NAME: TEREJOY A.

COCJIN
GRADE AND SECTION: 11- MAX WEBER

I. COMPETENCY 10-14

1.) Describe the nuclear model of an atom and the location of its major components (p+, n, e-).
The atom is such an important component of nature that many prominent scientists have
theorized how it is made up. The discovery of subatomic particles -- protons, neutrons and
electrons -- did not settle the matter.
Locations of Protons, protons are positively charged particles within atoms. Each atom has at
least one proton; in fact, the number of protons determines the identity of the atom. Protons
reside in the nucleus of the atom, which might seem strange since they are positively charged
and thus repel each other. To form an atomic nucleus, however, protons that are very close to
each other exchange even smaller particles called mesons. This process of exchange helps the
protons stick together through the strong nuclear force.
Locations of Electrons, electrons are negatively charged particles, and in a neutral atom, the
number of electrons is the same as the number of protons. They are much smaller than protons
but have the same strength charge. Because the charge of electrons is opposite in sign than
protons, the two types of particles attract each other, and this force, known as the Coulomb force,
holds the atom together. Electrons travel around the nucleus in orbitals, but it is impossible to
know both the speed and location of an electron at the same time. This phenomenon is known as
Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle and is a famous result of quantum mechanics.
Location of Neutrons, neutrons are particles that have no charge and are about the same mass as
protons. Not all atoms have neutrons, and the number of neutrons is not usually the same as
protons or electrons. Neutrons are located with protons in the nucleus; they too exchange mesons
with protons and with each other to form the strong nuclear force, but they do not have to
overcome the repulsion from Coulomb forces since neutrons are not charged.

2.) Explain how the concepts of atomic number lead to the synthesis of new elements in the
laboratory.
3.) Write the nuclear reaction involved in the synthesis of the new elements.

The discovery of a new chemical element with atomic number Z=117 is reported. The
isotopes (293)117 and (294)117 were produced in fusion reactions between (48) Ca and (249)Bk.
Decay chains involving 11 new nuclei were identified by means of the Dubna gas-filled recoil
separator. The measured decay properties show a strong rise of stability for heavier isotopes with
Z > or = 111, validating the concept of the long sought island of enhanced stability for super
heavy nuclei.

You specifically asked about new “elements” rather than new “isotopes”. The element is defined
by its atomic number Z which is the number of protons in the nucleus. To synthesize a new
element, you need to change the number of protons. This may be accomplished in several ways:
fissioning a large nucleus into smaller parts.
NAME: TEREJOY A. COCJIN
GRADE AND SECTION: 11- MAX WEBER
For example, a U235 nucleus can be split by hitting it with a slow neutron. This usually causes
the nucleus to break into about 4 or 5 pieces. Usually a largish piece like Xenon-135 and a
smaller piece like Rubidium-98 and typically 2 or 3 neutrons also result. If you start with a

nucleus that has too many neutrons, it typically spontaneously emits an electron converting one
neutron into a proton. This is called a beta emission and it increases Z by one. For example, that
Rubidium-98 might change into a Strontium-98 and then a Yttrium-98. Lots of these excess
neutron isotopes are formed by fission in nuclear reactors. And if you start with a nucleus that
has too many protons, it typically spontaneously emits a helium-4 nucleus which is 2 protons and
2 neutrons. This is called an alpha emission and it decreases Z by two while also decreasing the
atomic weight by four. This is how natural Uranium-238 and Thorium-232 decay. Then you can
also bombard target materials with high energy photons (gamma rays), protons, neutrons, alpha
particles, deuterium, tritium, neon, etc. These can disrupt the nucleus in ways that change the
atomic number. With these methods it is very difficult to make macroscopic quantities of new
material. But this is how the very large synthetic elements like Mendelevium are formed. A few
atoms of Mendelevium have been created by smashing alpha particles into Einsteinium which
was itself formed by neutron bombardment in a high power nuclear reactor.

4.) Cite the contribution of John Dalton towards the understanding of the concept of the
chemical elements.
Elements are primary substances that compose all matters in our surroundings. There are
many different kinds of elements. In fact there are 118 of them. Eighty-eight of them are
naturally occurring and the rest of them are produced artificially and cannot be found in nature.
The idea of the atom is relatively new. It gained acceptance as a theory only in the early 1800s
when John Dalton, an English teacher and scientist, proposed an atomic theory about the
indivisible building blocks of matter called atoms. His hypothesis which state in part that the
atom were responsible for the formation of compounds by combining two or more elements can
be summarized as follow;
1. All elements of matter are composed of extremely small particles called atoms.
2. Atoms of the same elements are identical, having the same size, mass and chemical
properties. Atoms of one element are different from atoms of another element. Different
properties shown by elements such as O and H explain why they are different from one another.
3. Compounds are composed of two or more element.
John Dalton’s experiments eventually led the acceptance of the idea of the atom. In 1803, he
proposed an atomic that says:
1. Atoms are invisible particles and all elements ate composed of atoms.
2. Same elements have exactly alike atoms.
3. While atoms of same elements are the same, atoms of different elements are different.
4. Two or more atoms of elements can be combined to form compounds. They combine in fixed
ratios of whole numbers forming particles of molecules.
5. Atoms are units of chemical change which involves combination or rearrangement of atoms
where they are not created, destroyed, or changed.
NAME: TEREJOY A. COCJIN
GRADE AND SECTION: 11- MAX WEBER

