g}kb{5 . d}n] hlt
hfg] Tof] kof{Kt 5 cj a9L hfGg' a'em\g'kg]{ s'/f s] 5 / < jf yk hfg]/} kf] s] x'g]
xf] / < eGg] dfgl;stf slxNo} lng' xF'b}g . o:tf] ljrf/n] dflg;df :jfefljs
u'0f ultzLntf k|lts"n x'g hfG5 .
-ª_ ;Ifdtf (Competence)
o;n] l;s]sf jf hfg]sf s'/fnfO{ bIftfk"j{s Jojxf/df Nofpg] IfdtfnfO{ hgfpF5 .
o;sf nflu ?lr, bIftf, k|lta4tf / nugzLntf cfjZos kb{5 . ;Ifdtf
a9fpgsf nflu dflg;n] k];f jf Joj;focg';f/sf u'0fx¿ (Attributes) sf]
ljsf; ug{df Wofg k'¥ofpg'kb{5 . cg'ejaf6 l;s]sf kf7x¿nfO{ p2]Zod"ns 9ª\
uaf6 ljj]rgf u/L eljiodf sfdsfh, cfgLafgL / ;fj{hlgs Jojxf/df ;'wf/
4 Never leave till tomorrow, which you can do today. – Benjamin Franklin
5 A stitch in time saves nine.

50 ÷ bLklzvf
Nofpg ;s]df ;Ifdtfdf j[l4 x'g hfG5 . s;}n] klg ;Ifdtf a9fpgsf nflu
sfd ub}{5' eGg] cg'e"lt gu/];Dd sl7g kl/>d ub}{g .6
cfhef]ln ljleGg ;+:yfx¿n] cfkm\gf] sfdsf] k|s[ltcg';f/ ljleGg :t/sf
sd{rf/Ldf cfjZos kg]{ ;Ifdtf -k];fut u'0f tyf ;Lk_ sf] cfwf/zLnf
k|sfzdf NofPsf 5g\ . ;kmntfsf] ck]Iff ug]{ ;a}n] cfkm\gf] clxn]sf] k];fsf
;fy} eljiodf ckgfOg] k];fsf nflu rflxg] u'0fx¿sf] ljsf; ub}{ n}hfg'kb{5 .
tL u'0fx¿df d'VotM k];fut ;Lk, dfgjLo d"No, ax';+:s[ltsf] sb/, gofF s'/f /
k|ljlw l;Sg jf hfGg rfxg], ;d"xdf sfd ug{ ;Sg] cflb h:tf s'/fx¿ kb{5g\ .
lg/Gt/ cWoog / To;af6 hflgPsf s'/fx¿nfO{ Jojxf/df Nofpg] ;t\k|of;af6
dflg;n] ;Ifdtf j[l4 ug{ ;S5 . lzIffsf] sg} cGTo 5}g . of] s'g} k':ts k9]/
k'/f ug{ jf k/LIff pQL0f{ x'gdf ;Lldt 5}g . dflg; hGd]b]lv d[To' gx'Fbf;Dd
l;Sg] qmddf x'G5 . km/s olt xf], l;s]sf s'/f s;n] k|lta4tf;fy / slt
xf]l;of/Lk"j{s Jojxf/df Nofpg] k|oTg u5{ . o;n] ;IfdtfnfO{ ;d[4 (Enrich)
u/fpg ;3fp k'¥ofpF5 .
-r_ k|:t'tLs/0f (Presentation)
o;df d'VotM c¿;Fu ;DaGw /fVg], cfkm\gf s/f c¿;dIf k|:t't ug]{ / cfkm\gf
;fdfgx¿ Jojl:yt u/]/ /fVg] s'/fx¿ kb{5g\ . oL s'/fx¿af6 JolSt slt :ki6
5, c¿nfO{ s'g lsl;daf6, s;/L Pj+ slt dxTTj lbG5 / slt ;ª\ul7t jf
Jojl:yt 5 eGg] s'/fsf] hfgsf/L kfpg ;lsG5 . gofF 7fFpdf, gofF dflg;;Fu cfkm\
gf] klxnf] kl/ro s;/L lbG5 jf kl/l:yltcg';f/ c¿sf] kl/ro s;/L u/fpF5
eGg] s'/f kl5;Dd ;Demgfdf cfpF5 . eGg vf]h]sf s'/f :ki6 / l;nl;nfa4
9+uaf6 k|:t't ug{ g;s]df >f]tfdf ;'Gg] w}o{ x/fpF5 . h'g p2]Zosf nflu k|:t't
ug{ vf]lhPsf] lyof] ;f] k'/f x'g ;Sb}g . sfo{qmdsf] k|s[lt / pknAw ;dosf]
Vofn g/fvL tTsfnsf nflu cfjZoseGbf a9L ;d]6\g jf eGg vf]lhof] eg]
To;sf] pkfb]otfdf x|f; x'G5 . To;}n] k|:t'tLs/0fnfO{ cfsif{s agfpg ljz]if
Wofg k'¥ofpg' JolStTj ljsf;sf nflu h?/L x'G5 . sltko dflg;df 3/ /
sfof{nodf ;fdfgx¿ Jojl:yt ug{'eGbf cJojl:yt kfl//fv]/ sfo{af]em w]/} ePsf]
k|efj kfg]{ dgf]lj1fg n's]sf] x'G5 . To:tf] ljrf/sf] vf; cy{ /xFb}g . To;}n]
sfuhkq / ;/;fdfg Jojl:yt u/]/ /fVg cfkm\gf af/]df ;sf/fTds k|efj kfg{
cfjZos 5 . c¿;Fu s'/f ;'? ubf{ p;sf] pkl:ylt jf ;xeflutfnfO{ xflb{stf
6 No human being will work hard at anything unless they believe that they are
working for competence. - William Glasser

bLklzvf ÷ 51
;fy lnPsf] cfef; u/fpg]tkm{ ;r]t /xg'kb{5 . s;}sf] uNtLnfO{ k|ToIf ¿kdf
cf}FNofpg'eGbf To;af6 xfdL s] xfl;n ug{ ;S5f}F eGg] lh1f;f /fv]df p;nfO{
uNtL ;Rofpg] cj;/ ldN5 . s'g} ;fj{hlgs sfo{qmddf ;xefuL x'Fbf, s'g} k|Zg
ug'{k/]df To;k"j{ cfof]hs / k|:tf]tfnfO{ plrt k|z+;f ug'{kb{5, lsgeg] pgLx¿n]
u/]sf] sfdsf] sf/0f g} k|Zg jf l6Kk0fL ug]{ cj;/ k|fKt ePsf] xf] eGg] s'/f slxNo}
klg la;{g' x'Fb}g . uNtL ug'{ :jfefljs x'G5 To;}n] c¿sf] uNtL cf}FNofpg'k"j{
cfˆgf sdLsdhf]/Laf/] ;dLIff ug'{ plrt x'G5 . s;}n] sfd c¥xfpg' k"j{ To;sf]
k|of]hg atfpg'kb{5 h;n] ubf{ p;n] sfdsf] dxTTj a'em]/ sfd ub{5 . uNtL
bf]xf]l/g] ;Defjgf sd x'G5 . cx|fOPsf] sfd ug{ cfgGb xf];\ eGg] ljrf/ u/]/
To;sf] dxTTj a'emfOlbg'kb{5 .
-5_ zf/Ll/s cj:yf
zf/Ll/s cj:yf / agf]6n] klg JolStTjdf k|ToIf c;/ kf/]sf] x'G5 . cfhef]ln
of] s'/fnfO{ dxTTjsf ;fy x]l/g yflnPsf] 5 . Pp6f v]nf8L, ;}lgs / k|x/Lsf]
z/L/ df]6f] / e2f ePdf p;sf] JolStTj k];f jf sfd ;'xfpFbf] gePsf] egL
l6Kk0fL ul/G5 . g]kfn klqsf -@^ d+l;/ @)^&_ sf] cª\ssf] hLjgz}nLdf æe'F8L
xNnfp+b} 8\o'6LÆ zLif{ssf] cfn]v 5flkPsf] lyof] . lzIf0f k];fdf /x]sf dflg;sf]
jSt[Tj z}nL sdhf]/ ePdf klg k];fcg';f/sf] ;Lk gePsf] / To;n] JolStTjdf
gsf/fTds k|efj kf/]sf] dflgG5 . zf/Ll/s agf]6 / l:yltn] leGg leGg c;/
kfb{5g\ . zf/Ll/s l:ylt sdhf]/ eOlbFbf sltko cj:yfdf hxfF+ cfkm\gf] ;lqmotf
cfjZos 5 ToxfF ;lqmo x'g g;Sg] cj:yf cfpF5 . To:t} k|lta4tf JoSt u/]sf
s'/f k'/f u/]/ b]vfpg / eljiosf nflu rfx]/ klg k|lta4tf JoSt ug{ g;lsg]
l:ylt cfOkb{5 . JolStTj lgdf{0fdf zf/Ll/s :j:ytfnfO{ zf:qLo ¿kdf ;d]t
pRr dxTTj lbOPsf] 5 . dflg;n] cfkm\gf nflu dfq geP/ kl/jf/sf ;b:o tyf
:jhgsf nflu :jf:Yodf Wofg lbg' h?/L 5 lsgeg] kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿sf] v';L
xfd|f] :jf:Yo l:ylt;Fu ufFl;Psf] x'G5 . zf/Ll/s agf]6df JolStn] ug{ ;Sg] s'/f
vf; s]xL x'Fb}g Tof] p;sf] kx'Fr aflx/sf] s'/f xf] t/ zf/Ll/s l:ylt /fd|f] /fVg
JolStut ;r]ttf / k|of;sf] 7"nf] dxTTj x'G5 . o;sf nflu vfglkgdf xf]l;of/
x'g', lgoldt Jofofd ug{' / ;dodf lglb{i6 sfd ug]{ ljifodf Wofg lbg' h?/L
5 . :jf:Yo /fd|f] /fVg lrNnf] kbfy{ sd vfg] -cem vf; u/L df;'sf] lrNnf]
t vfFb} gvfg]_, xl/of ;fukft / kmnkm"n ;w}F vfg], dBkfg / df+; kbfy{sf]
k|of]unfO{ ;Lldt ug]{ :yflkt eO;s]sf s'/f x'g\ . r'/f]6 / o:t} nfu" kbfy{sf]
pkef]u k"0f{ ¿kdf TofUg sNof0fsf/L 5 . 5f]6} eP klg lgoldt Jofofdn] :j:y

52 ÷ bLklzvf
/fVg / kfrg IfdtfnfO{ b''?:t /fVg ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5 . vfglkg / b}lgs hLjgdf
ul/g] nfk/jfxLn] ubf{ dflg;n] hfgLhfgL /f]u lgDTofO/x]sf] pbfx/0f klg xfdLn]
;dfhdf b]lvcfPsf 5f}F . cfkm"nfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg / lqmofzLntfnfO{ hLjGt
/fVg ;ts{tfk"j{s b}lgs hLjgnfO{ Jojl:yt ug'{ h?/L 5 .
-h_ u'0ffTds ;~hfn
JolStTj ljsf; Psn k|of;af6 dfq x'g] s'/f xf]Og . Ps hgfsf] rfxgfn]
o;df cu|0fL e"ldsf v]n] klg Tof] kof{Kt x'Fb}g lsgeg] p;sf] sfo{ ;dfhsf
nflu :jLsfo{ x'g'kb{5 / To;nfO{ ;xof]u u/f}F eGg] efjgf hufpgdf ldq Pjd\
;xsdL{x¿sf] e"ldsf clt dxTTjk"0f{ x'g ;S5 . pgLx¿sf] ;xof]u / ;b\efjdf
JolStTj k'likt / kNnljt x'g ;S5 . c;n / Odfgbf/ ldq / ;xsdL{ hLjgsf]
7"nf] k"FhL xf] . c;n, Odfgbf/ / ;b\efj /fVg] ldqx¿sf] / ;xsdL{x¿;Fusf]
;Dks{nfO{ hLjGt /fVg' xfd|f] lxtdf 5 . o;sf nflu ldq ;fy} ;xsdL{x¿;Fu
;Dks{ /fVg ;lqmo /xg'kb{5 . Psn] csf]{nfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ efjgf :jtM:km"t{ 9ª\
uaf6 cfpg'kb{5 . u'0ffTds ;~hfn lgdf{0fsf] cy{ ;b\ljrf/, cfk;L ;xof]u /
ljZjf;df c8]sf] efjgfTds ;flGgWo xf] . o;n] kbnfO{ eGbf ;x:jLsfo{tf /
cfk;df Psn] csf]{sf] cfjZostfnfO{ a'em]/ ;Sbf] ;xof]u u/f}F, cfkm"n] u/]sf]
;xof]usf] k|ltkmnsf] ck]Iff gu/L ;xof]u ug{ kfpg' g} cj;/ xf] eGg] efjgf
lng'kb{5 . o;n] eb| ;xdltsf] ljgf;t{ kfngfsf] ck]Iff u/]sf] x'G5 . ldqx¿
larsf] ;DaGwnfO{ kb, k};f / k|lti7fsf] b[li6af6 slxNo} x]l/g' x'Fb}g .
lgisif{
r]tgzLn dflg;df cfkm\gf] JolStTj agf];\ eGg] rfxgf x'g' / To;sf nflu
cfjZos pkfox¿ hfGg] / Jojxf/df tTk/tf b]lvg' :jfefljs 5 . o;af6
JolStTjnfO{ ;dfh pkof]uL agfpg k|]/0ff ldN5 . s] s'/fn] JolStTj lgdf{0fdf
afwf k/]sf] 5 / s] s:tf] Jojxf/df ;'wf/ ug{' cfjZos 5 To;sf] hfgsf/L
/ cg'e"lt ePdf To;nfO{ x6fpg JolStTj lgdf{0f sfo{ ;xh x'g hfg]5 . w]/}
s'/fn] o;df k|efj kfg]{ eP tfklg ;DalGwt JolStsf] cu|;/tf / k|lta4tf
;a}eGbf k|d'v s'/f xf] .

bLklzvf ÷ 53
 k9]sf s'/f hLjgsf nflu x'g\
/ glhs} 5g\ M s;/L l;Sg], l;sfpg] <
w|'j g]kfn
:s'n k9\bftfsfsf] s'/f xf] . sf];{df /fv]sf s'g} ljifo ;lhnf] nfUYof], s'g} sl7g .
sl7g nfUg'sf] sf/0f x'GYof] – k9]sf] ljifosf] pkof]lutf jf k|of]u g} yfxf kfpg
g;Sg' . s'g} ljifo sf];{df /flvPsf] sf/0faf6 k9\g'k/]sf], To;sf] pkof]lutf /
k|of]u s;/L x'G5 < yfxf gkfpg] cj:yf lyof] . cfkm" lyPF s]6f}n] pd]/sf] ljBfyL{ .
w]/} a'l4 gkl;;s]sf] cj:yf lyof], ulx/fOdf uP/ sf/0f jf pkof]lutf yfxf
kfpg ;Sg] v'aL alg;s]sf] lyPg . lzIfsx¿n] klg atfpg ;Sb}gy] jf atfpg
rfxFb}gy] . To;}n] æk9 k9, k9] 7"nf] dfG5] eOG5Æ dfq elgGYof], s'g} ljifo k9]/
s;/L 7"nf] dfG5] eOG5 eGg] s'/fsf] e]p kfpg ;lsGgYof] .
k9]/ ug]{ k|of]u tyf pkfb]otf cfkm"n] k6Ss} yfxf gkfPsf] Ps ljifo lyof] –
aLhul0ft jf cNh]a|f . cª\seGbf cIf/sf] k|of]u ul/g], cIf/ hf]8\g], 36fpg],
u'0fg tyf efu ug]{ Tof] ljifo k9\bf nflu/xGYof] – o:tf] sfd t cª\sul0ftdf
cª\ss} ul/G5, cIf/sf] lsg ug'{k¥of] < ul0ft eg]sf] cª\ssf] x'g] xf], jf:tjdf
Jofjxfl/s hLjgdf klg hf]8, 36fp, u'0fg, efu h:tf lx;fa cª\sdf g} ul/G5,
cIf/sf] ul/Gg eg] cIf/df lx;fa lsg ug'{k/]sf] xf]nf < (a±b)2 a/fa/ a2±2ab±b2
x'G5 eg]/ k9\of}F kmd'{nf eg]/, Tof] gu/]/ a eg]sf] @, b eg]sf] # xf] eg] b'O{j6fsf]
…xf]nÚ :Sjfo/ ug{sf nflu @ / # hf]8\g], clg To;sf] hf]8kmn % sf] :Sjfo/
-%x%_ u/]/ @% n]v] eOxfNof], cIf/sf] lsg ug'{k¥of] eGg] nflu/xGYof] . of]
k|Zgsf] pQ/ lzIfsaf6 kfOPg, c¿af6 klg kfOPg . P;=Pn=;L=eGbf dfly k9\bf
cNh]a|f rflxG5, To;}n] k9 elgof], pkof]lutf atfOPg jf a'‰g kfOPg . To;}n]
k9\gsf nflu kl9of], pkof]lutf jf k|of]usf] e]p g} gkfPsf] ljifo aGof] . To;}n]
aLhul0ft ?lrsf] ljifo aGg ;s]g . :jfb lng g;s]sf] xf8]cf]v/ 6f]Sg vf]h]
em}F h;f]t;f] Tof] ljifo kl9of], P;=Pn=;L=df cf};t cª\s NofP/ kf; ul/of]
t/ Tof] ljifok|lt o:tf] rfv d¥of] ls P;=Pn=;L=kl5 k9\g gk/] x'GYof] eGg]

54 ÷ bLklzvf
nflu/xGYof] . nueu To:t} eof] . lj1fg kl9Pg . dxf/fhu~h SofDk;df x]Ny
cl;:6]G6 sf];{ ubf{ aLhul0ft k9\g'k¥of], a'em]/eGbf s07 u/]/ hfFr kf; ul/of] .
cfh;Dd aLhul0ftdf l;s]sf ;"q hLjgdf cfOkg]{ s'g ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ k|of]u
ug{ ;lsg] xf] < e]p;Dd kfpg ;s]sf] 5}g, k|of]]u ug{ ;Sg] s'/f t k/} hfcf];\ .
dflysf olt uGyg n]Vg'sf] cy{ s] xf], lsg n]Vof] xf]nf eGg] nflu/x]sf] x'g ;S5
kf7snfO{ . ljgfcy{ / p2]Zo n]v]sf] xf]Og . Tof] s] xf] eg] d]/f] aLhul0ft;Fusf]
h:tf] ;DaGw xfnsf / ca cfpg] ljBfyL{sf] gxf];\ eGg] xf] cyf{t\ s'g} ljifo /
kf7 sf];{df /fv]sfn] k9]sf], cy{ / pkof]u yfxf gkfPsf] gxf];\ eGg] xf] . o;sf
nflu cWofks tyf ljBfyL{ b'a}sf] r]i6f cfjZos k5{ .
l;Sg hLjgko{Gt kl//xG5 . dfgj ljz]iftf g} l;Sg'df 5 lsgls c¿ hgfj/;Fu
dflg;;Fu hlt l;Sg] v'aL x'Gg . lzIfs ePsf] sf/0fn] d}n] cfkm"n] l;Sg] dfq
xf]Og, c¿nfO{ l;sfpg] lhDd]jf/L klg lnPsf] 5' . l;Sg] l;sfpg] b'j} lhDd]jf/L
lnPsf] x'Fbf aLhul0ft l;sfOaf6 l;s]/ s]xL s'/fdf ;r]t x'g yfn]sf] 5' . d
cr]n s'g} ljifo tyf To;sf s'g} kf7 k9]/ dnfO{ s] s'/fdf÷d]/f] s'g p2]Zo
k|flKtdf ;xof]u k'U5 egL ljrf/ u5'{, Tof] kQf nufpg] k|of; u5'{ . of] d]/f]
cWoogdf dfq ;Lldt x'gkg]{ s'/f x'Fb} xf]Og, cWofkgsf] tx;Dd klg k'Ug'k5{
eGg] d]/f] dfGotf 5 . To;}cg';f/sf] cEof; ub}{ cfO/x]sf] 5' klg .
Tof] s;/L t <
s;/L eg] tnsf a'Fbfdf pNn]lvt s'/fdf Wofg k'¥ofpg] dfq xf]Og cEof; ;d]t
u/]/ .
-s_ kf7\oqmdsf] pkfb]otf / ;fGble{stfaf/] k|i6 x'g]
s'g} ljifo sf];{df /fv]sfn] k9\g'k/]sf] eGg] tl/sfn] a'‰g'eGbf Tof] ljifo k9]/
ljBfyL{ s] ug{ ;Ifd x'g'kg]{ xf], Tof] ug{df s'g} ljifon] s;/L d2t k'¥ofpF5
eGg] s'/f sf];{ ;'? x'Fbf g} ljBfyL{n] a'‰g'k5{ / lzIfsn] a'‰gdf d2t k'¥ofpg
;Sg'kbf]{/x]5 . k9fpg nfu]sf] ljifon] pSt p2]Zo k|flKtdf s;/L d2t k'¥ofpF5
eGg] s'/f s'g} sf];{leqsf kf7x¿sf] ;ª\lIfKt kl/ro lbP/ ug{ ;lsG5 . ;fy}
sf];{sf] p2]Zo yfxf kfpg kf7\oqmdsf] l;/fglt/ lbOPsf] p2]Zo v08 k9\g h?/L
x'G5 . sIffdf uP/ sf];{ a'sdf /x]sf kf7 k9fOxfNg'cl3 sf];{af/] 5nkmn x'g'
h?/L 5 . of] sf];{ kl9;Sbf s:tf] 1fg, ;Lk tyf Jojxf/df kl/jt{g cfpg]
p2]Zo /flvPsf] 5 / cfkm"n] /fVg'k5{ clg tof/L ug'{k5{ eGg] d]/f] xfn;Ddsf]
cg'ejn] atfPsf] 5 / d}n] ub}{ cfO/x]sf] klg 5' .

