XML Clearinghouse Report

12
Tourism Standards

Herausgeber:

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Robert Tolksdorf

Freie Universität Berlin
Institut für Informatik
Netzbasierte Informationssysteme

Dr. Rainer Eckstein

Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
Institut für Informatik
Datenbanken und Informationssysteme

ISSN (Print): 1861-1222

ISSN (Internet):1861-1230

team@xml-clearinghouse.de
www.xml-clearinghouse.de

© XML Clearinghouse
 Tourism Standards

Anja Jentzsch
jentzsch@inf.fu-berlin.de

Institut für Informatik

AG Netzbasierte Informationssysteme
Freie Universität Berlin
Takustr. 9, 14195 Berlin, Germany
Contents

1 Introduction 3

2 Standards 3
2.1 Accommodation Facility Classification by Deutscher Tourismusverband e.V. 3
2.1.1 German Hotel Classification / Deutsche Hotelklassifizierung . . . 4
2.2 ISO 18513:2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

3 Ontologies And Tools 6

3.1 Harmonise - Tourism Harmonisation Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.2 Harmonise Ontology (IMHO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.3 Harmonise Trans-European Network for Tourism (Harmo-TEN) . . . . . 8
3.4 Tourism Ontology by AIFB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.5 PegsTour by Pegasus Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

4 Current Research Work 9

4.1 E-Tourism Working Group (et) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4.1.1 Ontology Collection in view of an E-Tourism Portal . . . . . . . 9
4.1.2 eTourism Semantic Web Portal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
4.2 eCommerce and Tourism Research Laboratory (eCTRL) . . . . . . . . . 10
4.3 International Federation for IT and Travel & Tourism (IFITT) . . . . . . . 12
4.4 World Tourism Organization (WTO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
4.5 German Text Exploitation and Search System (GETESS) . . . . . . . . . 13

5 Conclusion 13
 Abstract: This report introduces existing standards, ontologies and tools in the tourism
domain. Furthermore it should give a review of current research work in the range of
Semantic Web and tourism.

1 Introduction

Today’s tourism environment covers few major actors and a large number of small and
medium actors. There exist few standardised large platforms which lack an appropriate
mapping of the existing structure to robust semantic descriptions. Standardising the main
protocols and ontologies is needed but the complexity is too high. So it is impossible to
create a meta standard of the tourism industry. Since the consequential charges might be
immense when reorganising existing structures, a semantic reconciliation could be useful
to harmonize the technical and semantic differences among the existing structures.
Although the tourism industry could benefit from better informed consumers. Furthermore
standards are of value to those developing tourism and travel standards. Due to cultural
and linguistical differences formulating standard tourism definitions is a difficult task.

2 Standards

When developing tools and ontologies for the tourism domain, many standards can be
worth looking at (e.g. accommodation or hotel classifications). Later on the WTO’s The-
saurus on Tourism and Leisure Activities (see 4.4) is one of them. Furthermore there are
standards for terms and classifications which are presented below.

2.1 Accommodation Facility Classification by Deutscher Tourismusverband e.V.

Nowadays not only the travelers demand for more transparency of the accommodation
situation, also computer based information and reservation systems require unambiguous
and well-defined categories to characterise the range of services offered.
The outcome of these requirements were the classification system for accommodation fa-
cilities1 established by German Tourism Organisation (Deutscher Tourismusverband e.V.)2 .
This enables a more precise product positioning and therefore better sales opportunities.
To classify an accommodation facility specially founded companies and local tourism in-
stitutions evaluate the facility’s standard by predefined criteria. Only objective criteria
like the room setup and service are taken into account. The gastronomical supply is not
considered in the classification process.
1 http://tin.deutschertourismusverband.de/index.php?pageId=159
2 http://www.deutschertourismusverband.de
There exist different classification systems for hotels, holiday homes and camping grounds.
To classify private accommodation facilities the German Tourism Organisation uses stars
as international accepted symbols. A maximum of four stars can be reached in this cate-
gory. Furthermore the star results of holiday flats and houses are marked by a ”F”, private
guest rooms by ”P”. The classification has to be renewed every three years.
Camping grounds are divided analogous to hotels into five star categories. Of course the
demands differ from those hotels have to fulfill.