5.) Explain how Dalton’s theory contributed to the discovery of other elements.
Dalton published his table of relative atomic weights containing six elements, hydrogen,
oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, sulfur, and phosphorus, with the atom of hydrogen conventionally
assumed to weigh 1. Dalton provided no indication in this paper how he had arrived at these
numbers[citation needed] but in his laboratory notebook, dated 6 September 1803, is a list in
which he set out the relative weights of the atoms of a number of elements, derived from analysis
of water, ammonia, carbon dioxide, etc. by chemists of the time.
The extension of this idea to substances in general necessarily led him to the law of multiple
proportions, and the comparison with experiment brilliantly confirmed his deduction. In the
paper "On the Proportion of the Several Gases in the Atmosphere", read by him in November
1802, the law of multiple proportions appears to be anticipated in the words:
The elements of oxygen may combine with a certain portion of nitrous gas or with twice that
portion, but with no intermediate quantity. But there is reason to suspect that this sentence may
have been added some time after the reading of the paper, which was not published until 1805.
Compounds were listed as binary, ternary, quaternary, etc. (molecules composed of two, three,
four, etc. atoms) in the New System of Chemical Philosophy depending on the number of atoms
a compound had in its simplest, empirical form.
Dalton hypothesised the structure of compounds can be represented in whole number ratios. So,
one atom of element X combining with one atom of element Y is a binary compound.
Furthermore, one atom of element X combining with two elements of Y or vice versa, is a
ternary compound. Many of the first compounds listed in the New System of Chemical
Philosophy correspond to modern views, although many others do not.
Dalton used his own symbols to visually represent the atomic structure of compounds. They
were depicted in the New System of Chemical Philosophy, where he listed 20 elements and 17
simple molecules.
NAME: TEREJOY A. COCJIN
GRADE AND SECTION: 11- MAX WEBER

II. COMPETENCY 15-19

1.) Determine if the molecule is polar or non polar given its structure.
There are two factors that go into determining if a molecule is polar or not. To determine
if a molecule (or ion) is polar or non-polar, you must determine both factors.
1) The polarity of the individual bonds in the molecule;
2) The shape or geometry of the molecule.
*Bond Polarity*
First, to determine if a given individual bond is polar, you need to know the electronegativity of
two atoms involved in that bond.
Bond Type Difference in Electronegativities (∆EN)
Non-polar covalent 0-0.49 Polar covalent 0.5-1.7 Ionic 1.71-
If the electronegativity of the two atoms has a difference of 0 to 0.49, then the bond is nonpolar.
If the electronegativity difference is greater that 0.5 but less than 1.7, then the bond is polar. If
the two values have a difference greater than 1.7, then the bond is ionic, which is just
very very polar.
*Molecular Geometry*
Once you know which bonds in the molecule are polar and which are non-polar, you must use
the shape of the molecule. You need the shape because two polar bonds, if oriented correctly can
cancel each other out (like two equally strong people pulling in opposite directions on a rope
nobody moves). There are 3 possible outcomes:
-- If all bonds are non-polar, then the whole molecule is non-polar regardless of its shape. - If
there is symmetry in the molecule so that the polarity of the bonds cancels out, then
the molecule is non-polar. A common example of this is carbon dioxide, or CO2. The molecule
is linear, and its Lewis dot structure is like this: O=C=O (this doesn't include two sets of lone
pairs on each oxygen). The carbon-oxygen bond is a polar bond, but because they are exactly
opposed to each other, the molecule is overall non-polar. Another example of this is CCl4, where
each carbon-chlorine bond is polar, but the molecule is non-polar.
If there are polar bonds but there is no symmetry such that they cancel each other out, the overall
molecule is polar. Water is a typical example of this. The two O-H bonds are oriented in a V-
shape, and so the don't cancel out. Similarly, CH3Cl is also polar. It is the same shape as CCl4
(see above), but now it doesn't have the same symmetry because there is only one C-Cl bond and
the bonds don't cancel out anymore.

2.) Relate the polarity of its molecule to its properties.

Polarity is a physical property of compounds which relates other physical properties such
as melting and boiling points, solubility, and intermolecular interactions between molecules.
Polarity is a physical property of compounds which relates other physical properties such as
melting and boiling points, solubility, and intermolecular interactions between molecules.
NAME: TEREJOY A. COCJIN
GRADE AND SECTION: 11- MAX WEBER

For the most part, there is a direct correlation between the polarity of a molecule and number and
types of polar or non-polar covalent bonds which are present. In a few cases, a molecule may
have polar bonds, but in a symmetrical arrangement which then gives rise to a non-polar
molecule such as carbon dioxide.
The polarity of a molecule determines the intermolecular force of the molecule, which then
affects the physical properties of a molecule. These physical properties include, but aren't limited
to, boiling point, freezing point, viscosity, surface tension and solubility. Polar molecules would
have stronger intermolecular forces than nonpolar molecules. As a result these polar molecules
would have higher boiling points, freezing points, surface tension.
Solubility is based on the "likes dissolves likes" theory. Polar solvents dissolve polar solutes.
Nonpolar solvents dissolve nonpolar solutes.

3.) Describe the general type of intermolecular forces

4.) give the type of intermolecular forces in the properties of substances.

5.) Explain the effect of intermolecular forces on the properties of the substances.
NAME: TEREJOY A. COCJIN
GRADE AND SECTION: 11- MAX WEBER