bLklzvf ÷ 55
kf7\oqmdsf] pkfb]otf / ;fGble{stf a'emfpFbf sf];{df of] of] ljifo k5{g\ / k9\g'k5{
dfq eGg'eGbf of] sf];{ /flvg'sf] cy{ ;fy} o;sf] c¿ sf];{;Fusf] ;DaGw clg
kl9;Sbf s]s:tf] 1fg, ;Lk, Jojxf/df kl/jt{g cfpg] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 – ;f];d]t
5nkmn x'g' h?/L 5 . d}n] o;af/]sf Psb'O{ sIff lbP/ 5nkmn ug]{ dfq xf]Og,
cfGtl/s k/LIffdf k|Zg g} ;f]Wg] sfo{ u/]F lalaP; rf}yf] jif{sf] pBdzLntf tyf
Joj;fo ljsf; ljifodf . of] k|ZgnfO{ kf7\oqmd aflx/sf] g} dflgP klg ljBfyL{df
ljifosf] ;fGble{stf tyf pkfb]otfaf/] /fd|f] a'emfO x'g' h?/L ePsf]n] of] k|Zg
;f]w]sf] lyPF cfGtl/s k/LIffdf . o;n] ljBfyL{df ljifosf] p2]Zo tyf kmfObfaf/]
;f]Rg'kg]{ l;sfO lbPsf] dnfO{ nfU5 . jf:tjdf of] a'emfOdf :ki6tf cfPdf g}
ljifoj:t'k|lt ?lr hfU5 . ;fy} d of] ljifo lsg kl9/x]5' eGg] hfgsf/L x'G5
eGg] d]/f] dfGotf xf] aLhul0ft k9]/ l;s]sf] .
d}n] s]xL pbfx/0f e]6]sf]] 5' — :gfts tyf :gftsf]Q/ txsf ljBfyL{n] s'g} Pp6f
lstfadf dfq cfwfl/t eP/ k9\g] u/]sf] . lstfadf eGbf kf7\oqmddf cfwfl/t eP/
k9\g'k5{ . Tof] eg]sf] kf7\oqmddf /flvPsf] kf7 ;a}eGbf /fd|f] s'g kf7\o;fdu|Laf6
kfpg ;lsG5, Tof] x]/]/ k9\g'k5{ eGg] dfGotf /fv]/ ToxL g} l;sfpg] ub}{ cfO/x]sf]
5' lsgls ljleGg lstfadf ;fdu|L ljifoj:t' / k|:t'tLs/0fsf b[li6sf]0faf6 km/s
x'G5g\ . To;}n] w]/} lstfaaf6 s'g s'/f s'gdf /fd|f] 5, To;df cfwfl/t x'g] jf
tL lstfasf ;fdu|LnfO{ kl/k"/ssf] ¿kdf lng' a]z x'G5 .
-v_ kf7x¿sf] ;fGble{stf / pkfb]otfnfO{ cfkm" glhssf] pbfx/0faf6 k|:6\ofpg]
k|To]s kf7nfO{ o;sf] ;fGble{stf / pkfb]otf;fy k|:6\ofpg'sf ;fy} ljBfyL{n]
b]v] hfg]sf jf glhssf s'/faf6 a'emfpg'kg]{, pbfx/0f lbg'kg]{ x'Fbf]/x]5 . 6f9fsf]
s'/fsf] pbfx/0f lbP/ jf glbOsg a'emfpg vf]lhFbf b'O{j6f a]kmfObf x'Fbf /x]5g\
– Ps, k9fpFb} ul/Psf] s'/fsf] ;fGble{stf, pkfb]otf / k|of]u g} yfxf gx'g]Ù b'O{,
cfkm"eGbf 6f9fsf] jf gb]v]sf] s'/fsf] pbfx/0faf6 ljBfyL{n] l;Sg g;Sg] / ?lr
ghfUg] . of] ;d:of xn ug{ d}n] ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ pgLx¿n] b]lv/x]sf] pbfx/0f lbg]
u/]sf] 5' . æpBdzLntfÆ ;DaGwL sIffdf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ Jofj;flos cj;/
;fg} ¿kdf eP klg b]vfpg SofDk; kl/;/ aflx/ ælbJo /; jf lrofÆ tyf
æ£o's'df/Lsf] h';Æ agfP/ a]Rg] Joj;foL;Fu s]xL hfgsf/L lng] / n]Vg] cEof;
ug{ nufPF . o;n] pBdL, pBdzLntf cfˆgf] jl/kl/df g} x'G5g\, lan u]6\;,
l:6e hA; tyf ljgf]b rf}w/L h:tf JolStnfO{ dfq p2dzLn eGg] / ltgLx¿ g}
x'g\ eGg] ;f]rfO km]/]/ xfd|f] htftt} pBdzLntf 5 / cfkm} klg aGg ;S5f}F eGg]
ljBfyL{df :yflkt ug{ ;Sg] eof] . ljBfyL{sf b'O{ ;d"xn] u/]sf cEof; o;

56 ÷ bLklzvf
n]vsf] cGTodf cg';"rLsf ¿kdf /flvPsf] 5 .
-u_ kqklqsfdf 5flkPsf tyf cgnfOgdf pknAw gofF s'/fdf cfˆgf] ljifo ;DalGwt
s'/f vf]Hg k|]l/t ug]{
ljBfyL{x¿n] kl9/x]sf] / cfkm"n] k9fO/x]sf] ljifo ;DalGwt cyf{t\ ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L
x'g ;Sg] s'/f lbgx'Fh;f] kqlkqsfdf 5flkPsf x'G5g\ . To:tf kqklqsfdf
;fGble{s ;fdu|L vf]Hg], e]6\g] tyf a'‰g] u/fpFbf l;Sg] k|lqmofdf dxTTjk"0f{ kmfObf
k'U5 . Ps t cfˆgf] ljifo Jofjxfl/s xf] eGg] ljBfyL{nfO{ nfU5 eg] bf];|f] ljifo
;DalGwt cBfjlws 1fg tyf pbfx/0f k|fKt x'G5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu …dlxnf
pBdzLntfÚ ljifosf] kf7 sf];{df /flvPsf] 5 . kf7\ok':tsdf dlxnf pBdLn]
h] ;'ljwf kfpF5g\ egL n]lvPsf] 5, Tof] P]g ;+zf]wgdfkm{t km]l/g nfluPsf] 5 .
lstfadf e/ kl//xg] xf] eg] 1fg cBfjlws gx'g] eof] . o;sf] hfgsf/Lsf nflu
ljBfyL{nfO{ kqklqsf x]g{ nufpg] tyf cfkm"n] e]6]sf s'/f k9\g nufpg] ubf{ 1fg
cBfjlws x'g] tyf ;lqmo cWoog x'g] cg'e"lt d}n] u/]sf] 5' . pBdzLntf
ljifodf 5flkPsf s}of}F ;fGble{s ljifoj:t' ljBfyL{nfO{ b}lgs kqklqsf x]g{
nufP/ tyf cfkm"n] vf]h]/ k9\g nufpgfn] ljBfyL{sf] 1fg cBfjlws x'g ;Sof]
eg] cfk"mn] k9\g] ljifo ;DaGwL ;fdu|L lbgx'Fh;f] kqklqsfdf cfpFbf /x]5g\
eGg] l;sfO ljBfyL{df cfpg ;S5 h'g clt cfjZos 5 eGg] d]/f] 7DofO 5 .
cg';"rL
o;df a'Fbf g+= @ df 5nkmn ul/Psf s'/fsf] ljBfyL{nfO{ u/fOPsf] cEof; ;fdu|L
;+nUg 5 . tnsf ;fdu|L cEof; :j¿k ljBfyL{n] tof/ kf/]sf x'g\ .
cg';"rL !
Bitter Tea, Good Earning
As we upgraded to the fourth year of Bachelor of Business
Studies (BBS), we got an interesting subject for study, i.e. …
Entrepreneurship’. For us, this is the subject of keen interest because
we expect it would provide us essential knowledge and skills required
to start own business. Our teacher gives live examples of entrepreneurs
around us instead of those from far away. Such live examples raise
interest and stimulates us to get prepared for starting own enterprises in
future. Among many examples, our teacher repeatedly mentions about
a lady and her husband who sells herbal tea just in front of our campus
gate. He encouraged us to listen them about their entrepreneurial
micro-venture. In the morning of 27th July (2016), we came out of the

bLklzvf ÷ 57
class room for case study of often exemplified entrepreneurial venture.
That morning, we met only Bhawani Kandel. Her husband had gone
somewhere else. From her answers in response to our a number of
queries, she told us an interesting story about their micro-venture.
lives with her family near Koteshwor Mahadevsthan of Kathmandu.
She and her husband sell herbal tea to people who come in the
surrounding of the Mahadevsthan Temple either in course of morning
walk or to worship Mahadev. Her herbal tea is named …Dibya Ras’,
that means …extremely healthy drink’. The tea contains the herbs
-Harro, Barro, Amala, Kutti, Asuro, Kurilo, Kaulo, Pipala, Neem and
others – well-recognized in Ayurved for health benefits. The tea is
very beneficial to the individuals who have health problems like high
blood pressure, diabetes, gastric, alcoholism and so on. The couple
has been selling the tea for 8 years. She was motivated to start this
micro-venture by the founder of the Dibya Ras i.e. the …Herbal Tea’.
Very grateful to the founder, she respectfully calls him …Guru’. She
serves almost 50-60 cups of tea during the morning time (5-10 AM).
She sells per cup of tea at Rs.15 and Rs.10 for half cup and she charges
Rs.5 extra for adding lemon drops to make tea better in taste. The
taste of tea is very bitter. It is not for refreshing, rather for prevention
and remedy from various ailments, so people like it. Most of her
customers are regular ones. She even offers tea for free for to people
who cannot afford. In an average, she makes profit of 12 thousand
rupees per month. She is very happy with her venture because she
is helping people to be healthy along with making profit. She says,
“People are very conscious about their health these days, thus such
a bitter drink is liked by a sizable number of people”. She prepares
the Dibya Ras Tea in a special copper dish, which is the requirement.
In normal morning, she has a good sale but if it rains the sale drops
significantly but she does not stop making the tea because it may
disappoint her few regular customers.
For making Dibya Ras, the requirement includes a kerosene stove, a
copper dish to boil tea with water, lemon and tea cups. The distributor
of the …Dibya Ras’ raw materials charges Rs. 400 per day. Bhawani
told us that in morning she is engaged in this activity and in afternoon
and evening she manages her house, whereas her husband does other
earning activities in day time. She manages the home, which is not

58 ÷ bLklzvf
weaker aspect for managing a family.
Earning of the said amount by a poor family on almost no financial
invesStent within just 4-5 hours is really a good example of a
micro-enterprise. We have heard that many Nepali youths toiling in
sweltering temperature in Gulf countries for earning almost this much
amount. We found her venture a good example of micro-enterprise
because she along with her husband saw good opportunity for …
bitter tea’ in the surrounding of Mahadevsthan while a number of
others saw opportunities only of …sweet tea’. We read in textbook
and heard the teacher explaining that an entrepreneur sees business
opportunity there, where other people may not see – comes fully true
in the case of Bhawani and her husband.
Reshma Ghimire, Bijaya Raj Lama, Unasha Rajbhandari,
Priyanka Rawal, Nabina Thapa and Radhika Shrestha
(Students of BBS 4th Year of Koteshwar Multiple Campus)

Listening to Bhawani Kandel

cg';"rL @
Be enterprising, money is after you
We find people with two extreme views – one type of people
pessimistically think that there is no employment opportunity in this
country, so they desperately try to land on other parts of the world.
Other type of people optimistically think, there are opportunities
everywhere if there is entrepreneurial mindset. We the students of
BBS 4th Year discuss business opportunities around us in the class of
entrepreneurship. Our teacher talks about exemplary entrepreneurs
we have seen. On his suggestion, we came out of the class on 27th

bLklzvf ÷ 59
July to observe and interview a juice seller just in front of our campus
gate. Our campus is in close vicinity of Koteshwar Mahadevsthan.
We, a group of students, put a number of queries to Surendra Timlisina
to know about his entrepreneurial micro-venture. From his answers,
he is a regular student like us but one year senior. At the same time
he is making a moderate earning from his creative and innovative
venture. He came from Lamjung to capital for study, and to meet
different needs of food, rent and many others, he thought about
different alternatives. As most of the successful entrepreneurs do,
he scanned the trend and situation and noticed raised awareness of
people about their health, a large number of people’s walk (morning)
in the surrounding of Koteshwar Mahadevsthan, he envisaged possible
chances of their attraction towards …’Aloe Vera (Ghiukumari) Juice’’
because of its multiple health benefits like detoxification, improving
digestion, support to immune system, lowering blood cholesterol,
preventing diabetes, reviving hair growth, throwing waste and doing
good for hydrating skin etc. He started his business of selling fresh
juice of aloe vera preparing instantly in front of customer one year
ago. He found it well-received by people and he is making good
money more than meeting his daily needs. He has franchised such
fresh juice vending also in the areas like UN Park, Bhaktapur, Balaju,
Sinamangal (East).
In an average, he sells 50 to 60 glass of fresh Aloe vera juice at Rs 20
per glass within 2-3 hours in the morning; he earns net around Rs 20
thousands per month. He is married and has small daughter and he
is pursuing Master Degree in sociology. He is surviving moderately
from monthly income he makes from this part time business. He is
exemplary for many youths who want to pursue education but the
family in remote village cannot send money to meet the needs – such
a small entrepreneurial venture can be a good resort.
His idea has already proven as promising one in business field; so he
dreams to expand aloe vera juice selling as his master degree education
is completed. Very interesting is he has established very good
backward linkage. One farmer of his back home (village) Duradanda
of Lamjung produces Aloe vera plants and he has arranged to bring
its leaves from there. Thus, one farmer has shifted to lucrative cash
crop farming from traditional one. Thus, his entrepreneurial venture
has already shown commendable multiplier effect.

60 ÷ bLklzvf
He runs juice vending under open sky, thus it is affected by extreme
weather. He becomes forcefully absent from business due to rain. In
chilling mornings of winter also, consumers become hesitant to drink
aloe vera juice because it is already cold. Thus, his juice venture at
open place suffers from seasonal fluctuation, thus he dreams to rent
a room or shutter for his business. This will also reduce his drudgery
to bring portable generator, table, water jar, cups, knife and aloe vera
leaves. As relatively more people visit Koteshwar Mahadevsthan on
Sunday and Saturday, his sale of juice surge. Realizing the need to
diversify the source of raw materials and minimize transportation risk
and cost, he is thinking to begin cultivation of aloe vera in Bhaktapur
after 5 to 7 months.
Timilsina says selling of aloe vera juice has given full time and part
time job to around 10 families, who are engaged either in selling
juice at different locations of the valley and in cultivation of raw
materials. He has commendably proven that a creative, innovative and
entrepreneurial idea make its space though there is meager financial
resources. He is exemplary to many youths to think creatively and
start your micro venture with small invesStent at your place, instead
of going abroad for earning very less amount of money.
- Aruna Budhathoki, Shiva Subedi, Ayasha Mainali, Rubi
Chaudhary, Sandhya Lamichhane, Bal Krishna KC (This is
prepared by BBS fourth year students of Koteshwar Multiple
Campus)

Surendra Timilsina is answering our queries.

bLklzvf ÷ 61
 g]kfnL cy{tGqdf ljk|]if0fsf] k|s[lt
(Nature of Remittance in Nepalese Economy)

ljhos'df/ kl08t
k[i7e"ld (Background)
Ps b]zaf6 /f]huf/Lsf nflu csf]{ b]zdf hfg] k|rng ;lbof}Faf6 rNb} cfO/x]sf]
5 . g]kfndf lj=;+= @)$@ df j}b]lzs /f]huf/L P]g hf/L ePkZrft\ j}b]lzs
/f]huf/;DaGwL gLltut tyf ;+:yfut yfngL ePsf] b]lvG5 . @)$( ;fn cyf{t\
g]kfn ;/sf/sf] cf7f}F of]hgf -@)$(–@)%$_ b]lv j}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf nflu
uGtJo d'n'sx¿sf] vf]hL ug]{ sfo{nfO{ dxŒj lbg yflnPsf] xf] . @)%$ ;fn
kmfNu'g ! ut]b]lv g]kfnLnfO{ lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{noaf6 klg /fxbfgL ljt/0f
ug]{ Joj:yf k|f/De ul/of] . To:t} u/L lj=;+= @)%^ ;fndf C0f gLlt, lj=;+=
@)^$ df j}b]lzs /f]huf/L P]gdf ;+zf]wg / lj=;+= @)^% df j}b]lzs /f]huf/
ljefusf] :yfkgf;Fu;Fu} ljb]zlt/ knfog x'g] ;+Vof tLj| ultdf a9\g yfNof] .
clxn] j}b]lzs d'n'sdf sfd ug{ hfg !!) d'n'sx¿ v'Nnf 5 . o;dWo] vf;
u/L dn]l;of tyf vf8L d'n'sdf hfg]sf] ;+Vof a9L /x]sf] 5 . &%@ d]gkfj/
sDkgLx¿n] g]kfn ;/sf/af6 Ohfhtkq lnO{ j}b]lzs /f]huf/ Joj;fo ;~rfng
ub}{ cfO/x]sf 5g\ .
xfn ljk|]if0f w]/} h:tf] ljsf;f]Gd'v /fi6«sf nflu cfDbfgLsf] k|d'v ;|f]tsf ¿kdf
/x]sf] 5 . g]kfn h:tf] d'n'ssf nflu ljk|]if0f kSs} klg ckjfb xf]Og . xfn}
Pp6f cWoogn] b]vfPcg';f/ g]kfnsf] s'n GDP sf] #)Ü dfu ljk|]if0fsf] /x]sf]
5 . To:t} u/L g]kfn ljZjdf ljk|]if0f leœofpg] d'n'sx¿dWo] t];|f] :yfgdf /x]sf]
5 . o;/L xfd|f] h:tf] d'n'ssf nflu cy{tGqsf] ljzfn vDafsf ¿kdf ljk|]if0f
b]lvG5 h;nfO{ lgDgfg';f/ k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 M
cfly{s jif{ -cf=j=_ ljk|]if0f -?=_ GDP sf] art -Ü)
2068/069 # va{ %( ca{ 20%
2069/070 $ va{ @ ca{ 25%
2070/071 $ va{ #( ca{ 28.34%

62 ÷ bLklzvf
 2071/072 ^ va{ !% ca{ 23%
2072/073 ^ va{ ^% ca{ 30%
-;|f]t M Ministry of Finance)
g]kfnsf] cy{tGqdf ljut % jif{sf] cjlwdf s'n ufx{:y cfo (GNI) sf] t'ngfdf
ljk|]if0f cfon] pNn]Vo cfsf/ u|x0f u/]sf] dfq geO{ cy{tGq wfGg] k|d'v ;|f]tsf]
¿kdf ljk|]if0f b]vf k/]sf] 5 . ;f]cg';f/ cfly{s jif{ 2068/069 df ?= #% va{
(=% ca{ ljk|]if0f lelqPsf] 5 h'g g]kfnsf] (GDP/GNI) @)Ü /x]sf] 5 . To:t}
u/L kfFr jif{sf] cGt/fndf ljk|]if0f cfo u'0ffTds ¿kdf j[l4 eO{ cfly{s jif{
2072/073 df ?= ^ va{ ^% ca{ k'u]sf] 5 .
pkef]usf] cj:yf
zLif{s vr{ Ü df
C0f ltg{df 6%
b}lgs pkef]udf 69%
lzIffdf 4%
;fdflhs sfo{df 5%
pTkfbgd"ns sfo{df 1.1%
jrt sfo{df 3.9%
-;|f]t M Nepali Rastra Bank)
dfly b]vfOPsf] tYofª\scg';f/ g]kfnLx¿n] ljb]zdf sdfPsf] /sddWo] clwsf+z
/sd cyf{t\ &(Ü eGbf a9L /sd pkef]udf vr{ ub{5 . o;/L vr{ ug]{ /sd
vf; u/L C0f ltg{, hUuf vl/b tyf lgdf{0f ug{, 3/fo;L vr{ ug{, dxFuf] uf8L,
On]S6«f]lgs cknfOG; h:tf ljnfl;tf h:tf sfo{df a9L vr{ ub{5 . cToGt Go"g
dfqfdf dfq pTkfbgd"ns sfo{df vr{ ug]{ ub{5 . kmn:j¿k b]zsf] cy{tGqdf
hlt k|efj kfg'{kg]{ xf] ;f]sf] t'ngfdf vf;} ;sf/fTds k|efj k/]sf] b]lvFb}g .
cj;/ (Opportunities)
 ljk|]if0f /sdnfO{ jrt tyf nufgLsf dfWodaf6 ul/aL Go"gLs/0f ug{ ;Sg' .
 3/]n' tyf ;fgf Jofkf/ Joj;fodf nufgLsf] jftfj/0f l;h{gf u/L Go"g cfo
ePsf JolStsf] hLjg :t/df ;'wf/ Nofpg' .
 j}b]lzs /f]huf/L jrtkqdf nufgL u/L k"FhL ahf/nfO{ ljsf;, lj:tf/ tyf
k|j4{g ug{ ;Sg' .
 ljk|]if0f cfo pkef]u s]lGb|t x'Fbf cfoft a9\g] / jrt tyf nufgL s]lGb|t x'Fbf
pTkfbg a9\g] ePsf]n] cfly{s j[l4df k|ToIf k|efj kfg]{ ;Defjgf b]lvG5 .