2.1.1 German Hotel Classification / Deutsche Hotelklassifizierung

Since 1996 the Deutsche Hotel- und Gaststättenverband (DEHOGA)3 offers a national
standardised classification system called ”Deutsche Hotelklassifizierung” (German Hotel
Classification)4 . The classification is voluntarily. Participating accommodation facilities
need a minimum of eight beds, which means they have to be hotels, hotels garni, guest-
houses or bed and breakfast places.
There is a minimum of nineteen criteria to fulfill. The more criteria an accommodation
facility fulfills and the better it does, the more stars it can get.
All accommodation facilities can be divided into five star categories:

• 1 star : Tourist
Accommodation for simple needs
– Single rooms 8 m2 , double rooms 12 m2
– Guest reception service
– Expanded breakfast
– Bath / toilet or shower / toilet on floor
– Fax service at reception desk
– Deposit
• 2 stars: Standard
Accommodation for moderate needs
– Single rooms 12 m2 , double rooms 16 m2
– Breakfast buffet
– 70% of rooms have toilet, and shower or bath
– 70% of rooms have colour television
– Beverages available
– Seats according to number of beds, and table
3 www.dehoga.de
4 http://www.hotelsterne.de/
 • 3 stars: Comfort
Accommodation for greater needs
– Single rooms 14 m2 , double rooms 18 m2
– All rooms with toilet, and shower or bath
– Reception opened 12 hours; 24 hours within call
– Beverages offered in rooms
– All rooms have colour television
– Credit and/or debit cards accepted
– Restaurant
• 4 stars: First Class
Accommodation for high demands
– Single rooms 16 m2 , double rooms 22 m2
– Room service for breakfast and other meals
– Minibar or 24 hours room service
– Bath robe on demand, cosmetic mirror, hair dryer
– Arm chair / couch
– Laundry and ironing services
– Hotel lobby, restaurant, hotel bar
• 5 stars: Luxury
Accommodation for the highest demands
– Single rooms 18 m2 , double rooms 26 m2
– Suites
– Reception opened 24 hours, with concierge
– Additional wash basins, cosmetic articles
– Safe deposit in room
– Reception hall, restaurant, hotel bar

2.2 ISO 18513:2003

ISO5 (International Organization for Standardization) is the world’s largest developer of

voluntary technical standards. ISO is a non-governmental organization established in 1947
with members consisting of the national standards organizations of 146 countries, on the
basis of one member per country. The ISO 18513:2003 standard6 , ”Tourism services -
5 http://www.iso.org
6 http://www.iso.org/iso/en/CatalogueDetailPage.CatalogueDetail?CSNUMBER=31812
Hotel and other types of tourism accommodation - Terminology”, defines terms used in
the tourism industry in relation to the various types of tourism accommodation and other
related services. It has been published in January 2001 and is directly adopted from a
standard by the European Committee for Standardization (CEN). The standard is designed
to define a common vocabulary for a better understanding between the users and providers
of tourism services.
Some terms and concepts were excluded from the standard because they were either un-
known some states, or could not be translated accurately nor described fully by all the
languages used in the standard. Also too abstract or complex terms have been excluded.
The annex contains a dictionary with the equivalence between English, French, German
and Spanish.

3 Ontologies And Tools

As presented in the E-Tourism report by Bachlechner (see 4.1.1) there exist many ontolo-
gies which try to cover the tourism domain or other relevant areas.
Some of the main ontologies and tools are described in the following.

3.1 Harmonise - Tourism Harmonisation Network

Harmonise7 is an EU Tourism Harmonisation Network (THN) established by eCTRL

(see 4.2), IFITT (see 4.3) and others (2001-2003). It was established as a leading open or-
ganisation concentrating domain experts, IT professionals, standardisation initiatives and
tourism organisations.
Since in tourism industry many different and parallel standardisation initiatives have been
undertaken, Harmonise tries to push integration by developing an open mediation service.
Thereby the basis of an European tourism marketplace is created where services, data
and events can be easily and transparently distributed. Harmonise aims at eliminating the
interoperability gap existing in the European tourism market by allowing interoperation
using different industry standards. After the evaluation of the most important standards,
the modules for the THN were defined:

• Definition of an Interoperability Minimum Harmonisation Ontology (IMHO) (see 3.2)

for modeling and saving concepts of transaction data.
• Definition of a Harmonise Interchange Representation (HIR) for representation of
compatible tourism transactions.
• A set of mapping rules for transformation of proprietary data formats to the HIR and
vice versa is defined.
7 http://www.harmonise.org
For the harmonisation process each client uses a Custom Harmonise Gateway which al-
lows data transfer and conversion of the proprietary data format to the HIR and vice versa.
The local Gateway converts the proprietary data format to the HIR, sends it to the con-
cerned parties where the local Gateway converts it to the respective proprietary data for-
mat. Figure 3.1 shows the transformation process.

