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Semester 2016-A
φ = cm /U
∆h0
ψ= ; ∆h0 Stagnattion Enthalpy
U2
∆cθ
In adiabatic turbine ∆h0 = U∆cθ ⇒ ψ=
U
-High stage loading implies large flow turning and leads to highly
“skewed” velocity triangles
STAGE REACTION
R ≈ (p2 − p3 )/(p1 − p3 )
Ẇ
∆W = = h01 − h03 = U (cθ2 + cθ3 ) Rotor Work
ṁ
1 1
h2 + w22 = h3 + w32 or h02,real = h03,real
2 2
1 1 1 1
h2 + w22 − U22 = h3 + w32 − U32 or I2 = I3 ; radial considered
2 2 2 2
(ESCUELA POLITÉCNICA NACIONAL) AXIAL-FLOW TURBINES: MEAN-LINE ANALYSIS AND
17 de
DESIGN
mayo de 2016 11 / 27
REPEATING STAGE TURBINES
-To allow for the reduction in fluid density that arises as the flow
expands through the turbine
cx = Constant, r = constant, α1 = α1
Development:
φ2
tan2 α2 − tan2 α1
R =1− If α1 = α3 or If α1 6= α3
2ψ
φ
R= (tan β3 − tan β2 ) If α1 = α3
2
-The choice of (φ, ψ, and R) are largely determined by best practice and previous experience
ηtt = (h1 −h3 ) / (h1 −h3ss ) = (h1 −h3 ) / [(h1 −h3 ) + (h3 −h3s ) + (h3s −h3ss )]
h3s − h3ss ∼
= T3 (s3s − s3ss )
h2 − h2s ∼
= T2 (s2 − s2s )
−1
ζR w32 + ζN c22 + c12
ηts = 1 +
2 (h1 − h3 )
Number of Stages:
Ẇ
nsttage ≥
˙ 2
mψU
Blade Height and Mean Radius:
Given that the axial velocity remains constant throughout each stage.
ρ1 Ax1 = ρ2 Ax2 = ρ3 Ax3 = constant
ṁ
Ax = ≈ 2π × rm H; m = mean
ρφU
h i
Ax = π × rt2 1 − (rh /rt )2 ; h = hub and t = tip
ṁ
rt − rh = H ≈
ρφU2π × rm
Axial Mach Number may be known:
p
ṁ cp T01
= Q (M1 )
Ax cos α1
Development equations:
ηp γ/(γ−1)
ψU 2 p03
T03 T03
=1− , =
T01 cp T01 p01 T01
γ − 1 2 −1/2
c3 p
p = M3 γ−1 1+ M3
Cp T03 2
Figure 5. Velocity Diagram and Mollier Diagram for a Zero Reaction Turbine Stage
φ
R= (tan β3 − tan β2 ) =⇒ β2 = β3 ; If R=0 and h 2 = h3
2
Figure 6. Velocity Diagram and Mollier Diagram for a 50 % Reaction Turbine Stage
φ 1
R =1− (tan α2 − tan α1 ) =⇒ 1 = φ tan β2 + − tan α1 ⇒ β2 = α1 = α3
2 φ
Figure 7. Velocity Diagram and Mollier Diagram for a 50 % Reaction Turbine Stage
∆h0 /U 2
fs = ∆h0 / c12 + c22 =
c12 /U 2 + c22 /U 2
ψ 2Ψ
fs = 2 2 =
4φ2 + ψ 2 + 1
ψ+1 ψ−1
φ2 + 2
+ φ2 + 2
∆h0 /U 2
fs = ∆h0 / c12 + c22 =
c12 /U 2 + c22 /U 2
ψ 2Ψ
fs = 2 2 =
4φ2 + ψ 2 + 1
ψ+1 ψ−1
φ2 + 2
+ φ2 + 2
Figure 8. Smith’s Kinetic Energy Coefficient fs and the Optimum Stage Loading
Figure 9.
(ESCUELA POLITÉCNICA NACIONAL) Centrifugal Forces
AXIAL-FLOW Acting MEAN-LINE
TURBINES: on Rotor Blade Element AND
ANALYSIS 17 de
DESIGN
mayo de 2016 26 / 27
STRESSES IN TURBINE ROTOR BLADES