bLklzvf ÷ 63
 ljk|]if0fnfO{ b]zsf] cfly{s j[l4df 6]jf k'¥ofpg] pTkfbsTj If]q h:t} M s[lif,
ko{6g, xfO8«f]kfj/ h:tf If]qdf nufgLsf] jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug{ ;Sg' .
r'gf}tLx¿ (Challenges)
 ljk|]if0fnfO{ j}wflgs dfWodaf6 leq\ofpg g;Sg' .
 b]zsf] u|fdL0f If]qdf cem} klg a}ª\s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfsf] kxF'r kof{Kt
dfqfdf gePsf] sf/0f ljk|]if0f (Remittance) af6 cfPsf /sd ;xh
¿kdf k|fKt ug{ g;Sg' .
 ljk|]if0faf6 cfPsf] /sdnfO{ kof{Kt dfqfdf pTkfbsTj If]qdf nufgL cj;/
k|fKt ug{ g;Sg' .
 ljk|]if0fnfO{ jrt tyf nufgLsf dfWodaf6 cfly{s j[l4 ug'{ / of] klg
cfly{s j[l4sf] Pp6f cf}hf/ xf] egL klxrfg ug{ g;Sg' .
 pko'St ljk|]if0f gLltsf] th'{df tyf sfof{Gjog ug{ g;Sg' .
 ljk|]if0fn] ubf{ al9/x]sf] zf]wgfGt/ cfo sd ug{ g;Sg' .
 cg'kfbsTj If]qdf a9L vr{ ug]{ afgLnfO{ pTkfbsTj If]qdf nufgL k|j4{g
h:tf sfo{qmdsf] ;xL Joj:yfkg x'g g;Sg' .
;'emfj (Conclusion/Suggestion)
 j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf hfg] ;j{;fwf/0fsf nflu ljleGg ljQLo sfo{qmdx¿
Nofpg'kg]{ b]lvG5 .
 /f]huf/Ldf uPsf JolStn] a}ª\s vftfsf dfWodaf6 k};f k7fPdf Ps lglZrt
cjlwkl5 3/ kms]{/ cfpFbf Joj;fo ug{ rfx]df ;xh ¿kdf shf{ k|bfg
ug]{ Joj:yf ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 .
 ljk|]if0f cfo k|fKt ug]{ JolStx¿sf] 3/ kl/jf/sf lglDt jrt tyf
nufgL;DaGwL ;Lkd"ns tflndsf] Joj:yf ug'{ cfjZos b]lvG5 . j}b]lzs
/f]hguf/df hfg'cl3 clgjfo{ ¿kdf Jofj;flos tflnd tyf ;Lk k|bfg
ug{ cNksfnLg tyf bL3{sfnLg /0fgLlt cjnDag ug'{ cfjZos b]lvG5 .
 j}b]lzs /f]huf/ jrtdf cfsif{0f a9fpg k|efjsf/L ¿kdf k|rf/k|;f/
cfjZos b]lvG5 .
 d]gkfj/ sDkgLx¿sf] k|efjsf/L cg'udg ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 .
 ljb]zdf l;s]sf] ;Lk tyf bIftfnfO{ :jb]zdf pkof]u ug]{ gLlt ljsf;
ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 .

64 ÷ bLklzvf
 k':tsfnosf] Oltxf;, dxTTj / r'gf}tL
8'sxl/ lg/f}nf

ljZj Oltxf;
dflg;n] hª\unL cj:yfaf6 ljsf; x'g] qmddf n]Vg] / e'OFdf sf]g]{ snf l;Sb}
uof] . ;j{k|yd #!)) O;fk"j{df ;'d]l/ogx¿n] (soft clay_ g/d df6f], sf7
cyjf kmnfdsf] r'Rrf] lrhåf/f cfkm\gf] Oltxf;, wd{ / rf}kfof hGt'sf lrq sf]/L
;'sfO{ ;'/lIft /fVg ;'? u/] . Tof] ;'d]l/og ;+:s[lt a]lanf]lgofdf ;b}{ uof] .
;'d]l/ogx¿n] klg cfkm\gf] /fHo, sfg"g, Oltxf;, wd{;DaGwL s'/fx¿ eljiosf
nflu ;'/lIft ug]{ pkfo cFufNg yfn] . ;'d]l/og ;+:s[ltsf] k|efj Pl;l/ofdf klg
kg{ yfNof] . Pl;l/ogx¿n] klg cfkm\gf] Oltxf;, snf / cg'ejnfO{ ;'/lIft ug{
yfn] . ToxL a]nfsf] a]lanf]lgofsf] æsf]8{ ckm xd'/faLÆ k]l/;sf] n]/] Do'lhoddf
cfh;Dd ;'/lIft cj:yfdf 5 . ;'d]l/og a]lanf]lgog / Pl;l/og ;fy;fy}
OlhlK;ogx¿n] n]Vg] snf l;s] . Pl;l/ogx¿n] k]k/;\ l;6df lgufnfsf] h:tf]
sndn] n]Vg yfn] . ;Eotfsf] nfdf] Oltxf; ePsf b]zx¿ k|frLg rLg, u|L;,
/f]d, ef/t cflb b]zx¿df n]Vg] snfsf] ljsf; eof] . rfOlghx¿n] xf8, afF;sf]
af]qmf, s5'jfsf] vf]n, l;Ns, sf7sf] kmNofs, lu|sx¿n] k]k/;, /f]dgx¿n] d}g,
sf7 cflb / ef/tLox¿n] ef]hkqdf n]Vg ;'? u/] . o; k|sf/ ;+;f/sf ljleGg
efudf ePsf] n]Vg], sf]g]{ cflb sfdaf6 ljZjel/ 1fg lj1fgsf ;fdu|L b]lvg
yfn] . dflg;x¿n] lat]sf] ;do cfkm\gf] jL/tf, 1fg, cg'ejnfO{ df6f], sf7,
xf8, 5fnf, k]k/;, ef]hkq cflbdf sf]/]kl5 o;nfO{ ;'/lIft /fVg] cfj:ostf
dx;'; u/] h;sf] kmn:j¿k n]lvPsf÷ePsf ;fdu|Lx¿ ;a} Ps} 7fpFdf Pslqt
ul/P . log} Pslqt ;fdu|Lx¿af6 k|frLg k':tsfnosf] hGd eof] .
O;fk"j{ ^@^ cufl8 Pl;l/ofsf /fhf c:o'/jlgkfnn] lgg]e (Nineveh)
k':tsfno :yfkgf u/L ljZjnfO{ klxnf] k':tsfno k|bfg u/]sf lyP . OlhK6sf
/fhf Kn]6f]n]dLn] :yfkgf u/]sf] cn]sh]l8og k':tsfno, cl/:6f]6nsf] lnl;kgsf]

bLklzvf ÷ 65
k':tsfno ;'d]l/ogx¿sf] 6]nf]df /x]sf] k':tsfno /f]ddf ;];]/f]n] :yfkgf u/]sf]
lghL k':tsfno cflb k|frLg k':tsfnosf HjnGt pbfx/0f x'g\ . O;fk"j{ !$)
df Ugarit -pufl/6_ efiffsf nflu k|of]u ul/Psf] Alphabet (j0ff{If/_ #)))
O=k"=sf] OlhlK;ogx¿sf] xfO/f]u|flkmS; (Hieropraphice), #!)) O=k"=sf]
;'d]l/ogx¿sf] So'lgkmd{h:tf] k'/fgf] n]vf]6af6 ;'? ePsf] dfgj efiff, lxGb" efiff
ePsf] Cannan efiff j0ff{If/sf] tLj| ultn] ljsf; ePkl5 1fgsf ;fdu|Lx¿sf]
lbg k|ltlbg j[l4 x'Fb} uof] . ;g\ !$$) df hd{gLsf hf]xg u'6]gju{ (Johan
Gutenberg) n] 5fKg] d]l;gsf] cfljisf/ u/]kl5 k':tsn] cfw'lgs :j¿k wf/0f
u/]sf] kfOG5 . o;k|sf/ df6f], sf7sf kmNofs, s5'jfsf] vf]n, 5fkdf ljsl;t
eP/ 1fglj1fgsf cgluGtL ;fdu|L k|sfzg x'g yfn] h;sf] kmn:j¿k k|mfG;sf]
ljZjk|l;4 lalAnkf]lys g];gfn]sf] :yfkgf eof] . /f]dg Sofyf]lns rr{n] ;g\
!$$& df efl6sg nfOa|]/L, Oª\n]G8df ;g\ !$^) df af]8lng nfOa|]/L, ;g\
!$!& df ljZjk|l;4 nG8gsf] British Museum b]vf k¥of] . ;g\ !*)) df
cd]l/sfsf] jflzª\6gdf Library of Congress ljZj;fd' b]vf k¥of] . !* cf}F
ztfAbLsf] ;'?b]lv ljZje/ cWoog cWofkgsf] gofF nx/ km}lnof] . ljZjsf
ljleGg efudf cg]s gofFgofF ljZjljBfno, sn]h cg';Gwfg s]Gb|x¿ :yfkgf
x'g yfn] . ljZjo'4kl5 cg';Gwfgzfnfx¿sf] b|'tt/ ultdf ljsf; x'Fb} uof] .
lzIffsf] nx/ a9\b} uof] . hd{gdf ;g\ !**) df aln{g ljZjljBfno ;g\ !**)
df o'lgel;{6L ckm k|mfG;, cd]l/sfsf] o'lgel;{6L ckm k]G;neflgof / lk|G;6g
o'lgel;{6L, u|]6 la|6]gsf] o'lgel;{6L ckm ald{ª3dsf ;fy} ef/tsf] lbNnL,
snstf, agf/; cflb :yfgdf ljZjljBfnox¿sf] :yfkgf eof] . cd]l/sf,
u|]6 la|6]g, hfkfg, ef/t, ;f]leot ;ª\3 ?; cflb b]zx¿df 7'nf7'nf cWoog
cg';Gwfg s]Gb|x¿ !* cf}F ztfAbLdf / To;kl5sf jif{x¿df v'Nb} uP . cGbfhL
;g\ !$%) lt/ u'6]gau{ d'd]an Type af6 5flkPsf] $@ kª\lStsf] afOankl5
ljZjdf cWoog / cg';Gwfgsf] gofF o'u z'ef/De eof] h;sf] kmn:j¿k
nfvf}Fnfv k':tsx¿ k|sfzgdf cfP . ;g\ !%!# df nG8gsf] The Trowe
Encouter gfds kDkn]6 Series df ljsl;t eO{ !& cf}F ztfAbLsf] ;'?df
cle;f Avisa hd{gLdf cvaf/sf] ¿kdf klxnf] k6s b]vf k¥of] . ;g\ !^^%
df a]nfotdf cS;kmf]8{ uh]6, ;g\ !^^# df hd{gdf df]g6:h]:kf]r], ;g\ !^^%
df k]l/;df hg{n 8]:sfeG;, ;g\ !&#! df cd]l/sg Dofulhg, ;g\ !(!( df
lg:s]sf] The Caily Post cflb nfvf}F kqklqsf / cvaf/x¿sf] hGd eof] .
lbg k|ltlbg ;+;f/df nfvf}Fnfv k':ts tyf kqklqsfx¿ ylkb}F uP/ 1fgsf
;fdu|Lx¿ cgluGtL eP .
66 ÷ bLklzvf
g]kfnsf] k':tsfnosf] Oltxf;
tfd|kq, ef]hkq, lznfn]v, x:tlnlvt ;fdu|Lx¿ d7dlGb/, u'Daf, ljxf/, r}To
cflbdf /flvPsf ;ª\slnt ;fdu|Lx¿nfO{ k|frLg k':tsfnox¿ eGg ;lsG5 .
k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] pkTosf ljhokZrft\ uf]/vf b/af/, g'jfsf]6 b/af/, nlntk'/,
eStk'/, ljleGg d7 dlGb/ cflbaf6 ;ª\slnt x:tlnlvt ;fdu|Lx¿ xg'dfg
9f]sfsf] k"hfsf]7fdf ;ª\sng u/L /flvPsf] lyof] . pSt k':tsx¿nfO{ /fhf
uLjf{0fo'4n] k':ts lrtfO txlan gfds/0f u/L k':tsfnosf] ¿k lbP . lj=;+=
!*^( efb| !% ut] /fhf uLjf{0fo'4ljqmd zfxaf6 k':tsfno ;DaGwL gLltlgodsf]
nfndf]x/ hf/L u/L kl08t s]bf/gfy emfnfO{ klxnf] nfOa|]l/og lgo'St u/]sf lyP .
oL k':tsx¿ lj=;+= !()$ df hª\uaxfb'/ /f0ffn] xg'dfg9f]sf b/af/af6 yfkfynL
b/af/sf] h};Lsf]7fdf ;f/] . pSt k':tsx¿ lj=;+= !(!) df jL/zdz]/ /f0ffn]
yfkfynL b/af/af6 b/af/ xfO:s'ndf ;f/] . lj=;+= !(%& df b/af/ xfO:s'naf6
306f3/df k':tsx¿ ;f/L 306f3/ nfOa|]/Lsf] gfds/0f ul/of] . lj=;+= !(^@
df 306f3/ nfOa]|/LnfO{ jL/ nfOa]|/L ;/sf/L k':tsvfgf gfd /flvof] . lj=;+=
!(*^÷*& lt/ wd{/fh yklnof nIdLk|;fb b]jsf]6f, lrtw/ x[boh:tf $%÷$^
hgf o'jfx¿n] ;/:jtL u'7L vf]nL To;}af6 Pp6f k':tsfno vf]Ng tTsfnLg
;/sf/df laGtLkq xfn] .
kz'klt k':tsfno tf}lnxjf lj=;+= !((# df :yfkgf eof] . zf/bf k':tsfno, kf6g
lj=;+= @))# df, k|bLKt k':tsfno sf7df8f}F lj=;+= @))# df, cfbz{ k':tsfno
lj/f6gu/ lj=;+= @))# df, wjn k':tsfno kfNkf lj=;+= @))$ df, dxfjL/
k':tsfno a6jn lj=;+= @))$ df, ;fj{hlgs ljBfejg k':tsfno, w/fg lj=;+=
@))$ df, k'/ftTj ljefu lj=;+= @))( df, /fli6«o clen]vfno lj=;+= @)@#
df :yfkgf eof] . o;/L g]kfndf k':tsfnox¿ :yfkgf x'g] qmd a9\b} uof] .
jL/ nfOa|]/Lsf ;Dk"0f{ k':ts tyf kf08'lnlkx¿ /fli6«o clen]vfnodf /flvP .
lj=;+= @)!# df x]d/fh kl08tsf] JolStut k':tsfno tTsfnLg ;/sf/n] ?= #
nfvdf vl/b u/L g]kfn /fli6«o k':tsfno agfof] . @)!^ ;fndf lq=lj= s]Gb|Lo
k':tsfno lqk'/]Zj/df :yfkgf eof] . of] k':tsfno lj=;+= @)@$ df sLlt{k'/df
;fl/of] . of] g]kfnsf] ;a}eGbf 7'nf] k':tsfno xf] . oxL k':tsfnoaf6 k':tsdf
/flvg] cGt/f{li6«o dfgs lstfa gDa/ (ISBN Internationnal Stndrd Book
Bumber) lbOG5 . s]z/ k':tsfno @)@^ ;fndf :yfkgf eof] . @)!# ;fndf
dbg k'/:sf/ k':tsfno, @)^@ ;fndf sf7df8f}Fsf] e[s[6Ld08kdf ;fj{hlgs
k':tsfno / ;g\ !(*) df l8NnL/d0f /]UdL k':tsfno, nflhDkf6df :yfkgf

bLklzvf ÷ 67
eof] . o;/L g]kfndf cfh;Dd ;fj{hlgs k':tsfno, ljZjljBfnob]lv
:s'n;Ddsf k':tsfno, :k];n k':tsfno, dGqfnob]lv ;/sf/L sfof{nosf
k':tsfno, s"6gLlts lgof]ub]lv ;ª\3;+:yfsf k':tsfno, lghL k':tsfnob]lv
afnaflnsfsf nflu xhf/f}Fxhf/ k':tsfnox¿ v'ln;s]sf 5g\ .
p2]Zo
;fj{hlgs k':tsfno vf]Ng'sf] d'Vo p2]Zo ;d'bfo, hft tyf ju{sf] z}lIfs
l:ylt dfly p7fpg, k9\g] ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf; ug]{ ;fIf/tfdf j[l4 Nofpg], s'ntdf
km;]sfnfO{ s'ntsf] ntaf6 x6fpg clek|]l/t ug{sf] lglDt ;fj{hlgs k':tsfnox¿
vf]lnG5g\ . /fi6«JofkL ¿kdf k':tsfno ;]jf lbg, cGt/f{li6«o If]qdf cfkm\gf]
b]zsf] k':tsfnon] k|ltlglwTj ug{, b]zel/af6 k|sflzt ;fdu|Lx¿sf] ;ª\sng /
;+/If0f ug{ / clen]v /fVgsf nflu /fli6«o k':tsfno vf]lnG5 . ljZjljBfno
tyf sn]hdf k':tsfnox¿ vf]lng'sf] d'Vo p2]Zo /]km/]G; k9gsf nflu /
k':tsfnodf a;]/ k9\g g;Sg] kf7sx¿sf nflu O:o' u/]/ 3/}df nuL k9\g]
jftfj/0f ldnfpgsf nflu k':tsfno vf]Ng] ul/G5 . lghL k':tsfnox¿ vf]Ng'sf]
p2]Zo JolStut ¿kdf k':ts lsgL k9\g / afn k':tsfnox¿ vf]Ng'sf] p2]Zo
afnaflnsfnfO{ ;fg}b]lv p;n] ?rfPsf ljifosf k':tsx¿ k9\g nufpg] ugf{n]
afnaflnsfsf] k9\g] s'zntfdf j[l4 ug{ d2t k'U5 . k|ltli7t JolStTjsf af/]df
n]lvPsf k':ts tyf ljleGg dgf]/~hgd"ns k':ts k9\g] afgL;Fu} cf}krfl/s
lzIff xfl;n ug{ klg afn k':tsfnon] ljz]if e"ldsf v]N5 . o;/L dfG5]df k9\g]
;+:sf/sf] ljsf; eof] eg] b]z ljsf; x'g], JolStx¿ cg'zfl;t / dof{lbt x'g]
nugzLn / d]xgtL aG5 . ljsl;t /fi6«df hlg w]/} k':tsfnox¿ v'n]sf 5g\
Tolt g} ;'ljwf;DkGg aGb} 5g\ . k9\g] ;+:sf/sf] ljsf; ePsf] 5 . pgLx¿df
r]tgfsf] :t/ a9]sf] 5 . ;fIf/ b/ klg pRr 5 . To;}n] b]zdf a]/f]huf/L 5}g .
/fi6« ljsl;t 5 .
r'gf}tLx¿
k':tsfno vf]n]sf] eg]/ k':tsx¿ ;ª\sng ug]{ clg y'kf/]/ /fVg] xfd|f] k|j[lQ
5 . k':tsnfO{ Joj:yfkg ul/Fb}g . juL{s/0f, ;"rLs/0f / btf{ljgf k':tsx¿
O:o' ePsf] kfOG5 . kf7sn] k':ts nu]sf] / ;dod} k':ts a'emfPsf] ljj/0f vf;}
b]lvFb}g . k':tsfnodf k':tsfno lj1fg;DaGwL cWoog u/]sf] jf tflnd k|fKt
JolStnfO{ /fv]sf] kfOFb}g . :s'n tyf sn]h / ;fd'bflos k':tsfnodf t emg\
cfkm\gf] dfG5] / cGoq sfd ug{ g;Sg] JolStnfO{ k':tsfnodf /fv]sf] b]lvG5 .
k':ts ahf/af6 vl/b u/]/ NofPs} lbg ljBfyL{ tyf lzIfsnfO{ lbg'kg]{ afWotf

68 ÷ bLklzvf
x'G5 . o;f] ubf{ k|fljlws ¿kdf k|lqmof k'Ug g;s]sf] v08df k':ts x/fpg],
ge]l6g] / kf7snfO{ ;dod} pknAw u/fpg g;lsg] cj:yf ;[hgf x'G5 . o;af6
k':tsfnosf] sd{rf/LnfO{ yk ef/ kg{ hfG5 . ;+:yfnfO{ xfgL gf]S;fgL x'G5 .
sn]h tyf cGo k':tsfnodf cfpg] kf7sx¿df k':tssf] k|f];]l;ª ug'{k5{ clg
dfq O:o' u/]/ nfg kfOG5 eGg] 1fg vf;} ePsf] b]lvFb}g . lzIfsx¿n] k|To]s
jif{ k|sfzg kl/jt{g u/L ljBfyL{nfO{ k9fOlbg] kl/kf6Ln] k':tsfnodf /x]sf
pkof]uL k':ts klg cg'kof]uL aGg k'U5g\ / ;+:yfnfO{ k|To]s jif{ k':ts vl/b ug{
cToGt} ufx|f] x'G5 . ;/sf/L sfof{no, ;+3;+:yf, sn]h, :s'nsf k':tsfnox¿df
k':tsx¿ vl/b ug{ ;+:yfsf pRr kbsf sd{rf/L -xflsd_ lkR5]sf] gLlt lgod
/ Pp6} k':ts w]/} rf]l6 vl/b ul//xg'kg]{, kf7ssf] ;ª\VofeGbf w]/}, kf7ssf
dfu ljk/Ltsf k':tsx¿ vl/b ePsf] kfOG5 . cfkm\gf / lrg]hfg]sf JolStsf
k':tsx¿ k':tsfnodf /fVg] jf /fVg nufpg], pkof]uL / kf7\oqmddf pNn]lvt
k':tsx¿ vl/b u/]sf] kfOFb}g . ;fj{hlgs k':tsfnox¿df k':tsfno;Fu
;DalGwt ah]6 cefj / bIf hgzlSt gePsf] ;fy} dflg;df k9\g] ;+:sf/sf]
ljsf; gePsfn] k':tsfnosf] k|ult x'g ;s]sf] kfOFb}g . ;+:yfsf k|d'vx¿sf]
d'vaf6 O–nfOa|]/L eGg] zAb ;'Gg t kfOg] t/ tTsfn sfof{Gjog ug{ g;Sg]
cj:yf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . O–nfOa|]/L agfpg ;s] xfd|f] h:tf] d'n'ssf nflu /fd|f] xf]
t/ g]kfn h:tf] ljsf;f]Gd'v d'n'sdf nf]8;]l8ª eO/xg], sDKo'6/ OG6/g]6 / cGo
pks/0fx¿ vl/b ug{ dxFuf] ePsfn] ;~rfng ug{ cToGt} uf¥x|f] / ;~rfng ug{
bIf hgzlSt gePsf] cj:yf 5 . k':tsfnoaf6 O:o' u/]/ nu]sf k':tsx¿ cfkm\
gf] JolStut h:tf] gug]{, ;dodf lkmtf{ gug]{, k':tssf kfgfx¿ RofTg], aRrfnfO{
v]nf}gfsf ¿kdf lbg], kmf]xf]/ agfpg] u/]sf] kfOG5 . k':tsfnodf k9\g jf l/;r{
ug{ cfpg] kf7sx¿ cfuf] lng cfP h:tf] b]lvG5 . Ps l5g klg s'g{ / vf]h]/
k9\g g;Sg], eGg]lalQs} ;]jf lbg'kg]{ cj:yfsf sf/0fn] ubf{ k':tsfnodf sfd
ug{ cToGt} uf¥x|f] / r'gf}tLk"0f{ 5 .
ctM k':tsfno vf]Ng'eGbf klxn] k':tsfno ;DaGwL lgod ljlgod agfpg'kg]{
x'G5 . lgod ljlgoddf n]v]adf]lhd k':tsfno ;~rfng u/]df ;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfg
x'G5g\ . kf7sx¿n] k':tsfnodf /x]sf k':ts tyf cGo ;fdu|Lx¿ cfkm\gf]eGbf
klg a9L dfof u/]/ k|of]u ul/lbP efjL ;Gtltn] klg pkof]u ug{ kfpF5g\ . bIf
hgzlStaf6 k':tsfno ;~rfng ug{ ;lsP k':tsfnosf] ljsf;df ;xof]u k'U5
/ /fd|/L ;~rflnt x'G5 .
o;f] x'Fbf k':tsfnok|ltsf] dfof, ddtf / :g]x a9\b} hfG5 / k':tsfnok|lt

bLklzvf ÷ 69
gsf/fTds efjgf pTkGg x'Fb}g . ;fd'bflos, z}lIfs, lghL, ljlzi6 cflb
k':tsfnonfO{ a9fpb} n}hfg' xfd|f] bfloTj xf] / k':tsfnosf] ;Ddfg ug'{ xfdL
;a}sf] st{Jo xf] . ho k':tsfno Û
;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lx¿
clwsf/L, OGb|k|;fb= k':tsfno tyf ;|f]t s]Gb|, sf7df8f}F M LIMISEC, @)&# .
k+u]gL, ej]Zj/= s]Gb|Lo k':tsfnosf kfFr bzs= sLlt{k'/= sf7df8f}F M lq=lj= s]Gb|Lo
k':tsfno, @)^* .
/fO{, c?0fs'df/= k':tsfno Joj:yfkg= sf7df8f}F M ljBfyL{ k':ts e08f/, @)^$ .
/fO{, c?0fs'df/ / lg/f}nf, 8'sxl/= k':tsfno tyf ;"rgf lj1fgsf] a|x\df08=
sf7df8f}F M ;Demgf klAns];g, @)&# .
zdf{, lgTofgGb= k':tsfnosf] Oltxf; -n]v_, @)^$ .
Mittal, RL (Dr.). Library Administration Theory and Practice,
New Delhi: Metropolitan Book co., 1996.
Kumar, C. Lal & K., Objective Questions in Library and
Information Science, New Delhi: Ess Ess Publication, 2010.
Raju, A.A.N. Objective Questions Bank for Library and
Information Science, New Delhi: Ess Ess Publication, 2005.

70 ÷ bLklzvf
 Nepalo Malfermas la Pordon
(Nepal Opens the Door)
Bharat Ghimire
Esperanto literature began even before the official publication of
the constructed language Esperanto; the language's creator, L. L.
Zamenhof, translated poetry and prose into the language as he
was developing it as a test of its completeness and expressiveness,
and published several translations and a short original poem as an
appendix to the first book on the language, Unua Libro. Other early
speakers wrote poetry, stories and essays in the language; Henri
Vallienne was the first person to write a novel in Esperanto. Except
for a handful of poems, most of the literature from Esperanto's
first twenty years or so is now regarded as of historical interest
only.Between the two world wars, several new poets and novelists
published their first works, including several recognized as the first
to produce work of outstanding quality in the still-young language:
Julio Baghy, Eŭgeno Miĥalski, Kálmán Kalocsay, Heinrich Luyken, and
Jean Forge.
Some of the most important authors who wrote chiefly in the second
half of the 20th century are Claude Piron, William Auld and Marjorie
Boulton.Over 25,000 books in Esperanto have been published to
date, and the largest Esperanto book service at the World Esperanto
Association offers over 4,000 titles in its catalog. Over 100 original
novels have been published in Esperanto, plus a larger number of
novellas, short story collections, and poetry collections. Two major
literary magazines, Fonto and Literatura Foiro, appear regularly; some
other magazines, such as Monato, also publish fiction.
Nepalo Malfermas la Pordon (Nepal opens its door) is a travel book
by Tibor Sekelj which describes the Nepal of the 1950s.The original
text was written in Esperanto and later translated into a number of

bLklzvf ÷ 71
other languages.The writer treats Nepal’s history, geography, culture,
religion, people, art and economy.He talks about the country’s
remoteness and reclusiveness.Nepal was not open to foreigners
during the Rana regime.Thus the title of his book: Nepal Opens Its
Door.Even thoughNepal is a poor country, its people strike him as
being happy with their lot, which keeps them close to nature.He
praises the country’s art and culture and is struck by its uniqueness.
Nepal was early on a pilgrimage destination for Buddhists.The first
recorded such visitors to Nepal were Chinese, in the 4th and 7th
centuries.Marco Polo passed through Central Asia in the 13th century
but did not set foot in Nepal.He merely commented: "la lando estas
sovaĝa kaj montara, kaj malofte vizitata de fremduloj, kies alvenon la
reĝoj malkuraĝigas" (the country is wild and mountainous, and rarely
visited by foreigners, whose entry is discouraged by the kings).From
the beginning up to the time of Tibor Sekelj some two dozen books
had been written about Nepal by outsiders, and all of them had
had to use unreliable information.It was difficult to find competent
interpreters and trustworthy sources.Sekelj describes his own sense
of ignorance while landing in the plane:
Rapide ni descendas super Kathamndu.Kaj antaŭol alteriĝi mi
ekvidas blankan kupolon kun orumita tureto, de kiu ĉiuflanke
la mistera okulparo de la Budho alrigardas la vojaĝanton.La
demandsigno anstataŭnazo inter la okuloj eĉ pli pensigas la
fremdan vizitanton.
(Sekelj 10)
Rapidly we descend over Kathmandu.And before landing I
see a white dome with an ornamented drum, from each of
whose the sides the mysterious eyes of the Buddha peer at
travellers. The question mark instead of a nose between the
eyes gives the foreign visitor all the more reason to ponder.
(This and the following are my own translation)
Sekelj first talks about the climate of Nepal.Nepal has a
surprise in store for foreign visitors. When they think about Nepal
they think about the Himalaya.The capital of Nepal, they expect,
is covered with snow.The fact is that the Kathmandu Valley is only
1,500 m above sea level.It is not as cold as people imagine. Nepal
has a diversity of altitudes, mirrored in the diversity of its climate.
Bio- diversity is a trademark of the country.

72 ÷ bLklzvf
The culture of Nepal has been affected by both Tibet and India.The
more mountainous regions of Nepal are highly influenced by Tibet,
and lower regions by India.The physical features of Nepali’s ethnic
groups vary as much as the terrain, though the population as a whole
shares unmistakable traits.Sekelj says of these groups:
Kaj kion mi diru pri la popolo de Ŝangri La?Se mi devus
karakterizi ĝin per malmultaj vortoj, mi nomus ĝin la "popolo
ridetanta".La viroj kun rideto vin alrigardas, kun rideto
respondas al via rigardo la virinoj, urbaj kaj vilaĝaj egale, kaj
ĉe infanoj ĉiuaĝaj la plej eta gesto ellogas simpatian, spontan
ridon. Oni tuj rimarkas, ke la homoj estas malriĉaj kaj simplaj.
Sed surstrate oni ne vidas malsanulojn nek almozmulojn, nek
elmontron de mizero ĝenerale, el kiu kelkaj aliaj aziaj landoj
faras veran kulton.
(Sekelj 13)
What should I say about the people of Shangri La? Were
I to characterize them in a few words, I would call them
the "smiling people." The men look upon you with a
smile, the women respond to your glance with a smile, in
cities and villages equally, and children of every age emit
sympathetic, spontaneous laughter at the smallest gesture.
We immediately remark that the people are poor and simple.
But the people in the street do not look sick; neither are they
beggars, nor do they put their mean condition on display as
in some other Asian countries.
He further talks about the geography of the Kathmandu
Valley. He notes the cultural and religious value of Swayambunath,
the Visnumati, and Bagmati, and other landmarks:
Baldaŭni alvenas al granda kvadrata baseno, nomata Rani
Pokhari "la akvujo de la reĝino". Ĝin konstruis la reĝo Pratapa
Malla, antaŭtri jarcentoj, memore al sia mortinta filo.Ĉe unu
el ĝiaj flankoj, sur naturgranda ŝtonelefanto, rajdas ankaŭla
reĝo mem, la reĝino kaj la mortinta filo.
(Sekelj 14)
Soon we arrive at a big square pool, named Rani Pokhari
"the queen’s lake".It was constructed by Pratap Malla three
hundred years ago in memory of his deceased son.On one

bLklzvf ÷ 73
 side of the lake, he, his queen and his son are riding on the
back of a stone elephant.
The chapter “Kiuj Estas Nepalanoj” ("Who are Nepalese?")
deals with different ethnic groups and their culture.The author talks
about the caste system of Nepal.He divides the population into three
groups: The first group is of Tibeto-Burman origin. The Newars belong
to this group.The second one is of Mongolian stock, and includes the
Magars, Gurungs, Rais and Limbus.The third group is the Aryan and
Dravidians, among whom are Brahmins and Kshatriyas.Concerning
the birth ritual of Newars, for example, he writes
La naskiĝo de infano estas okazo, en kiu la tuta familio
partoprenas.Du tagojn post la naskiĝo, kiam la umbilikŝnuro
de la infano estas tranĉita, la tuta familio, krom la gepatroj kaj
la geavoj, defilas antaŭla etulo, kaj kunvenas en la ĉambro en
kiu la infano naskiĝis, por submetiĝi al la puriga ceremonio.
La infano mem estas lavata per sezama oleo.
(Sekelj 105)
The birth of a child is an occasion in which all family members
take part.Two days after the birth of the baby, when the
umbilical cord of the infant is cut up, the whole family except
for the parents and grandparents files past the baby and
assembles in the room in which the baby was born for the
purification ceremony.The child is washed with sesame oil.
In Nepal everything is connected with religion. Hinduism and
other Oriental religions are not content to simply establish certain
principles, dogmas, an ethics and the like, but to ensure that the
principles filter down into and suffuse everyday life.
Jam plurfoje ni estis devigataj mencii iom pri religio.La kialo
estas, ke en Nepalo, kiel en multaj aliaj landoj de Oriento,
la religio estas tiel interplektita kun la ĉiutaga vivo, ke sur
ĉiu paŝo ni renkontiĝas kun ĝi, vole aŭnevole.La plej simplaj
agoj, kiel lavo de manoj, manĝado kaj vestado, kaj ĉiuj
naturaj fenomenoj, kiel pluvo, fazoj de la luno aŭflorado de
arbo, ĉio estas ligita iamaniere al religiaj kredoj kaj sekve al
ia ceremonio.(Sekelj 121)
We have already been obliged to say something about
religion several times.The main reason is that in Nepal, as in

74 ÷ bLklzvf
 many other countries in the East, religion is interwoven into
everyday life. At every step we meet it, whether we want to
or not.The simplest of acts, such as washing hands, eating
and dressing, and all natural phenomena -- rain, the moon
or the flowering of trees -- are connected with religion.
For Western man, man is the centre of creation, the measure of all
things.But in the East, man is still part of an unseen whole that he
should try to submit himself to and merge himself with.Man has no
right to try to subjugate nature to himself.Hinduism teaches man how
to live harmoniously with other creatures and to assume his proper
place in the scheme of things.On the other hand, it does not have
a single set of rules applicable to everyone.In the words of William
Blake, it is tyranny to force an ox and a lion to follow the same law.
Sekelj is quick to point out this seeming contradiction:
Dum unuflanke ĝi ordonas ne nur bestojn sed eĉ homajn
oferojn, kiel la bruligon de vivantaj vidvinoj, aliflanke ĝi
malpermesas la manĝadon de viando aŭhazardan mortigon
de insekto; dum je unu flanko ĝi rekomendas asketan vivon
dediĉitan al meditado, ĝi je la alia ordonas la plej strangajn
seksajn orgiojn.
(Sekelj 122)
On the one hand, it calls not only for animal but also human
sacrifice, as in the burning of widows alive; on the other
hand, it prohibits the eating of meat and warns against the
accidental killing of insects.It recommends an ascetic life
dedicated to meditation, while on the other hand enjoining
strange sexual orgies.
Nepal, being close to the great cultural centres of India and China,
has nevertheless developed art forms of its own.Nepali art is an
illustration of how artistic sense, suffused with religious belief can
come up with its own natural forms.The rulers of Nepal promoted
art throughout its history.Nepali artists were invited to China and
there propagated the pagoda.
Nun la historiistoj ĝenerale konsentas, ke la pagodo-stilo
evoluis en Nepalo.De tie ĝi estis transportata en Tibeton kaj
Ĉinujon, el kie ĝi atingis Japanujon.Estas vero, ke en Japanujo
ekzistas pagodoj mil jarojn pli aĝaj ol la plej belaj nepalaj

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 pagodoj, konstruitaj en la 17-a jarcento, sed tio signifas nur
ke la pli antikvaj nepalaj pagodoj estis detruitaj de fajro aŭde
tertremo, ĉar ilia ĉefakonstrumaterialo estis la ligno.
(Sekelj 174)
Now historians generally agree that the pagoda style was
developed in Nepal.From there it was transported to Tibet
and China, from where it reached Japan.It is true that in
Japan there are pagodas a thousand years older than the
Nepali pagodas constructed in the 17th century, but this
means only that pagodas constructed before that were
destroyed by fire or earthquake, for the material they were
made of was wood.
Moving on to literature, Sekelj notes that the people of Nepal are
devoted to song, dance and the dramatic arts. Its literature has
borrowed elements from India and to a certain extent China, but
created something uniquely its own.The separate roles men and
women play in folksong and dance seems strange to the Westerner,
but they recall the drama of China and Japan.Literature is not a
profession in Nepal.No writer survives by writing.
. . .inter la juna generacio de Nepalo abundas verkantoj
de dramoj, noveloj, historiaj romanoj kaj eseoj. Tamen,
la verkisto en Nepalo ankoraŭdevas vivteni sin per iu alia
rimedo. Kaj verkadi en siaj liberaj horoj.Poste li devas uzi
siajn malmultajn liberajn rupionjn por eldoni siajn proprajn
verkojn kaj disdoni ekzemplerojn inter la amikoj, por ke ili
estu eventuale legataj. Eldona industrio ankoraŭne ekzistas.
(Sekelj 181)
. . . among the younger generation of Nepal there are
plentiful writers of dramas, novels, historical novels and
essays.However, the writer in Nepal still has to survive on
something other than writing.And compose when he has
free time.Later he must use the little money he has saved
to publish his creation and distribute copies to his friends,
so that they are read.The publishing industry still does not
exist there.
Sekelj writes in detail about the poets Vijaya Malla, Balkrishna Sama
and Laxmiprasad Devkota.He was also impressed by King Mahendra’s

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poetry.(King Mahendra was in turn positively impressed by the
international language Esperanto.) The author attended a play written
and directed by Balkrishan Sama titled Bhrikuti, in which historical
events and mythical stories are combined.
Por la dramaj prezentadoj la ĉefaj tempoj estas ĉerpataj el
la historio de la lando.Mi memoras tre bonan prezentadon
de teatraĵo pri la princino Bhrikuti, kiu edziniĝis al la tibeta
imperiestro, kaj konvertis lin al budhismo, en la 7-a jarcento.
La verko apartenas al Bal Kriŝna Sama, kiu ankaŭdirektis la
prezentadon, kaj ĉefrolis en ĝi, ĉio tre talente.
(Sekelj 180)
For dramatic presentations, the chief themes are taken from
the history of the country.Iremember a very good staging of
a drama about Princess Bhrikuti, who married the Tibetan
emperor, and converted him to Buddhism in the 7th century.
The play was written by Balkrishna Sama, who also directed
and starred in it, exhibiting in everythinggreat talent.
While in Nepal, the writer delivered a talk about the
international language Esperanto, and later, in 1958, helped
establish the Kathmandu Esperanto Club. The great poet
Laxmiprasad Devkota and the dramatist Balkrishna Sama
were among those who studied Esperanto.
Mi faris publikan prelegon pri la Internacia Lingvo Esperanto.
La interesiĝo devigis min komenci kurson de tiu lingvo kun
70 lernantoj, kaj en apartaj klasoj mi instruis Esperanton al
la ministro de instruado, la poeto Lakŝmi Prasad Devkota.
(Sekelj 198)
I organised a talk about the international language Esperanto.
The interest led me to teach a course with 70 students,
and I taught separate Esperanto classes to the minister of
education, the poet Laxmi Prasad Devkota.
Thus this book provides a wealth of information, especially
enlightening for non-Nepalese.But it is instructive to Nepalese as
well. The book was written in the late 1950s, but it is still worth
reading the opinions of foreigners about Nepal at this early time.This
book contains much valuable material about Nepal and its culture.
The writer has gone into the subject in depth.Source material was

bLklzvf ÷ 77
not readily available at that time.Few books had been written.But
the writer met everyone from commoners to the king in his quest
for knowledge.
Tibor Sekelj’s stay in Nepal might be compared to the sojourns
of the Chinese Buddhists there in the early centuries A.D. Both
went there out of devotion to cherished ideals.For the Chinese,
Nepal was important because it was the birthplace of the Buddha,
whose message they wished to convey to mankind.For Sekelj,
Nepal represented a mosaic of cultures and languages, each with a
tradition of its own whose wealth of experience and knowledge, he
felt, could not be allowed to die.These lessons must be conveyed
to the modern world, which is in danger of losing its roots, and the
traditions themselves must be allowed to thrive.For both the Chinese
and Sekelj the well being, and indeed the salvation, of all mankind
is what is at stake.

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 Reading Level Problems facedby
Deaf students
Gobinda Bahadur Adhikari
Deaf students are such students who definitely have their problems.
Those who are born with deafness have much more problems than
those who become deaf in latter ages.It is considered that they have
lacked something from their beginning. Moreover they are thwarted
from their family environment because they do not get proper tend
from their family. Moeller says:
Deaf and hard-of-hearing children enrolled in early
intervention programs before the age of 11 months
demonstrated significantly better vocabulary and verbal
reasoning skills at 5 years of age than children who enrolled
later, though their abstract reasoning scores may still be
below that of their hearing peers. Furthermore, her research
showed that while high levels of family involvement can help
those deaf children who enter early intervention later, age
of intervention and early language development made more
of a difference. In other words, early intervention with early
language development makes a significant difference even
for children with limited family involvement. (98)
The deaf students can’t lean English language in latter development
of their life. They acquire a lot of problems in learning English. Among
many problems, one main problem is lacking of reasoning skill. They
can not give logical reason because English as a second language is
acquired after crossing their needed age to learn English language.
Reading tasks always create problems for the deaf. It does not mean
that deaf students do not read and cannot read. They seem always
in the process of reading. If they read more and more certainly they
can progress in their reading. Gioa and Johnston say in this way:

bLklzvf ÷ 79
 While reading instruction for deaf students has moved
away from the model that taught English through reading,
this does not mean that deaf children don’t learn English
through reading.Johnston, and Cooper (2001) remind us that
deaf children must learn to read English while they are still
learning English. Deaf children, who read a lot, read better
and their English improves (KUNTZE, 1998). There is a cyclical
aspect to the reading process. By reading, the reader learns
more about English— more vocabulary, more grammar, and
so on. Thus the two processes, reading English and learning
English, are entwined for deaf learners; furthermore, skilled
deaf readers continue to use reading to build their English
language skills. Marschark and Harris (1996 p. 290) also
describe a phenomenon they call ‘reciprocal causation’ (p.
290) which is although more reading helps readers improve,
poor readers can’t improve by reading because reading is
such a difficult task.
Practices in reading seem to help deaf students to improve better in
their reading capacities equally with competent vocabulary, grammar
and language skills.They also can learn English with their hearing
counterparts they demand more and more reading practice so that
they can progress in their reading activities.
Reading activity for the deaf and hearing counterparts are not
matched always because there are many more different physical
and mental disabilities factors that do not allow deaf students to
read properly. They read differently than hearing students. RAND
reading group puts:
The reader brings to the act of reading his or her cognitive
capabilities (attention, memory, critical analytic ability,
inferencing, visualization); motivation (a purpose for reading,
interest in the content, self-efficacy as a reader); knowledge
(vocabulary and topic knowledge, linguistic and discourse
knowledge, knowledge of comprehension strategies); and
experiences. As part of describing the activity of reading, the
RAND group also named important task-related variables,
including the reader’s purpose (which might shift over the
course of reading), “the type of reading being done, such as
skimming (getting the gist of the text) or studying (reading

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 the text with the intent of retaining the information for a
period of time), ” and the intended outcome, which could
include “an increase in knowledge, a solution to some real
world problem, and/or engagement with the text.”4
Reading in them includes cognitive and motivational purpose.
Moreover to read there needs purpose. The purpose determines the
reading capacities. If deaf students determine their purpose, they
read properly. If they do not determine the purpose they neglect
reading.
Language is another problem for the deaf. Deaf students prefer
reading in sign language and English language for the deaf students
is problematic for the deaf students. Each and every word is not
prepared in sing and the teacher also does not have a proper time to
deliver the meaning using the signs. The signs are in limited numbers
that cannot cover all things. Murphy says:
It has been said that reading requires two related capabilities,
first you must be familiar with a language and second you
must understand the mapping between that language
and the printed word […]Deaf children are disadvantaged
on both counts, but some deaf children do read fluently.
Recent research has suggested that individuals with good
signing skills are not worse readers than individuals with
poor signing skills (200).
Deaf students have their problems in linking language and
understanding the printed matters. Printed matters are needed to
be understood and moreover for the deaf the students are obliged to
understand through sign language. The students who read properly
and are fluent in their sign language can get better achievement
in reading those who are not capable of using proper sign get low
achievement in reading.
Natural acquisition is another main factor for the deaf to get better
reading process. Those deaf students who have acquired better
words in their early childhood can get better in reading process also
because reading is linked to what is achieved properly in the past
also. Better vocabularies acquisition makes students competent in
reading also Smith quoting Chomsky’s says in this way:
In other words, we do not need to know which words/signs are

bLklzvf ÷ 81
 nouns or verbs to be able to use them as such. According
to Chomsky, grammar is built into humans so that they
may have a natural capacity to learn language in order to
communicate with one another. However, as explained
above, the I-language that people use, in conjunction with
the specific language they use, creates different forms of
language for every individual. These unique language forms
must have an impact on the way humans are thinking and
phrasing their communication patterns. Therefore, language,
and the choices people make that establish their I-language,
are dependent on thought. Thought helps to determine
the way people structure communication and the way they
culturally express themselves. (109)
Unique form of language that was achieved in the past makes a
different situation for deaf students also. Communication and
vocabularies learning are also determined based on the unique
features of the language they have in their mind. Thinking and
acquisitions are associated with culture and cultural learning process
contributes learning environment proper and accurate.Goddart says:
the background linguistic system (in other words, the
grammar) of each language is not merely a reproducing
instrument for voicing ideas but rather is itself the shaper
of ideas, the program and guide for the individual‘s mental
activity… Formulation of ideas is not an independent process,
strictly rational in the old sense, but is part of a particular
grammar, and differs slightly or greatly, between different
languages (89).
Reading process of the deaf students is totally without sound and
mainly it is based on their eye contact and its linkage with sign
language. Sign language becomes the primary factor for them.
They learn vocabularies and other grammatical structures with eye
contact mainly from sign language. In upper classes the background
knowledge what they have learnt in the past also plays the greatest
role to understand the meaning of any reading passage. Ideas are
not formatted easily with vacuum. For understanding the meaning
of passage, they're needs proper framing of vocabularies, grammar,
and other aspects of language, which the deaf students do not
have. Nickerson says, ” Skills and strategies are important to the

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processes of reading, writing, or both. As a result, they represent
areas of learning that have the potential to improve reading and
writing through instruction—those that should be more explicitly
demonstrated, or taught, to students according to need.” (89)
The students, who read in the classroom or outside the classroom
is, considered to have gained the meaning of certain number of
vocabularies and the aspects of language items. But in many deaf
students they have seen of not achieving the above factors in their
life so that they feel difficulty in reading. Nickerson further says:
Students who read well (accurately and fluently) recognize
many words in print without having to figure them out.
Thus, an ongoing instructional goal should be to increase the
bank of words in print that all children—deaf or hearing—
recognize. One of the ways that older deaf students learn
new vocabulary is by applying context clues. For this reason,
strategies to use these clues should be taught to younger
students who need them. Also, students need to read
widely in order to gain vocabulary in this way. In addition to
incidental exposure to vocabulary through reading, students
may be taught new words through the use of word banks,
semantic maps, dictionary activities, and other meaningful
vocabulary activities. These activities should be part of the
exploration of ideas and information and never the result of
exercises designed to teach words at random. (101)
In upper level the deaf students join their reading in context. The
meaning of the passage is also joined with the context also. The
vocabularies and their meaning are associated with the particular
context where the clear understanding becomes fruitful.
Language learning is developed with sequential order. It is for hearing
students as well for the deaf students also. If it is not learned properly
reading skill (one of the component of language is also can not be
learned. We develop reading skill conjuring with speaking skill also.
marcado says:
Language develops sequentially from listening to speaking,
to reading, and finally to writing therefore does not seem
to occur for all students. All language processes may instead
develop simultaneously, and practices such as those of

bLklzvf ÷ 83
 delaying instruction in reading and writing until there is
oral mastery of what is to be read in English as a second
language are of questionable value, serving to limit the
learning opportunities rather than enhancing them. The shift
away from requiring sequential mastery of literacy skills is
promising for Deaf students since many Deaf children learn
English through reading and writing. (37)
Deaf children don have their listening and speaking skill so that they
learn English language using reading and writing, Reading and writing
are their only two languages. Shifting away without the mastery of
language skills, the deaf students seem perplexed in achieving their
goals.
Reading skill for the deaf is equally challenging as well as opportunity.
Reading in English for the deaf is certainly difficulty. If they read well
they may progress properly also. If they do not progress, they may
lack many things such as in vocabulary, grammar, syntax and semantic
meanings. Moller says:
There is a cyclical aspect to the reading process. By reading,
the reader learns more about English— more vocabulary,
more grammar, and so on. Thus the two processes, reading
English and learning English, are entwined for deaf learners;
furthermore, skilled deaf readers continue to use reading to
build their English language skills. (90)
Deaf students who are skilled and who have made a lot of practices
are seen to have made some progresses. Certainly English language
is challenging for them. In one side they are not acquaintance with
this language, on the other hand difficult pattern and vocabularies
and grammar make them a lot of problems.
Deaf have their problems in their listening skill, which is associated
with reading skill also. The hearing students can do a lot of practices
by listening in the classroom from the teachers and from others also
where as the deaf students do not have such opportunities. Doff says,
“If the teacher uses English most of the time, it will give students
practice in listening and responding to spoken English. This will help
them to pick up words and expression beyond the language of the
textbook”. (222)
From the beginning level, the deaf students are inhabitant with sign

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language and the sign has becomes the ultimate ends and means
for them to learn English. Sometimes the teacher may use the
mother tongue but this also does no any effect for them to learn.
Doff further says:
Emphasis that, although there are advantages in using
English in class, teacher should not feel that they must use
English all the time. Obviously there are many occasions
when it can be useful to use the student's own language.
How much the uses English will depend on the level of the
class and the teachers’ own language ability. (223)
Using English or mother tongue does not effect for the deaf students.
Depending upon the situation, the teacher may use mother tongue
also but they do not listen and using mother tongue through the sign
also does not help them.

bLklzvf ÷ 85
Black Boy: A Portrait of the Artist as
a Black Man
Gaurav Bhattarai

If an artist is commonly deemed as a person whose creativeness

displays a kind of sensitivity and imagination, the role that society
plays in shaping an artist's mind is the question to be chewed over.
Black Boy by Richard Wright is not only an eloquent memoir of growing
up as an African-American but also exemplifies a case wherein we
see an artist maturating in the Jim Crow American South. Jim Crow
was actually a barrier preventing blacks from participating in various
activities with whites. Though Black Boy is an autobiographical work
in which Wright adapted formative episodes from his own life into a
"coming of age" plot, it at the same time depicts the socio-economic
struggles that were stereotypical for African-Americans at that time.
Hence the novel appears representational.
Wright speaks freely about his past, considering it representative
of the lives of those inarticulate Southern blacks to whom he gave
voice in Black Boy. More than simply an autobiography, Black Boy
portrays Wright’s passionate desire to observe and reflect upon the
racist world around him. Wright entitles his work Black Boy primarily
for the emphasis on the word “black”: the color of Wright’s skin. In
America, he is not only growing up; he is growing up black. It is the
political purpose as well. Black Boy embarks on what M.H Abrams
quoted Larry Neal as saying in The Black Arts Movement (1968):
Black art is the aesthetic and spiritual sister of the Black Power
Concept. As such it envisions an art that speaks directly to the needs
and aspirations of Black America and to the Afro-American desire
for self-determination and nationhood"(24).
Wright's narratives also remind of Langston Hughes's 1940
autobiography The Big Sea, wherein Hughes has described his

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exhilaration that seized him as he left New York for Africa. He threw
his American books into the sea: "It was like throwing a million bricks
out of my heart." He was on his way to his "Africa, Motherland of
the negro people!"(3). Growing up as an Afro-American was not a
matter of pride and joy for Hughes as that for Wright.
But, for Toni Morrison- whose novels also describe the lives of
African-Americans- the autobiographical form is classic in Black
American or Afro-American literature because it provides an instance
in which a writer could be representative, could say, " My single
solitary and individualistic life is like the lives of the tribe; it differs
in these specific ways, but it is a balanced life because it is both
solitary and representative" (2). Morrison further clarified her stance:
I am not interested in indulging myself in some private exercise of
imagination...which is to say yes, the work must be political..."
Richard Wright's autobiography precisely brings up a question, how
can a black man experience life, liberty and freedom of happiness in
a post-slavery, Jim Crow world? His own life experiences demonstrate
the complexity of this question. He must toil harder than everyone
else to attain less, and the harder he works the extreme degree of
resistance falls on his way, both from the white world and the black
world. He is not easily accepted and understood even by his peers.
As a result, he is never able to really fit in. Although Wright desires
to fit in socially, his inability to concede to their point of view makes
this impossible. "I longed to be among them, yet when with them I
looked at them as if they were a million miles away. I had been kept
out of their world too long to ever be able to become a real part of
it" (Wright, 151). For Ruland and Bradbury, "in his autobiographical
Black Boy, Wright gave a black American the portrait of the troubled
artist, "(336).
More precisely, Black Boy is a story about an Afro-American's life-
long struggle with a feeling that accompanies an experience of being
thwarted in attaining their goals. Wright suffers from deficiencies
his entire life, not only for foods and fares but also for social
approval, love, and an understanding of the world around him. Most
importantly, Wright possesses an insatiable hunger for learning and
reasoning. Wright displayed particular interest in the convergence
of confronting racism with Communism when America saw the fall
of stock market, industry stagnation, massive unemployment, and

bLklzvf ÷ 87
even famine in the 1930s and 1940s. But eventually, the American
Communist Party saw the same internal bickering and division
that plagued other American political organizations. The Party’s
increasingly authoritarian stance profoundly disappointed sensitive
thinkers like Wright, who had joined the Party with firm hopes for
a brighter future.
He constantly challenges the system he lives in, questioning those
around him at every opportunity possible. He wants to know: "What
was it that made the hate of whites for blacks so steady, seemingly so
woven into the texture of things? What kind of life was possible under
that hate? How had this hate come to be?"(Wright, 164).
Wright’s desire to educate himself does not end when he graduates
from school. After fleeing to Memphis in order to escape the
oppressive environment in Jackson, Wright begins to read anything
he can obtain. At one point he meets a sympathetic Jewish man
who lends him his library card to let Wright savor on books. These
books open up his world, and broaden this intellect. Wright says, “In
buoying me up, reading also cast me down, made me see what was
possible, what I had missed” (Wright, 251). His new understanding
of the world intensifies his desire for a better life, and obliges him
into self-realization:
"I was overwhelmed. I grew silent, wondering about the life around
me… Could I ever learn about life and people? To me, with my vast
ignorance…it seemed a task impossible of achievement…I had
learned to live with hate. But to feel that there were feelings denied
me, that the very breath of life itself was beyond my reach, that more
than anything else hurt, wounded me…I felt trapped and occasionally,
for a few days, I would stop reading. But a vague hunger would come
over me for books, books that opened up new avenues of feeling
and seeing… Again I would read and wonder as only the naïve and
unlettered can read and wonder" (Wright, 250-252).
Richard Wright was, of course, always impatient with the "proving
disciplines" of art. For him the greatest uses of literature were not
those by which we distance ourselves from the world in order to
contemplate more strenuously its pattern and meaning: they were,
rather, those by which we seek a more direct entry into the world for
the sake of redeeming if from the brutality and the indecencies by
which it must otherwise be overwhelmed. The Black Boy exemplifies

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the same case: And thus it is a sad irony that his work did in point
of fact so often drift toward a definition of man, and particularly of
black men, that deeply undercut his intention to make it serve a
genuinely humane purpose (Scott, 291).
Wright begins to see his world more for what it is, but still struggles
to remember to act differently around white people. He himself does
not see how white people are so different than blacks, and therefore
does not think to treat them differently. This causes problems for
Wright while he is growing up, particularly when it comes to securing
and maintaining a job. He tries to monitor himself in order to act
more ‘appropriate’, but he soon discovered that "it was simply utterly
impossible for [him] to calculate, to scheme, to act, to plot all the
time" (Wright, 185). His difficulties with the whites of the South are
greatly discouraging, and Wright constantly craves a world where
he would be accepted regardless of his skin color. He knows that
the only way he could survive as a black man in that time would be
to move to the North, where the world is one he thinks he will be
able to better comprehend. He writes that “The North symbolized
to me all that I had not felt and seen; it had no relation whatever to
what actually existed. Yet, by imagining a place where everything
was possible, I kept hope alive in me” (Wright, 168).
Nathan Scott further writes:
Yet, for all the dubieties surrounding Wright's legacy, it lasts-- for
young Blacks of the present time, most especially by Black Boy. And
one suspects that the chief reason for the eminence accorded him
by the Black insurgency of recent years is that he, more powerfully
than any of his predecessors, is felt to have certified and given a large
kind of moral prestige to the angers lodged in the hearts of those
who have had to endure such cruel advantages as the penalties of
color have ordained for the American Negro (291).
As James Baldwin has said the real tragedy of cold, black and hungry
people (in the context of Bigger Thomas) is that they have accepted
a theology that denies them lives, that they admit the possibility of
their being sub-human and feel constrained, Richard Wright in Black
Boy has stressed on the importance of hope and determination
to alleviate the tragedies, and the medium he finds is through
education. Even as a young boy at the age of six, Wright's hunger
for understanding this aspect of his life is prevalent. He explains by

bLklzvf ÷ 89
saying: "I wanted to understand these two sets of people who lived
side by side and never touched, except in violence"(Wright, 47).
He questions the adults around him, asking them about the racial
inequalities he sees and why they have come to be, but is never
able to receive any answers. In fact, he is typically punished for
asking these questions. Because he is never able to receive any valid
answers, Wright is still unable to accept the treatment he receives.
In a way that only happens when dealing with the unknown, Wright
develops a hope that is completely naive for that time in the South, a
hope reflected in this statement: "I told myself that there were good
white people, people with money and sensitive feelings"(Wright,
148). As Wright is exposed more and more to the way the world
really works his hope is crushed.
Wright’s largest hunger, the hunger that is fed by all others, is
his hunger for knowledge. This hunger sets him apart from those
around him, which drives the wedge created by their differences
further between them. Nevertheless, it gives Wright’s life meaning
and direction. The hunger starts growing at a young age, with his
first real bite of knowledge coming from a coal man teaching him
how to count to a hundred. His next substantial bite comes from
a schoolteacher named Ella reading him a story; this is where the
hunger really begins to grow. About this he wrote:
"As her words fell upon my ears, I endowed them with a reality
that welled up from somewhere with in me… The tale made the
world around me be, throb, live. As she spoke, reality changed, the
look of things altered, and the world became peopled with magical
presences. My sense of life deepened and the feel of things was
different, somehow.... My imagination blazed. The sensations the
story aroused in me were never to leave me" (Wright, 39).
This sensation furthers his existing curiosity, helping Wright to realize
his love of literature. His hunger for knowledge is immense, yet
Wright is never really allotted the opportunity for a decent formal
education.
In each chapter, Richard relates painful and confusing memories
that lead to a better understanding of the man a black, Southern,
American writer who eventually emerges. Although Richard, as the
narrator, maintains an adult voice throughout the story, each chapter
is told from the perspective and knowledge that a child might possess.

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Yet, because the narrative is told with such force and honesty, the
reliability of Richard's memories is not questioned. By the story's
end, as Richard comes of age, the voice of the narrator and of the
nineteen-year-old young man he has become merge into one.
The novel does settle into a somewhat predictable pattern. Wright
enters situation after situation expecting a great experience, only
to become disillusioned by the realities of racism. Wright does an
excellent job of blending humor, action, suspense, and philosophy.
It's also inspiring that he could grow into the great writer he became
despite the overwhelming obstacles he faced, and it's sad all the
same that those obstacles were there to begin with. In its clarity,
its depth, and its thematic content, Black Boy is a very important
American novel about a man struggling to survive and thrive in the
world's wealthiest nation.
What gives the book its unique place in American literature is its
tone. Its tone is that of the Blues. Lyrical and ironic, it is the song that
follows the reality of pure tragedy: one black man’s search for self-
actualization in a racist society. It accepts all that has happened and
creates art from the pain of suffering. Ralph Ellison has written "in
its form, it is an autobiographical chronicle of personal catastrophe
expressed lyrically like Blues"(Scott, 291).
Lastly, the work earned Wright a place as "father" of the post-WWII
black novel and precursor of the Black Arts movements of the 1960s.
Works Cited
Abrams. M.H. A Glossary of Literary Terms. Toronto: Thomson Wadsworth,
2005.
Hughes, Langston. The Big Sea: An Autobiography. New York: Thunder's
Mouth Press, 1940.
Morrison, Toni. "Rootedness: The Ancestor as Foundation". Black Women
Writers (1950–1980): A Critical Evaluation. Ed. Mari Evans. New
York: Doubleday, 1984.
Ruland, Richard & Malcolm Bradbury. From Puritanism to Postmodernism.
New York: Penguin, 1991.
Scott, Nathan. A. "Black Literature". Harvard Guide to Contemporary
American Writing. Ed. Daniel Hoffman.Oxford University Press,
1979.

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 Three Dimensional Panels:
An alternative to
contemporaryconstruction
technology and product (Brick)

Manoj Adhikari
Introduction
Nepal has its own long history onarchitectural andconstructions
practices which areconsidered to be environmentally balanced and
energy efficient. Kailash Kut, Mana Griha and other architectural
monuments described in myths though don’t bear any evidence of
their existencebut Changu Narayan Temple which is confirmed to be
constructed in the fourth century during Lichhivi eraproves Nepal
carry a long architectural history. Gradually the Lichivian architectural
practice seems to get further advancement in the Mallas regime with
the use of various metals and even glasses, architectural monuments
built in mallas regime seems to be inspired from contemporary
Indian architectural practices, Initial period of Saha regime seems to
continue same later on the breakthrough of European architectural
influence could be seen on monuments of that time. After the visit
ofJunga Bahadur Rana to the Britain Nepalese Architecture seem to
be greatly influenced by Victorian Architecture. Formal abroadstudies
in architecture and engineering by Nepali nationals initiated and
various practices and architectural designs in this sector. From 2007
BS to 2016 BS the area seems to be influenced by Indian concepts
but lateron Nepalese architecture seems to be influence from various
concepts and practices. With the introduction of R.C.C techniques
from 2025this glorious sector seems to loose its glory beauty and
strength.
Though historical construction systems use very simple and
environment friendly raw materials the output was strong and
have proven their strength time and again, modern architectural
practices seems to create natural and aesthetic havoc. Nepal a

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developing nation is in need of re structuring its methods of physical
infrastructure development. Various environmental impacts are
being faced by the nation locally as well as globally. Introduction
and implementation of various environmental friendly building
techniques and materials is a rigorous need in order to achieve the
goals of sustainable development.
Also the geographical location of Nepal from seismic point of view is
very fragile and porn to high seismic movements in such condition
the development of physical infrastructures must take account of
these factors.
Almost everyresidential and commercialbuilding are constructed
using bricks in Nepal also those whose houses are not made up of
bricks are attracted and are willing to construct a home made up of
bricks. Time has come to seek an alternate to bricks.
A technology and system developed in Austria around 1981 namely
Three Dimensional Panels And Three dimensional construction bya
company Named EVGseems to be abetter alternative to the bricks
as well as contemporary construction techniques.
The 3D Panel is a unique and effective way to easily create a strong
insulated concrete building or wall. 3D Panels are used in every type
of concrete structure because of the flexibility of design and ease of
use. Thousands of structure and walls have been built around the
world with 3D panels. Many of them use the panel for all elements
of the structure including walls, floors, stairs and trim. 3D Panel is
used for affordable housing all the way to multi-million dollar housing.
Residential, commercial, institutional multi-story all can be created
easily with this remarkable code-approved method.
The strength of the 3D system is enormous and is partially attributed
to the truss wires which are welded to connect each side of mesh to
make the panel. The insulation in the center of the panel is suspended
on the truss wires and becomes a continuous thermal break when
panels are connected. The performance of the insulation thus is
greater than the R-value rating because of the thermal-mass effect
of the concrete on each side of the panel.
The monolithic structure with 3D panel enables it to withstand
earthquakes, hurricanes and typhoons. Many 3D buildings have
endured hurricanes with no water penetration or damage,

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earthquakes with no cracking, and at the same time provided a
comfortable and energy-efficient environment for the residents. It
provides hard walls and perfectly placed insulation for maximum
efficiency. Stay-in-place forms today use polystyrene as molds for
concrete and end up with soft exteriors and exteriors which have
to be hardened. In the process, they lose the thermal mass effect
necessary for energy efficiency. Unlike concrete block, the 3D panel
provides the insulation and reinforcement strength to concrete which
makes it acceptable for residential or commercial construction.
Need And Importance of alternative building and materials.
The bitter experience of the tremendous seismic movement recently
has left many of the population in the hilly regions of Nepal with sad
stories, time has come to seek a safer construction technologies and
implement them in policy level.
Environmental issues are also growing day-by-day various threatening
human race itself. Many developing nations like Nepal are facing
various environmental problems at national level as well as in
global level. Construction of physical infrastructures are inevitable
for developing nations for their development which is major a
major pollutant and degradation factor for environment. Like bricks
manufacturing is contributing a huge amount of carbonin our
environment as well as it is depleting and degrading arable land
which is a threat for food security in such condition an alternative
construction products and technologies must be developed and
implemented
Energy plays vital role in development the more the energy is
consumed it is assumed that the more development is achieved but
time has came to rationalize the energy consumption both by the
developed nations as well as developing nations, our infrastructure
should be developed in such a way that they require less energy for
thermal condition maintenances. Research must go on to provide an
insight of the merits demerits effectiveness of alternative building
material and technology.
Home for human being is considered to be the safest place on earth
Today's world is in a threat from numerous problems and issues.
Environmental problems and Natural disasters are focal among
thevarious concepts methods and are in discussion and also in

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practice to overcome these environmental problems and reduction
of risks from natural disaster. The concept Sustainable development
started to receive worldwide attention. In 1970s environmentalists
blamed uncontrolled urbanization and promoted an "Ideal" rural life.
The "Green" agenda developed in these years by environmentalists
was revisited through a new approach to sustainable development.
It established a connection between people, human settlements and
sustainable development, identifying key technical interventions
in areas such as physical planning, water and sanitation, energy
and urban transport. Human activity was blamed for most of the
environmental hazards facing the world and the emphasis was on
curbing the activity to safeguard the environment for present and
future generations. The interest in sustainable development was
further strengthened in the late 1980s by the 1987 Brundtland
Commission Report, which stated that sustainable development could
not be achieved without considering the needs of the world poor.
The report acknowledged that "poverty" is a major cause and effect
of global environmental problems. The international community
believed that the poor, due to their lack of resources and capital,
caused deforestation, water and air pollution and a whole range of
environmentally unfriendly practices. The Commission advocated
economic growth in developing countries to improve the quality of
life for the poor. Sustainable development is dependent on the ability
of national economies to accelerate economic growth in order to
generate the surplus needed to accommodate the basic needs of the
poor. But the economic growth was not having the desired effect of
both reducing poverty and saving the environment. In early 1990s
a new thought emerged and UN Conference on Environment and
Development held in Rio-de-Janeiro in 1992 clearly showed that most
environmental damage was being caused by the rich industrialized
nations not by poor people or poor nations. UN Conference on
Human Settlements (Habitat II) in 1996 placed the urban agenda
on the top of the world development agenda by adopting Habitat
Agenda - a blue print for policy and actions in the years to come. The
focus of the Habitat Agenda was on the role of local government,
civil society and the private sector, particularly with regards to the
provision of basic services and shelter, decentralization policies
and women's empowerment and sustainable development was
being debated again, but this time within the context of sustainable

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human settlements development. This encompassed both the
economic and social dimensions of sustainable development. To
achieve the goals of sustainable development and protect the
future generations, alternative building materials and alternative
construction technologies must be studied and promoted.
Earthquake one of the dangerous forms of natural disaster can cause
severe destruction with in seconds. Since Nepal is geographically
located in the high seismic zone, all the concerned people should
playtheir role on establishinga safer habitat for present as well as
future generation.
Conclusion
• The rigorous study shouldbe oriented to test various aspects
like social, economical, environmental technical and other
related aspectsof alternative construction technology and
alter native building material (3d Panels) which could be
beneficial for the general people, the policy makers, planners
developers and other related personals to achieve the goals
sustainable development.
• Awareness regarding environment and alternative building
products should be addressed from policy level.
• Co-operation between governmental agencies and privet
sectors working on alternative building technologiesshould
be strengthened.
• Policies regarding alternative building technologies and
materials should be formulated to encourage general people
for applicationand private sector for investing on such
materials and technologies.
References
(P. Poluraju, G Appa Rao) Behavior of 3d panels for structural application
under general loading: A state of Art. International journal of
research in Engineering and Technology. Volume 03 special Issue
: 16 Dec- 2014
(Surya B. Sangachhe )Sustainable Development and Principles of
Sustainability in urban design. Special
Edition World Habitat Day Year 6 Vol11
(EVG, 2001) Strength of EVG 3D construction System.

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 The value Contribution and
Responsibility of Teacher
Manoj Karna
“Life starts with flashes but end with ashes”, so many things in
between it among them one of the legendary aspects is a teacher
That’s why, I must say, the qualities
to become a good teacher are:
T: - Trained, Trustworthy Talented
E: - Educated, Enthusiastic, Energetic
A: - Able, Active, Alert
C: - Cooperative, Courteous, Caring
H: - Honest, Helpful, Hard-working
E: - Efficient, Expert, Extrovert
R: - Regular, Reliable, Resourceful
So great is the value of the teacher that people an over the worlds
have acknowledged his contribution. Even Gods were worshipped as
teachers. At the time of departure of exile Ram bowed down at the
feet of teacher first and then he bowed before his parents. It is also
related in Ramayan that Valmiki impart education to Lav and Kush
so exquisitely that they even superseded Ram in power.
Psychologist says that a mother is the first teacher of a child. A
mother teaches her child in making different gestures and postures. In
ancient times teachers taught their pupils in hermitage. Vishwamitra,
Kapil, Kanand and many others did same. They adopted outstanding
methods of teaching. Ram learned in heritage of Vishwamitra. So did
Krishna in the hermitage of Sandipan.
In the modern world postgraduates prepare thesis under the
guidance of the scholars and get Ph. D. degrees from different
universities.History says that there were symbolical teachers who
also provides as source of inspiration. Eklavya made soil image of

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Dronacharya and learned archery before it.
In spite of vast gallery of good teachers they are also such teachers
who give wrong education and exploit their pupils. Dronacharya was
a biased teacher. He knew that Eklavya was better archer than Arjun.
He became sure that Eklavya suppressed Arjun and will become
champion in archery in course of time. So, in order to crush his
career and promote Arjun he hit upon a plan. He asked Eklavya to
give him right thumb as Dakshina (offering) arguing that he made
him his teacher and learned archery Eklavya was true discipline. He
couldn’t refuse him and offered his right thumb to Dronacharya.
What a terrible punishment it was in the guise of asking for offering.
Now days the profession of teacher, has been stained. They who
make private tuition harm the image of teacher. Private tuition and
teaching makes ways for earning money from back door. This is an
evil practice indeed. In ruins the sanctity of teaching. Not only this
but admission on donations also a curse of the country. It is open
injustice. It favors less intelligent students and compels them to
dangle over dejection. Good teachers must not support this kind of
in equality of opportunity.
The duty of teacher is to give ideal citizen to the nation. In broad sense
it can be said that teachers are the builders of nation. They must be
clean in thoughts and deeds. A teacher must teach his students the
norms of character building. He must give emphasis on discipline,
obedience, hearth punctuality and mediation. Besides teaching books
he should draw attention towards up-to-date researchers made in
the field of science and technology. This is the age of competition;
we find it everywhere nobody can escape from it. So, teaching must
be done with a view to face the challenge of life.
In nutshell a teacher must be regarded is backbone of society. He
has power of construction and destruction. If he is true to his duties
he must be honest from the bottom of his heart and make his pupils
embodiments of truth, beauty and purity.
So, in conclusion I want to conclude from saying of Alexander Pope,
“A little knowledge is dangerous thing”, from my point of view, “A
little knowledge is most dangerous thing”.It’s good to be trained and
well educated teacher than general one.

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 Nepal Rastra Bank:
An Introduction as the central bank
of Nepal
Raju Thapa
1) Background
Central bank is the supreme bankof a country. A central bank truly
stands at the “center” of the financial system. Itmaintainsthe money
supply of the country and controls the credit creation of the financial
system. Central bank is also regarded as the government bank and
bank of banks. Itmaintains the account of government and provides
the financial advices as a financial expert to the government. Central
bank is the apex body for the regulation and supervision of the entire
banking and financial system of the country. The first central bank
in the world was the Swedish Riksbank, founded in 1668. Scottish
businessman William Paterson founded the Bank of England in 1694
on request of the British government to finance a war. Some example
of the famous central banks include the U.S. Federal Reserve, the
Bank of England, the Reserve Bank of India, the Bank of Japan, the
Deutsche Bundesbank, the Bank of Canada, the Reserve Bank of
Australia, and the European Central Bank.In the context of Nepal,
Nepal Rastra Bank is the central bank of nation which keeps the
monetary system stable, develops banking system, issues coin and
notes and controls the credit.
2) Introduction
2.I) Establishment, Vision and Mission
Nepal Rastra Bank (NRB), the Central Bank of Nepal, was established
in 2013 Baishek 14 under the Nepal Rastra Bank Act, 2012 to
discharge the central banking responsibilities including guiding the
development of the embryonic domestic financial sector.NRB was
established after the establishment of Nepal Bank Limited (1994 B.S.)
so;the history of banking in Nepal was started from the establishment
of commercial bank beforecentral bank. From its establishment, it

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performs the central banking function as per the Nepal Rastra Bank
Act 2012.The Bank is eminently aware that, for the achievement
of the objectives in the present dynamic environment, sustained
progress and continued reform of the financial sector is of utmost
importance. Continuously aware of this great responsibility, NRB is
seriously pursuing various policies, strategies and actions, all of which
are conveyed in the annual report on monetary policy. The bank has
the following vision and mission:
 Vision: To become “ A modern, dynamic, credible and
effective Central Bank.
 Mission:To maintain macro-economic stability through
sound and effective monetary, foreign exchange and
financial sector policies.
2.2) List of NRB governors over the years
S.N. Name of Governor Term of office
1. Mr. Himalaya Shumsher J.B. Rana April 26, 1956 – February 7, 1961
2. Mr. Laxmi Nath Gautam February 8, l961 – June 17, l965
3. Mr. Pradyuma Lal Rajbhandari June l8, l965 – August 13, l966
4. Dr. Bhekh Bahadur Thapa August 14, l966 – July 26, l967
5. Dr. Yadav Prasad Pant April 24, l968 – April 28, l973
6. Mr. Kul Shekhar Sharma April 29, l973 – December 12, l978
7. Mr. Kalyana Bikram Adhikary June 13, l979 – December 8, l984
8. Mr. Ganesh Bahadur Thapa March 25, l985 – May 22, l990
9. Mr. Hari Shankar Tripathi August 10, l990 – January 17, l995
10. Mr. Satyendra Pyara Shrestha January l8, l995 – January l7, 2000
11. Dr. Tilak Bahadur Rawal January l8, 2000 - January l7, 2005
12. Mr. Deependra Purush Dhakal August 29, 2000 – April 27, 2001
13. Mr. Bijaya Nath Bhattarai January 31, 2005 –January 30, 2010
14. Mr. Deependra Bahadur Kshetry January 15, 2009 – July 26, 2009
15. Dr. Yuba Raj Khatiwada March 22, 2010 - March 19, 2015
16. Dr. Chiranjibi Nepal March 19, 2015 - Present
2.3) Board of Directors
As per section 14 of Nepal Rastra Bank Act, 2058, the Board of
Nepal Rastra Bank (NRB) comprises of seven members: four
ex officio members - the Governor (who is the Chairman), the
Secretary, Ministry of Finance, two Deputy Governors, and three
other Directors, who are appointed from amongst the persons
renowned in the field of Economics, Monetary, Banking, Finance

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and Commercial Laws. The Governor, Deputy Governors and
other Directors are appointed by Government of Nepal, Council
of Ministers for term of five years. Government may, reappoint
the retiring Governor for another one term and the retiring other
Directors for any term, if it is deemed necessary.
The current members of the NRB Board are:
 Chairman: Dr. Chiranjibi Nepal, Governor Since: 22 March 2015
 Member: Mr. Shanta Raj Subedi, Ph.D. (Secretary, Ministry of
Finance), Member since: 8 September 2016
 Member: Mr. Chinta Mani Siwakoti, Deputy Governor Since: 2
March 2016
 Member: Mr. Shiba Raj Shrestha, Deputy Governor Since: 2
March 2016
 Member: Dr. Sri Ram Poudyal, Member since: 08 April 2012
 Member: Dr. Ramhari Aryal, Member since: 08 April 2012
 Member: Mr. Bal Krishna Man Singh, Member since: 15
February 2013
2.4)Departments, Divisions and Units in NRB
 Departments in NRB
 Research Department
 Banks and Financial Inst. Regulation Dept.
 Foreign Exchange Management Department
 Currency Management Department
 Financial Management Department
 Human Resources Management Department
 Internal Audit Department
 General Services Department
 Public Debt Management Department
 Micro-Finance Promotion & Supervision Department
 Bank Supervision Department
 Development Bank Supervision Department
 Finance Company Supervision Department
 Information Technology Department
 Corporate Planning Department
 Payment Systems Department
Department Level Offices
Banking Office, Thapathali

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Office of the Governor
Divisions
 Legal Division
 Problem Bank Resolution Division
Units
Financial Information Unit
2.5) District Offices
 Nepal Rastra Bank, Pokhara
 Nepal Rastra Bank, Janakpur
 Nepal Rastra Bank, Nepalgunj
 Nepal Rastra Bank, Biratnagar
 Nepal Rastra Bank, Siddharthanagar
 Nepal Rastra Bank, Birgunj
 Nepal Rastra Bank, Dhangadhi
3) Objectives and function of the Bank
As per the Nepal Rastra Bank Act 2058, Chapter 2, Section 4, the
bank has the following objectives:
(a) To formulate necessary monetary and foreign exchange policies
in order to maintain the stability ofprice and balance of payment
for sustainable development of economy, and manage it;
(b) To promote stability and liquidity required in banking and
financial sector;
(c) To develop a secure, healthy and efficient system of payment;
(d) To regulate, inspect, supervise and monitor the banking and
financial system; and
(e) To promote entire banking and financial system of the Kingdom
of Nepal and to enhance its public credibility.
In order to achieve the objectives referred to in section 4, the
functions, duties and powers of the Bank is mention in section 5
which are as follows:
(a) To issue bank notes and coins;
(b) To formulate necessary monetary policies in order to maintain
price stability and to implement or cause to implementthem;
(c) To formulate foreign exchange policies and to implement or

102 ÷ bLklzvf
 cause to implement them;
(d) To determine the system of foreign exchange rate;
(e) To manage and operate foreign exchange reserve;
(f) To issue license to commercial banks and financial institutions
to carry on banking and financial business and to regulate,
inspect, supervise and monitor such transactions;
(g) To act as a banker, advisor and financial agent of Government
of Nepal;
(h) To act as the banker of commercial banks and financial
institutions and to function as the lender of the last resort;
(i) To establish and promote the system of payment, clearing and
settlement and to regulate theseactivities; and
(j) To implement or cause to implement any other necessary
functions which the Bank has to carry out in order to achieve
the objectives of the Bank under this Act.
4) Regulation and Supervision Provision
NepalRastra Bank is the sole authority body for the supervision
and regulation of bank and financial institution of the Nepal.
For this purpose, bank uses the different monetary instruments
through the annual monetary policy, provides timely circular and
directives, conduct off-site as well as on-site supervision and soon.
The head office of Nepal Rastra Bank conducts the supervision and
regulation of the bank and financial institution through the separate
department. Bank maintains the commercial bank supervision
department, development bank supervision department, finance
company supervision department and micro finance promotion and
supervision department.
5) Currentpracticed in the context of Nepal
By issuing the unified directives2073, monetary policy2073/2074
and different circulars, NRB currently conduct the following practiced
for the promotion, supervision and regulation of the banking and
financial system of Nepal:
• Encouraged the merger and acquision of bank & financial
institutions for maintaining the suitable size.
• Enforced the capital plan.
• Maintain the bank rate of 7%.

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• Make the provision of cash reserve ratio (CRR) of 6%, 5% and
4% for the commercial bank, development and finance company
respectively.
• Fix the statutory liquidity ratio (SLR) of 12%, 9% and 8% for
commercial bank, development bank and finance company
respectively.
• Issue the circular for providing the loan facility to the earthquake
affected people.
• Conduct OMO through repo and reverse repo.
• Issue necessary IT guidelines for the protection of operational
as well as IT related risk.
• Conduct regular on-site and off-site supervision of banking
industries.
• Conductdifferent programs for the financial access, financial
literacy and financial inclusion.
6) Conclusion
To conduct the safe, stable and profitable banking business, the
effort of Nepal Rastra Bank is notadequate. For this, concerned bank
and financial institution themselves being serious for the internal
monitoring, internal supervision andregulation. They should properly
follow the NRB Unified directives, IT guidelines, Circular, BAFIA 2063,
NRB Act2058, Monetary Policy, Fiscal Policy and other related act
and policies. Similarly, to control inflation and deflation, is not the
sole duty of NRB, for this general people as well as all the concern
stakeholdersshould be aware and focus on production. They want to
be the producer rather than the trader. Similarly, the right investment
of remittance is also necessary.In the same way NRB must be focus
on the preventive as well as concurrent supervision and regulation
mechanism rather than the post control mechanism.NRB should be
more focused on the financial access, financial literacy and financial
inclusion.

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 Constitutional and Legal Status
of Consumer Protection Issues and
Practice in Nepal
Ram Kumar Rai
Background
In general term, consumer refers to the individual or group of in-
dividuals who purchase goods and services from the market for
consumption but not for sale. The word ‘consumer’ means any
person who uses or consumes any types of goods or services from
the market. A consumer is any person who engages in the process of
spending money and using economic goods and services. In another
word, the person who avails the services or purchases the available
goods from the market is called a consumer. Therefore, all human
being of this world who consumes anything and gets any types of
services from the market is known as consumer. In this sense, all of
us at one time or another is purchasers of goods and of services,
thus we all are consumers. A consumer is defined as "someone who
acquires goods or services for direct use or ownership rather than
for resale or use in production and manufacturing." The consumers
are the individuals and or institutions that use goods and services
from the market (CPA, 1998 AD).
Consumers had little ground on which to defend themselves against
faulty or defective products, or against misleading or deceptive
advertising methods. By the 1950s, a movement called "consumer-
ism" began pushing for increased rights and legal protection against
malicious business practices. By the end of the decade, legal product
liability had been established in which an aggrieved party need only
prove injury by use of a product, rather than bearing the burden of
proof of corporate negligence. Even though consumers have these
rights, they can easily be ignored. That is where consumer protection
comes in. Consumer protection consists of laws and organizations
designed to ensure the rights of consumers, as well as fair trade

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competition and the free flow of truthful information in the mar-
ketplace. The laws are designed to prevent businesses that engage
in fraud or specified unfair practices from gaining an advantage over
competitors and may provide additional protection for the weak and
those unable to take care of themselves.
Organizations that promote consumer protection include government
organizations, individuals as consumer activism, and self-regulating
business organizations, such as consumer protection agencies and
organizations, the Federal Trade Commission, the Better Business
Bureaus, etc. Consumer interests can also be protected by promot-
ing competition in the markets, which directly and indirectly serve
consumers, consistent with economic efficiency. Consumer protec-
tion means safeguarding the interest and rights of the consumers.
In other words, it refers to the measures adopted for the protection
of consumers from dishonest and unethical malpractices by the
businesspersons and to provide them speedy and effective redress
of their grievances.
Consumers play a vital role in the economic system of a nation be-
cause in the absence of effective demand that emanates from them,
the economy virtually collapses. This has been possible on account
of a number of external and internal ideological, political, social and
economic factors necessary for human survival as well as mastery of
man over nature culminating in revolutionary progress in scientific
and technological fields opening new panoramas, opportunities
and challenges to man in all spheres. However, such extraordinary
developments have also caused some indeterminable problems for
mankind as how to survive against the massive new risks unchecked
by liberalization and new free market economy.
Philosophy of consumerism or consumer protection emphasizes on
the protection, preservation, and enhancement of human life. The
law of consumer protection always focuses on the preservation and
protection of life or liberty of the person in the eye of philosophy.
The concept of consumer emerged from the establishment of civil
society. Prior to the Industrial Revolution, the needs of human beings
were very few and these were met through exchange of goods. There
was “barter system” i.e. exchange of possession of one goods with
the others to fulfill their mutual requirements. Later on, people used
coins and currency to take any goods and services from the market

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for their daily life. In this context, the principle of ‘caveat emptor’,
which meant, “let the buyer be aware” came into existence in middle
ages to governed the relationship between seller and buyer. The
conditions and warranties, fixed by the manufacturer and trader
were binding on the consumers. The consumers came to be abused
and exploited by unscrupulous traders whose only object was to
make more profit at any cost. The old rule of caveat emptor had
been super seeded by caveat vanditor which meant “let the seller be
aware” which has its origin in common law in the case of Donoghue
vs. Stevenson (1932 AD).
Then, principle of Consumer Sovereignty or Consumer is the King of
the market has been gradually adopted. This is an era of consumer
service revolution. It is a legal protection of the right of consumers
to consume any goods or services willingly or properly without being
cheated. None of the states or countries can knowingly or unknow-
ingly disregards the interest of the consumers. Consumerism is the
term precisely used in campaigning for the protection of consumer
interest. In fact, consumerism is a social movement seeking to aug-
ment the rights and powers of the buyers in relation to sellers. It is
an outcome by reaction and revolt against the vagaries of commer-
cialism and industrialism which exploited the consuming community
contrary to elementary principles of baseness motility and ethic and
endangering the life health safely and will being of the common
people who were basically their product buyers. The term consum-
erism should be equated with the word ‘citizen’ and that consumer
protection law should be regarded as an aspect of the protection of
civic right Consumerism is the equating of personal happiness with
the purchasing of material possessions and consumption.
Traditional philosophy of consumer protection was based
on the principle of ‘caveat de emptor’ the caveat de
emptor ‘Let the buyer beware’ doctrine of law concerning
the sale of goods assumed the consumer was responsible
for protecting himself and would do so by applying his
intelligence in negotiating the terms of purchase. There
was no any remedy for consumer at the time. It therefore
realized the necessity of laws regarding consumer
protection all over the world (Cartwright, 2001).

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Historical Background and Scope of Consumer Protection Law
Practice in the Global Level
Until the 18th century, the consumers had to verify themselves the
quality of the goods they purchased and only in the presence of
gross negligence, the seller could have been hold liable. The struggle
against capitalism and food fraud started the first phase of consum-
erism but it was not until the third phase, in the 1950s, that we saw
the involvement of the European countries. The first consumer or-
ganizations established in Denmark in 1947 AD and in Great Britain
in 1955 AD where the government created the consumer council in
order to enable consumers to express themselves on issues reserved
to manufacturers and traders. However, the real normative break-
through came since the General Assembly of the United Nations, on
April 9, 1985 AD, unanimously adopted a set of general guidelines
for consumer protection. It became the matter of prime concern
to all consumers of the world, whether rich or poor to look at their
national laws from internationally recognized standards.
United Nations General Assembly has accepted a set of general
guidelines for consumer protection in April 9, 1985 AD, which has
become a landmark guidance for formulating the laws relating to
consumer rights in each individual states. It is the matter of prime
concern to all consumers of the world, irrespective of consumer’s
economic condition and, personal status in their society to look at
their national laws from internationally recognized standards. In-
deed, the credit goes to Consumer International (CI) for its untiring
attempt in convincing the world community and the United Nations
to recognize eight basic rights of the consumer (Corradi, 2015 AD).
Indeed, the credit goes to Consumer International (CI) for its tireless
effort in persuading the world community and the United Nations to
recognize eight basic rights of the consumer such as:
i. Right to Safety
The assertion of this right is aimed at the defense of consumers
against injuries caused by products other than automobile ve-
hicles, and implies that products should cause no harm to their
users if such use is executed as prescribed. The Consumer Prod-
uct Safety Commission (CPSC) has jurisdiction over thousands
of commercial products, and powers that allow it to establish

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performance standards, require product testing and warning
labels, demand immediate notification of defective products,
and, when necessary, force product recall.
ii. Right to Be Informed
This right states that businesses should always provide consum-
ers with enough appropriate information to make intelligent and
informed product choices. Product information provided by a
business should always be complete and truthful. This right aims
to achieve protection against misleading information in the areas
of financing, advertising, labeling, and packaging.
iii. Right to Choose
The right to free choice among product offerings states that
consumers should have a variety of options provided by differ-
ent companies from which to choose. The federal government
has taken many steps to ensure the availability of a healthy
environment open to competition through legislation, including
limits on concept ownership through Patent Law, prevention of
monopolistic business practices through Anti-Trust Legislation,
and the outlaw of price cutting and gouging.
iv. Right to Be Heard
This right asserts the ability of consumers to voice complaints
and concerns about a product in order to have the issue handled
efficiently and responsively. While no federal agency is tasked
with the specific duty of providing a forum for this interaction
between consumer and producer, certain outlets exist to aid con-
sumers if difficulty occurs in communication with an aggrieving
party. State and federal attorney generals are equipped to aid
their constituents in dealing with parties who have provided a
product or service in a manner unsatisfactory to the consumer
in violation of an applicable law.
v. Right to Satisfaction of Basic Needs
To have access to basic, essential goods and services: adequate
food, clothing, shelter, health care, education, public utilities,
water, and sanitation.
vi. The Right to Redress
To receive a fair settlement of just claims, including compensation

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 for misrepresentation, shoddy goods or unsatisfactory services.
vii. Right to Consumer Education
To acquire knowledge and skills needed to make informed,
confident choices about goods and services, while being aware
of basic consumer rights and responsibilities and how to act on
them.
viii. Right to a Healthy Environment
To live and work in an environment which is non-threatening to
the well being of present and future generations.
Since the "legitimate needs” of consumers as stipulated in the UN
guidelines, there has been even greater demand for strong consti-
tutional protection for consumers. Some of Asian countries have
adopted the consumer rights in their respective constitutions. Some
prominent examples of these are South Korea, China, the Philippines,
Vietnam, Cambodia, Thailand including Nepal.
As uncontrolled development has led to environmental pollution
and the free market system has led to various unethical and unfair
trade practices resulting in the exploitation of the entire segment of
consumers both in the developed and the developing country. In this
context, the researcher has tried to explore the theory, concept and
legal provisions on consumer protection in Nepal. It has managed at-
tempts to screen out present situation of consumers, emerging issues
and problems facing by Nepalese consumers. It has also attempted
to highlight and make assessment about the problem regarding the
consumer protection right and highlights on the importance of a
consumer rights for protection of life, liberty and property of the
people by this research.
It is believed that a strong constitutional framework for consumer's
protection compels government to be more accountable towards
the consumers. Therefore, it is very important that consumer rights
can be protected by incorporating consumer rights in the national
constitution. If we observe thehistorical development of Nepalese
Legal system we cannot find formal acknowledgement of the concept
of consumer right in the past. The first written law in Nepal ‘Common
Code’ (Muluki Ain) promulgated in 1964 AD in which provisioned Ilaz
garneko, Jhara Khetyalako, Khota Chalanko Mahal. Those chapters
of common code were close to the modern concept of consumer

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right either directly or indirectly.
The Constitution of the Kingdom of Nepal promulgated after the
people’s movement in 1990 AD did not expressly provide consumer
protection, it has recognized the people as sovereign power of the
nation and has granted every citizen fundamental right to demand
and receive information on any matter of public interest. (Adhikari,
2012AD).
However, the present constitution of Nepal (Art.44, Constitution of
Nepal, 2015 AD) has provided that consumer rights as the funda-
mental rights of the citizen.
Data and Sources
This study has been conducted to review legal provisions and
existing practices concerning consumer protection rights in
Nepal and to explore the emerging issues. This article is primarily
based on a table review of literature on the constitutional and
legal provisions in the consumer rights in Nepal.As per the
nature of the topic; there is review of constitution, Acts, rules,
judicial decision and treatiesas the primary source information.
Various research articles;books, journal and reports were cited
to collect information as the secondary sources. A dozen of
publications and reports that had relevant materials on this
subject matter were also reviewed.
Constitutional Provision on Consumer Rights in Nepal
A brief review of the constitutional history of Nepal in relation to the
consumer right protection shows that no constitution of Nepal has
made explicit provision to guarantee the consumer right apart from
theConstitution of Nepal 2072 (2015 AD). However, they contained
provisions related, in one way or another, with the interests of con-
sumers. The Nepal Government Act, 2004 (1947 AD) did not have any
specific provision. The Nepal Interim Governance Act, 2007 BS (1951
AD) had provisions in directive principles aiming to provide political,
economic and social justice. The Constitution of the Kingdom of Ne-
pal, 2015 BS (1959 AD) and the Constitution of Nepal 2019 BS (1963
AD) also set an objective to establish a society free from exploitation.
Despite making no separate provision on the consumer rights, the
Constitution of Kingdom of Nepal, 2047 BS (1990 AD) protected the
right to education, information, right against exploitation, right to

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privacy, among others. Similarly, the Interim Constitution of Nepal,
2063 BS (2007 AD) has also protected various rights including right
against untouchability and racial discrimination, right relating to en-
vironment, health and information as fundamental rights. However,
it does not explicitly protect the right of consumer as a fundamental
right. However, The Constitution of Nepal 2072BS (2015 AD) has
provided that consumer rights as fundamental right in its article 44.
In the article 44, the following provisions have been made such as
I. Each consumer shall have the right to quality foodstuffs and
services.
ii. A person who has suffered from sub-standard object or service
shall have the right to be compensated as provided for by law.
Policy Measure on Consumer Rights in Nepal
Policy measure on consumer right consists of various directive prin-
ciples and policies of state. Various sectorial policies e.g., Industrial
Policy, Trade Policy do exist. It is to note that a white paper issued
by the Ministry of Commerce and Supplies on reforms in commerce
and supply sector, 2011 commits to formulate and enforce several
important policies and programs, which include a supply policy,
price regulation policy, fixation of support price for major products
by farmers and fixation of limit for storage of goods and services by
whole sellers and retailers to control deflection through hoarding
and artificial scarcity.
Legal Provision before Consumer Protection Act, 1998 AD
Before the enactment of the Consumer Protection Act 1998 AD, vari-
ous laws were in force covering several aspects of consumer right in
one form or another. However, they protected the consumer right
in scattered form. They were punitive or preventive in nature rather
than compensatory in nature. The Food Act 1966 AD, which is one of
the oldest legislation on consumer protection, aimed to safeguard
health of consumers, prevent food adulteration, prohibit change
of any originalities of food and maintain quality standard. It strictly
prohibited selling, distributing, storing, and producing food that is
adulterated or harmful to human health. The Standard Metrology
Act 1968 AD has sought to protect consumer’s right by ensuring
standard weight based on metric system and quantity in every com-
mercial transaction, along with empowerment of authorities to check

112 ÷ bLklzvf
equipment of metrology used in commercial practices pursuant to
standards. The Black Market and Some Other Social Crimes and
Punishment Act, 1975 AD has intended to ensure convenience and
economic interests of public, to control black marketing, profiteering,
hoarding, adulteration, deflection, fraudulent sale of commodities
and to protect consumers against these social crimes. Similarly, the
Nepal Standard (Certification Mark) Act, 1980 AD has regulated a
comprehensive quality control system within the manufacturing
organization by making provision on use of certification mark on
goods/substances and certification mark provision contributed to
quality awareness among consumers and producers in Nepal. Some
of the laws are enlisted here by chronological order:
i. Essential Goods Control Act, 1955 AD
This Act is the oldest legislation in the field of consumer related
right protection indirectly. The Act was enacted to prohibit the
destruction, damage spoil or steal the essential material of public
importance such as communication, electricity, road, bridges,
ropeway, sewer, pipelines or drinking water, publications and
so on.
ii. Essential Services Operation Act, 1957 AD
This Act has declared the essential service, which involves postal,
telecommunication, transport, civil aviation, railway, printing
press, and other services determined by the government. The
Government of Nepal can issue an order not to stop essential
services in order to ensure the normal life of people.
iii. The Food Act, 1966 AD
The basic objectives of this Act are to maintain proper standard
of foodstuffs and to prevent any undesirable adulteration in
foodstuffs or prevent from reducing in, or extracting, any natural
quality or utility from foodstuffs in order to maintain health and
convenience of the consumer.
iv. The Standard Measurement and Weight Act, 1968 AD
This Act provides legal arrangement of standardization of weigh-
ing and measuring based on metric system in every commercial
transaction. Act empowers the government authorities to main-
tain uniformity throughout the country and check irregularities

bLklzvf ÷ 113
 regarding metrology.
v. Black Marketing and Some other Social Offences and Punish-
ment Act, 1975 AD
This Act has been enacted to protect consumers from black
marketing and hoarding of essential commodities. It prohibits
the traders from selling goods with artificial price and artificial
scarcity of goods.
vi. Drug Act, 1978 AD
The aim of this Act is to prohibit undue use of medicine or medical
substance as well as to control the production and distribution
and sales harmful, Date expired, below quality medicines.
vii. The Nepal Standard (Certification Mark) Act, 1980 AD
This Act regulates a comprehensive quality control system within
the manufacturing organization. The certification mark scheme
under the Act has brought quality awareness among Nepalese
consumers and producers alike.
viii. Slaughter house and Inspection of Meat Act, 1998 AD
Under this Act, distribution of unhealthy meat is made strictly
punishable. It also imposes the responsibility on government to
manage necessary slaughterhouse throughout the country in or-
der to provide safe meat and relevant products to the consumers.
Consumer Protection Act, 1998 AD and its Legal Provisions
This Act is a specific and comprehensive legislation protecting con-
sumer rights and restricting unfair trade practices to some extent,
which has proved to be a milestone in the history of socio-economic
legislation to protect consumers’ rights and interests in Nepal. It
also intends to have balanced viewpoint between buyers and sell-
ers within socio-economic and legal framework of Nepalese society.
As far as the enforcement mechanism of the Act (Consumer Protec-
tion Act, 1988 AD) is concerned, it provides for various mechanisms.
Under this Act, the Government has a wide range of powers to make
investigation and inspection, and take action against perpetrators
particularly in relation to unfair trade practices. There is a provision
of minister level Consumer Protection Council, with inclusive repre-
sentation. It has recommendatory power. It may carry out education,
research, development, and monitoring activities.

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There is a mechanism of inspection officers. Officer level employees
have been designated as such in 75 districts to: monitor supplies
of goods, services at fair prices, make inspection, investigation,
inquiry, and search in cases of violations of the Act. These officers
have ample powers in relation to investigation and filing of cases.
They may forfeit sub-standard goods. Cases under this Act are state
cases. Summary procedures are to be followed in disposing such
cases. In addition, the Consumer Protection Regulation, 2056 (1999
AD) has established a central monitoring committee, chaired by Joint
secretary at Ministry of Commerce and Supplies, with 11 members,
and a district monitoring committee in each district, chaired by Chief
District Officer with 5 members.
Moreover, there is a provision of a compensation committee in each
district, chaired by Chief District Officer and consisting of district
attorney, medical officer, representatives of district consumer as-
sociation and chamber of commerce and industry as members for
fixing compensation. A claim for compensation may be made by a
consumer or any consumer association on his/her behalf. A decision
on compensation made by this committee is appealable in the Appel-
late Court. In relation to sanctions, the Act provides for punishment
of imprisonment from 2 to 14 years, or a fine of 5 thousand to 500
thousand rupees, or both. The victim is also entitled to compensation.
Scope of the Legislation
This Act has been enacted and promulgated with the objective of
maintaining the health of consumers, offering facilities and economic
benefits, maintaining the quality of goods and services, controlling
the inflation, caused by monopoly and unfair trade practices, mak-
ing arrangements to establish institutions for facilitating consumer
complaints and redressing grievances. This Act includes 30 Sections
and it is the specific and comprehensive legislation protecting the
rights of consumer as well as restricting unfair trade practices to
some extent. The scope of the Consumer Protection Act may be
summarized in the following sub-headings:
Consumer Rights
Section 6 of Act assures and recognizes six rights of the consumer
out of eight rights recognized globally. The Act has not included right
to basic needs and the right to a healthy environment. The Act has

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guaranteed the following rights to consumers:
 Right to protection of life, health and property from harmful
consumer goods,
 Right to be informed about price, quantity and quality of
consumer goods in order to be protected from mal-business
practices,
 Right to choose the goods and services at competitive prices,
 Right to be assured on hearing by appropriate authority on
consumer protection,
 Right to hearing and compensation, and
 Right to consumer education
Obligation of Manufactures
Section 9 of the Act ensures right to safety by directing every pro-
ducer to mention basic information about the consuming products.
The manufacturers are under statutory obligation to mention the
following information in the label of each product:
 Name, address and registration number of manufacturing
company.
 Composition, quantity and weight of products like food and
medicines.
 Standard mark of certification if given to the product
 Method of consumption and any side effects of the product
 Price, batch number, date of manufacturing and expiry date
of product
 Products guarantee and guarantee time limit of products
like electronics hardware and machinery parts.
 Preventive and security measures necessary for any
inflammable and hazardous products
Restrictions on Lower Qualities Goods and Services
Section 10 of the Act prohibits the following activities:
 Production, selling, exports and import of any sub-standard
goods
 Duplicating any product to cheat consumers
 Selling of sub-standard or lower quality goods in the form of

116 ÷ bLklzvf
 standardgoods
 Unfair commercial transactions such as false or misleading
advertisement of the use, utility or effectiveness of any
goods or services
 Manufacturing and selling of any goods or services injurious
to the health of consumers.
Prohibition on Unfair Trade Practices
Section 7 of the Act restricts the creation of circumstances that
would lead to any adverse impact in the market or in demand,
supply or price of goods or services, through collusion, by fixing
quotas, hoarding and by creating an artificial scarcity of goods and
services. This provision assures consumers of quality goods and
services at reasonable prices, as the producers/traders are debarred
from forming any kind of collusion. Section 8 of the Act empowers
the Government of Nepal (GON) to formulate policy regarding the
standard of goods or services, price determination and arrangement
of supply. Section 8(1) (b) of the Act empowers the government to
control monopoly and unfair trade practices, which could adversely
affect the consumer. To this end, the Act further mentions that the
government should prepare a work plan for monitoring, preventing
and controlling such activities.
Investigation and Filing of the Cases
The cases under the Act shall be investigated by Inspection Officers
and lawsuits shall be filed with the concerned District Court within 35
days from the date of completion of such investigations. Inspection
Officer may seek the opinion of the Government Attorney, and such
cases shall be defended by the Government Attorney.
Punishments Procedure
The Act imposes severe punishments to any wrongdoer violating
Consumer Protection Act. Section 18 of the Act deals with the pun-
ishment as follows:
 Maximum of 3 years imprisonment or Rupees 50, 000 fine
or both in case of creating circumstances that leads to any
adverse impact in the market or in demand, supply or price
of goods or services, through collusion, by fixing quotas,
hoarding and by creating an artificial scarcity of goods and
services.

bLklzvf ÷ 117
  Maximum of 2 years imprisonment or Rupees 30, 000 fine
or both in case of violating obligation to mention name,
address and registration number of manufacture company
in the label of products.
 Maximum of 3 years imprisonment or Rupees 50, 000 fine
or both in case of manufacturing, selling, exports and import
of lower quality goods.
 Maximum of 5 years imprisonment or Rupees 1, 00, 000 fine
or both in case of duplicating any product, selling of goods in
guise of standard goods and unfair commercial transactions
like false or misleading advertisement of the use, utility or
effectiveness of any goods or services.
 Maximum of 14 years imprisonment or Rupees 5, 00, 000
fine or both in case of consuming any goods or services that
may cause serious hazard to life.
 Maximum of 10 years imprisonment or Rupees 5, 00, 000
fine or both in case of serious injury to any parts of the body
that may cause permanent damage.
 Maximum of 5 years imprisonment or Rupees 3, 00, 000 fine
or both in case of other injury to health.
Claim Tribunal
Section 23 of the Consumer Protection Act constitutes
Compensation Tribunal in each administrative district. The
Tribunal is headed by the Chief District Officer and other
members comprises District Government Attorney, District
Medical Officer, one representatives from any district
level consumer organization, one representatives from
local Chamber of Industry and Commerce and an Officer
appointed by the government as member secretary. It
hears compensation claim by any aggrieved consumer or
consumer organization on his/her behalf. The complaint is to
be made under prescribed form as specified in the Consumer
Protection Regulation and it must include the name and
address of the wrong doer, details of losses caused, details of
defects in goods or services received, relevant evidences in
support of the claim and amount of compensation claimed.
The Tribunal has power to issue seven days notice to

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 the defendant to furnish the reply in written form. It has
mandatory duty under Consumer Protection Regulation to
decide the matter within 15 days after receiving reply from
the defendant or after the expiry of time limit of reply given
to the defendant. Before arriving at the decision, it can
examine witness and receive expert opinion. The decision of
the Tribunal is collectively made and attendance of President
of the Tribunal is must for every decision. In case of split, the
majority opinion shall be the decision of the Tribunal. In case
of ties, the opinion of the President of the Tribunal shall be
final. The Tribunal can award necessary compensation to the
aggrieved consumer after doing real evaluation of the losses.
It can also fine Rupees 1, 000 for any complaint intended for
malafied intention.
Enforcement Agencies of the Legal Provisions
The Consumer Protection Act, Regulation, and the other related laws
have created many enforcement agencies to protect the rights and
interests of consumers in different ways. Here is the short description
of these enforcement agencies.
i. The Government Agencies
GON is under statutory duty to conduct investigation on any-
circumstances leading to any adverse impact on the rights and
interests of consumer. There is wide discretionary power on the
government to prosecute any manufacturer, dealer, agent, person
or corporate body if found guilty of violating the provisions of
consumer protection laws.
ii. Ministry of Supply
Ministry of Supply is the chief enforcement agency for consumer
protection laws. The Consumer Protection Regulation of 1999
has given it many kinds of rights and duties to protect the interest
of consumers in different ways. The Ministry in collaboration
with the Consumer Protection Council has legal duty to launch
the consumer education and awareness programs even through
educational institution's curriculums. It formulates policy
regarding quality, price, and supply system of goods and services.
iii. Consumer Protection Council
The Consumer Protection Council is the highest body under

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 the Chairmanship of the Minister of Supply to make policies
and recommend appropriate action plan and strategic steps to
protect the rights of the consumers as per specified under the
Consumer Protection Act. The other members of the Council
include various Secretaries of GON such as Ministry of Supply,
Industry, Agriculture, Home Affairs and Commerce. Three
representatives from NGOs working in consumer protection area
and two women activists are nominated in the Council by GON.
The Council formulates comprehensive programs and policies
regarding consumer protection and recommend to GON for
taking an appropriate action in formulating and amending the
policy for future betterment
iv. Department of Food Technology and Standard Control
The Department of Food Technology and Standard Control looks
after the quality of national food products and food products
imported from third countries. It has statutory duty under the
Food Act to control adulterated food products and provide
consumers the best quality food products. The quality standard
has been fixed in 54 food items such as milk and milk products,
edible fats and oils, fruit vegetables products, spices, tea, biscuits
and so on.
v. Monitoring Committee at District and Central Level
The Consumer Protection Regulation establishes two separate
monitoring committees at the central and local level in order
to supervise and monitor the supply of goods or services,
their prices, quality standard and purity. The central level
committee comprises of 11 members from different government
departments, consumer organizations and it is headed by
the Joint-Secretary of the Ministry of Supply. The district level
committee comprises six members from various sectors and the
Chief District Officer heads it.
vi. Inspection Officer
The Inspector supervises the market and supply system so that
consumer can get standard goods and services in reasonable price.
GON appoints inspectors or authorize any officer to discharge
the function of inspector. The qualification of inspector is fixed
underConsumer Protection Regulation that requires Bachelors

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 degree in either of following disciplines: namely chemistry,
pharmacy, and public health, law, and market management.
Of the total 75 administrative districts, every district has one
inspection officer but there is no uniformity in the appointments
of those inspectors. The chief of commerce office in district level
established under the Department of Commerce supervises
some 4 districts (Morang, Parsa, Rupandehi, and Banke), the
chief of the office of Standards and Metrology supervises some
4 districts (Kathmandu, Kailali, Dhanusa & Kaski), and the District
Small Industries Office also supervises some 19 districts and the
Assistant Chief District Officer supervises rest of the districts. The
Inspection officer has power under the Consumer Protection
Act to supervise, investigate and search any place if he believes
that goods and services provided are contrary to the law. It has
power to prosecute the accused before the District Court after
consulting the Public Prosecutor.
Quasi-judicial power has been given to the inspection officers.
They have power to impose a fine of 500 to 5, 000 rupees on any
producer, distributor or seller failing to cooperate and furnish
documents, and a fine of 500 to 15, 000 rupees to producer,
distributor, seller who is found, from the immediately available
evidence, failing to maintain the price list, tempering with
weighing or measuring instrument, selling date expired goods,
and keeping storage or sale site injurious to health. Decisions
of inspection officers are appealable to the Director General of
theDepartment of Commerce, whose decision is final.
Redress Mechanisms
Section 22 of the Consumer Protection Act gives every consumer
right to demand compensation for losses caused due to using any
goods or services. The complaint for compensation can be lodged by
any consumer organization on behalf of the consumer too. The time
limit for filing complaint is 35 days from the date of losses caused to
the consumer. The complaint is filed in the Compensation Tribunal.
Similarly, the Consumer Protection Regulation provides time limit of 7
days for filing complaint for any act-committed contrary to the provi-
sions of Consumer Protection Act and Regulation that has infringed
consumer rights and interests. In such complaint, the complainer
consumer or consumer organization has to mention the name and

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address of the wrongdoer person or organization, details of losses
caused or possible losses, defects in goods or services received and
relevant evidences.
Legislations after Consumer Protection Act 1998 AD
After the enactment of the Consumer Protection Act, 1998 AD, a
number of important laws have also been made, which relates to the
protection of rights of consumers. The Meat Inspection and Slaughter
House Act, 2055 (1999), Competition Promotion and Market Protec-
tion Act, 2007 and Iodized Salt (Production, Sale and Distribution)
Act, 2055 (1999) can be taken as some of such acts.
Consumer Protection Practice in Nepal
Despite comprehensive consumer protection laws in Nepal,
the consumers have been still widely victimized. Various
factors are responsible for this boredom situation. The first
important factor is the lethargic attitude of the government
agencies to implement the law in true spirit. The second factor
is lack of awareness among consumers about their rights. The
consumers have no easy access to the legal provisions since the
laws are not available in specific and accumulated form. They
are in scattered from. There is one Nepali proverb “Nepalko
Kanoon Bhagawan Janoon”. Its literal meaning is God knows
what laws are existed in the country.
Majority of the consumers are poor and illiterate. They do
not care about the quality of goods. The number of consumer
protection organizations is very limited and has limited resources
to meet the wide challenges. Nepal being a landlocked country
and open border has also some disadvantage of low quality
goods at high price.
Consumers do not want to complain against any goods or
services despite defects identified. It is simply because of
lack of speedy justice. Government owned corporations
in Nepal provides many goods and services to consumers.
Nevertheless, they are not accountable to the consumer
and do not fully comply with the requirements as per the
consumer protection laws. Some prominent examples for
this real condition are education and health services in
public schools and hospitals. Government schools are free
of charge in principle but in practice some public schools are

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 charging fee pretending various development issues and other
amounts. The quality of government schools is lowering down.
There are mushrooming nursing homes but inaccessible to
common people and the government hospitals are models for
negligence and unsatisfactory services. Safe drinking water has
become another vigorous problem. Even the capital is deprived
of the clean and hygienic drinking water, although consumers
are paying charge to government owned Water Supply
Corporation. In short, lack of good governance and pervasive
corruption in government has created many problems to
consumers to enjoy their rights.
New provision on market monitoring team has been pro-
posed. The composition of such a team is to be set by the regula-
tion. The team is to carry out regular market monitoring as to supply
provision, price, quality, purity etc. of goods and services, and it is
the duty of producers, sellers to cooperate and furnish documents
to the team. The team has to submit a report to the Department of
Commerce within 7 days.
It is to note that it also specifies punishment for sending false
sample to laboratory recklessly or with malafide intention or fraudu-
lent, false laboratory report. Most importantly, the Bill provides for
the establishment of a three-member consumer court in each Zone,
with powers to originally try consumer rights related cases. A sitting
Judge or person qualified to be judge of the District Court is qualified
to become the chairperson while at least gazette II class officer with
five years of experience or a citizen of Nepal with graduate degree
and ten years of experience is qualified to become the member of
the consumer court. The tenure of the chairperson and members of
the consumer court is four years. Moreover, the Bill also provides for
the establishment of a consumer right protection fund.
Conclusion
• While observing the constitutional history of Nepal in relation
to the consumer rights protection, the previous constitutions
except the constitution of Nepal 2072 BS (2015AD) do not
explicitly protect the rights of consumer as a fundamental right.
• While analyzing the policy measures undertaken by the
government of Nepal on consumer rights; various sectorial
policies such as industrial policy, trade policy, supply policy,

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 price regulation policy can be observed.
• The legislative measures adopted by Nepal for the protection of
consumer right protection are based on the principles of caveat
emptor and caveat venditor, doctrine of consumer sovereignty,
UN Guidelines for Consumer Protection, 1985 AD.
• The policy measures undertaken by Nepal are based on
international instruments including the Universal Declaration of
Human Rights (1948 AD) and International Covenants on Civil,
Political and Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, 1966 AD.
• Long time vigorous advocacy by the consumers and civil society
for a separate and comprehensive consumer protection law as
per the UN guideline, the Nepalese Legislature finally enacted
a law entitled "Consumer Protection Act in the year1998.
• Despite the existence of a strong legislative framework for
the protection of consumer rights, a number of constraints
are also existed side by side. For instance, The Department of
Commerce has itssubordinate offices only in five districts.
• There is lacking of whole time staff directly subordinate to
the monitoring, supervision and the regulation of the fair
play of production and selling of the goods and services in
the competitive market. Therefore, it is heavily dependent on
other offices such as District Administration Office, Cottage and
Small Scale Industries Department, etc.
• In spite of the enactment of the several laws to provide benefit
to the consumers from syndicating, black marketing, curtailing,
food adulteration and quackery; the government authorities
have not been able to regulate and control unfair practices up
to expected level.
• The Consumer Protection Act does not provide quasi-judicial
power to inspection officers and market protection officers to
take immediate action. Hence, quasi-judicial power needs to
be provided to inspection officers to take immediate action.
• Ownership, faith, and legitimacy of redress mechanisms should
also be given proper attention by building credibility of the
mechanisms along with early enactment of the Amendment Bill.
• Public should be aware about the need and importance of
consumerism in relation to the protection of consumer rights.
• Despite the enactment of a range of policies, legal and
institutional measures taken to protect and promote the rights

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 of consumers in Nepal, much needs to be done further.
• A desired level of coordination and collaboration with the
concerned stakeholders in the process of formulation,
implementation, and monitoring and evaluation of relevant
policies and programs is also necessary for their efficacy.

References
Adhikari, B. 2012 AD "Status of Consumer Organizations in Nepal" Office for
Asia-Pacific and the Middle East: Consumers International).
Cartwright, 2001 AD, "Consumer Protection and the Criminal law, Theory, and
Policy" (UK: Cambridge University).
Corradi, A. 2015, "The history of Consumer Protection" (New York: Hauser
Global Law School Program, University School of Law).
……………… Kanun Kitab Byabastha Samiti, 1957 AD " Essential Services Opera-
tion Act " (Kathmandu: Ministry of Law and Justice).
……………… Kanun Kitab Byabastha Samiti, 1966 AD " The Food Act " (Kathmandu:
Ministry of Law and Justice).
……………… Kanun Kitab Byabastha Samiti, 1966 AD " The Food Act " (Kathmandu:
Ministry of Law and Justice).
……………… Kanun Kitab Byabastha Samiti, 1968 AD " Black Marketing and Some
other Social Offences and Punishment Act " (Kathmandu: Ministry of
Law and Justice).
……………… Kanun Kitab Byabastha Samiti, 1968 AD " The Standard Measurement
and Weight Act " (Kathmandu: Ministry of Law and Justice).
……………… Kanun Kitab Byabastha Samiti, 1978 AD " Drug Act " (Kathmandu:
Ministry of Law and Justice).
……………… Kanun Kitab Byabastha Samiti, 1980AD " The Nepal Standard (Certi-
fication Mark) Act " (Kathmandu: Ministry of Law and Justice).
……………… Kanun Kitab Byabastha Samiti, 1995 AD " Essential Goods Protection
Act " (Kathmandu: Ministry of Law and Justice)
……………… Kanun Kitab Byabastha Samiti, 1998 AD " Slaughter House and
Inspection of Meat Act " (Kathmandu: Ministry of Law and Justice).
…………….. Kanun Kitab Byabastha Samiti, 2015 AD"The constitution of Nepal"
(Kathmandu: Ministry of Law and Justice).
……………… Kanun Kitab Byabastha Samiti, 1998 AD "Consumer Protection Act"
(Kathmandu: Ministry of Law and Justice).
………….. 2003, "United Nations Guidelines for Consumer Protection" (New
York: United Nations).

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 Women: Unity and Social
Integration in Hosseini’s A
Thousand Splendid Suns
Sabitri Dhakal
From the beginning of human civilization women have been the
victims of patriarchal society. They are discriminated, suppressed,
marginalized and are subjugated. However, women aren’t unaware
about their status and even aren’t unknown to the fact of being in
a lopsided position in their life. Despite this victimization, women
have always learnt to hope for a better tomorrow. Women play vital
role in maintaining integrity, unity and happiness with their positive
attitude towards hope. This attribute of female is highly reflected
in Khaled Hosseini’s A Thousand Splendid Suns. This project focuses
on Hosseini’s story of females’ suffering and endurance under the
Taliban on the one hand and women as a source of hope and integrity
on the other.
With the help of his female characters Mariam and Laila, Hosseini has
tried to reflect upon the lives of Afghan people who give up their lives
for loyalty and honesty. These characters in the novel often work to
retain hope while dealing with the realities of political and personal
oppression. Albeit the Taliban rule and several internal wars in the
country, the Afghan people perform their role positively and have
a great hope for the forthcoming days. These people have ability to
endure pain and suffering. The most positive and enduring theme
in A Thousand Splendid Suns is the idea that hope springs eternal.
Hosseini examines some serious and grave issues in the novel, but
the idea of hope celebrates the beauty and indestructibility of human
spirit. Mariam, the most oppressed, defeated, abused and a great
sufferer finds hope and beauty in her bleak existence. During her
childhood, she hopes of a secured and a bright future by showing
her enthusiasm to read. The hope doesn’t shatter even after her

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mother’s death. She feels that her life will be filled with happiness
after her marriage with Rasheed. The hope and dreams continue
as long as the life goes on. Mariam too is hopeful. When Mariam
discovers she’s pregnant, she is more aware of the beautiful colors
around her as she begins to hope for a brighter future. The thought
of bringing a child into the world, for Mariam is wondrous to the
point of exclusion; all of the oppression and despair that preceded
it in her life is forgotten.
Hope of acceptance, love and a better life are among many things
that women in Afghanistan hope in the backdrop of war and danger.
Fariba, a woman who had lost her sons in the war is yet hopeful for
the forthcoming days. “They’ll work it out, ” Mammy said. “This
fighting is temporary. They’ll sit down and figure something out”
(173). Albeit the murders and killings in the country the women have
a ray of hope. Women believe that there is a silver lining beneath the
dark clouds and this is proved from the following lines from the novel:
“You go, then. Take your daughter and run away. Send me a postcard.
But peace is coming, and I, for one, am going to wait for it” (174).
Despite the deteriorating conditions of a country ravaged by war the
women do not run away. They try to face the challenges. Laila, whose
parents were killed in a blast, marries Rasheed in order to sustain a
proper upbringing for her child and have a roof for her own.
The women are a source of hope in the devastating conditions. They
even can abandon their children for their bright future. Laila too
leaves her daughter Aziza in an orphanage when she cannot supply
food for her children. She is hopeful that her daughter can have a
full stomach in the orphanage. Another aspect of hope prevalent in
the female is the return of Laila in Afghanistan with a hope to rebuild
the country, which was devastated, destroyed and ravaged by war.
Women are the ones who believe in unity and hope for the same.
They feel that everything can be attained when there is unity. Laila
too works hand in hand with Zaman in order to bring changes in
the country. She becomes a teacher in an orphanage so that she
could shape the children with warm light of education, which in the
future are the backbones of the country. She is successful in bringing
happiness and smiles in the faces of Afghani children who had been
the victims of war. “When the children spot Laila, they come running.
They come running at full tilt. Laila is swarmed. There is a flurry of

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high pitched greetings, of shrill voices, of patting, clutching, tugging,
groping, of jostling with one another to climb into her arms. There
are outstretched little hands and appeals for attention. Some of them
call her Mother”(400).
Today women are often in the spotlight when it comes to questions
of integration. They are often perceived as victims and as those who
suffer the most discrimination. Integration begs the topic of identity-
national, cultural, religious and so-forth, which is as especially
challenging issue for women. Yet the women face challenges in
creating a harmonious and friendly society, which is a marker that
shows women are the sources of integrity, hope, unity and happiness.
Unlike in the past, women have realized their undervalued position
being confined within the narrow spaces of domestic walls house
managing, child rearing and so on. As a result, they are demanding
for proper place of women in the society. Nancy F. Cott examines
the origin of women’s movement: “Such consciousness of . . .
inferiority was the first group-consciousness likely to produce a
feminist movement, because it acknowledged cultural and social
determinants of women’s capabilities as well as divine and natural
ones, and thus allowed for the possibility of change” (202).
Women are always subordinated, discriminated, marginalized and
alienated in the society. By that problem, women attempt to fight
against the system, which is authorized by patriarchal culture. Thus,
the struggle of women is substantively to fight against the ideology of
patriarchy, which is symbolic in the form of traditional rule. Women
know that they shouldn’t be violent to exert coercive control over
the patriarchal society. They know that being violent and using
violence will not lead them to their achievement. Susan L. Millar
states, “Generally women are quite unsuccessful in achieving their
objectives through violence” (118). The unflinching confidence in
their ‘selves’ and actions along with the acceptance of socio-cultural
values of the society leads them to their goal.
The women want to transform the patriarchal society in a positive
way without being extra rebellious. They struggle to assert their
self, for self- reliance, self-decision and autonomous existence living
within the same social milieu. They challenge the patriarchal society
through acceptance. Hosseini has reflected this nature of women in
the novel. The female characters yield to a cruel married life. Laila

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gives up her ambitions and concedes to the contemptible life with
Rasheed. Mariam accepts her cruel, barren life with no objection.
One strong example of her acceptance of the brutal domination is
well displayed in the author’s description of her being abused by
her husband: “when Rasheed batters her, the proceeding is always
the same. There is no cursing, no screaming, no pleading, and no
surprised yelps. There is only the systematic business of beating and
being beaten” (262).
It is important, however to note that the females’ acceptance and
resistance as two alternative coping responses to the domination
are inspired by love and compassion. Their love for the children and
their compassion for one another endow them with enough strength
and resilience to endure the adversity. The women’s decision to
accept or resist the male domination and violence is for the most
part contingent on their care and concern for others. Their resistance
is most often inspired by their devotion and compassion. They are
aware that emancipation of females is not enough. Their own identity
and newness should be there. In this context, bell hooks states, “that
opposition is not enough. In that vacant space after one has resisted
there is still the necessity to become oneself anew” (15).
Subordination in a traditional society allows men to be crueler. So,
women do not want the males to dominate them further. They try
to revolt by uniting with other females. The sameness of experience
is what ties women to women regardless of race, class, nation and
sexuality. In the same context, Chandra Talpade Mohanty analyses
Robin Morgan’s view in Feminism without Borders:
Women are unified by their shared perspective (for example,
opposition to war), shared goals (betterment of human
beings), and shared experience of oppression. Here the
homogeneity of women as a group is produced not on
the basis of biological essentials, but rather through the
psychologization of complex and contradictory historical
and cultural realities. This leads in turn to the assumption
of women as unified group on the basis of secondary
universals. What binds women together is an ahistorical
notion of sameness of their oppression and, consequently,
the sameness of their struggles. (112)
The violence inflicted upon them, the similar experiences and

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similar struggle make the women unite. The females believe in unity
for the end of discrimination towards them. The novel too suggests
several reservoirs of strength for the resistance and a way to revolt;
women’s solidarity with each other. Mariam offers sympathy, advice,
shares feelings and experiences with Laila, which in the end leads to
their freedom from their violent husband Rasheed.
With the advent of Taliban in the Afghani society, the rights of
women had gone for a toss. The provisions made by these so-called
custodians of religious degraded the condition of Afghan women.
Women were subjected to gender based human rights abuses, such
as rape and forced marriages. As a result of implementing harsh
policies, women’s situation was getting severely worse.
Women who had lost all of their male relatives in the war were
literally trapped in their homes. They were imprisoned within the
four walls of their house. They were domesticized. As the women
were barred from working outside the home they were supposed
to do the menial jobs and take care of their children and even other
members of the family. Yet they were hopeful and optimistic about
the future that was to come ahead. The novel presents that the
women in the country are hopeful. With Babi’s words we become
clear that when women get education the state also will look forward
to such educated women.We can see this in Babi’s words:
I know you are still young, but I want you to understand and
learn this now he said. Marriage can wait, education cannot.
You’re a very, very bright girl. Truly you are. You can be anything
you want, Laila. I know this about you. And also know that when
this war is over, Afghanistan is going to need you as much as
its menmaybe even more. Because a society has no chance of
success if its women are uneducated, Laila. No chance. (114)
In conclusion, women try to revolt with the patriarchal society by
living, accepting, enduring and finally challenging the same family
and society for their position and in the same society. Freedom for
the women is consisted of the unflinching confidence in their selves
and actions along with the acceptance of socio-cultural values of
the society where they live in. Women are the sufferers but they
also are the sources of hope and integration. They rebel against
the patriarchal domination but their revolt is directed towards the
assertion of individuality and personal freedom, not necessarily

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to the disruption of familial relations and an escape from the
responsibilities.
Works Cited
Cott, Nancy F. The Grounding of Modern Feminism. London: Yale University
Press, 1987.
hooks, bell. Yearning: race, gender and cultural politics. Toronto: Between
the lines, 1990.
Hosseini, Khaled. A Thousand Splendid Suns. London: Bloomsbury, 2007.
Miller. Susan L. Victims as offenders: The Paradox of Women’s Violence in
Relationships. New
Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 2005. 116-20.
Mohanty, Chandra Talpade. “Sisterhood, Coalition and the Politics of
Experience.” Feminism
Without Borders. New Delhi: Raj Press, 2003. 106-23.

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