Figure 1: Transformation Process

The information flow between two parties is established in a peer-to-peer fashion without
a central node. The message format, e.g. the HIR, consists of a RDF document built in
accordance with the IMHO. Since the exchanged information has to be compliant with
those of the other parties, the local model has to be mapped against the IMHO. To achieve
this, the Harmonise MApping FRamework (MAFRA) was developed. The MAFRA is
available at Sourceforge8 . The targeted formats are XSD, RDFS and KAON.
Beside this semantic interoperability technologies, a running prototype and network of
interested tourism organisations were developed in the Harmonise project.

3.2 Harmonise Ontology (IMHO)

The Harmonise Ontology9 (RDFS version) was first developed during the Harmonise
Project (see 3.1) and then taken over by the DERI E-Tourism Working Group (see 4.1) in
2004.
The ontology development steps were the following:

• Provide a classification of existing standard initiatives

• Identify minimal set of common concepts(starting point)
• Identify ontology covering these concepts
• Develop a reconciliation tool for information exchange allowing the partners to keep
their proprietary data formats
• Harmonise starts with XML files
8 http://sourceforge.net/projects/hmafra
9 http://www.deri.at/research/projects/e-tourism/documents/HarmoniseOntology
The construction of the IMHO started with an identification of the relevant standards.
Their contents have been analyzed to create an exhaustive classification of them after ex-
posing overlaps and conflicts.
The IMHO initially covered accommodation facilities, events and activities. The events
and activities domain was chosen the primary one due to its relevancy for the whole
tourism domain. This domain covers all types of events like cultural ones (e.g. theatre,
concerts, etc.), conferences, lectures, sporting events, etc.. The accommodation domain
was chosen because it is one of the main business domains for tourism on the internet. For
the IMHO this domain was restricted to all types of accommodation offering a room such
as pensions, guest houses, etc..

3.3 Harmonise Trans-European Network for Tourism (Harmo-TEN)

The Harmonise Trans-European Network for Tourism (Harmo-TEN)10 market validation

project is based on the successful results of the IST project Harmonise (see 3.1). It started
in early 2004 as a joint project between IFITT (see 4.3) and WTO (see 4.4). The Harmo-
TEN project validates the Harmonise results in real pilots and it will finalise business
models, sustainability plan, membership, in order to prepare for the eventual market de-
ployment of the Harmonise service.
During the HarmoTEN project the IMHO will be extended to new subdomains, e.g. all
types of accommodation, food and beverage, etc..

3.4 Tourism Ontology by AIFB

During the German Text Exploitation and Search System (GETESS) Project (see: 4.5)
the Institute of Applied Informatics and Formal Description Methods Karlsruhe (AIFB)11
developed an ontology for the tourism domain. For these purposes the AIFB developed
Ontology Engineering methods and tools for modeling concepts, relations and axioms
easily. Their proposal of Ontology Engineering makes use of of text mining techniques
for semi-automatic locating of conceptual structures in natural language texts.
The text mining process delivers syntactic relations between words and phrases. This syn-
tactic relation can be translated into a meaningful semantic relation depending on how the
tourism domain is conceptualized in the ontology. Querying the ontology for semantic
relations between two classes by a found word results in relations e.g.. Then, a corre-
sponding entry between the found word and the existing class is added to the abstract,
i.e. the set of extracted facts, of the currently processed document in an abstract database.
Therefore the ontology builds an entry point and is enhanced in the text mining process.
10 http://www.harmo-ten.org
11 http://www.aifb.uni-karlsruhe.de/
3.5 PegsTour by Pegasus Solutions

The organisation Pegasus Solution12 developed PegsTour13 , a tool that automates bookings
by wholesale travel companies and tour operators with multiple hotel central reservation
systems. PegsTour connects wholesalers’ proprietary systems to central reservation sys-
tems through an XML interface to Pegasus’ UltraSwitch, a communication link between
hotel central reservation systems and global distribution systems.

4 Current Research Work

Research work in the field of tourism is done by many organisations and universities,
especially in regions of great touristy interest. Most of the research projects are joint
projects which enriches the results.
It is not surprising that most of the projects offer web interfaces and tools since travelers
as well as travel agents are far-flung around the world.

4.1 E-Tourism Working Group (et)

The E-Tourism Working Group14 at Digital Enterprise Research Institute (DERI)15 tries
to apply Semantic Web technology on the traditional tourism industry for next generation
eTourism. Therefore they plan an advanced eTourism Semantic Web portal which will
connect the customers and virtual travel agents.
Given the strategically important position of travel industry in Austria, especially Tirol, the
eTourism Semantic Web portal could be an important technological break through, which
could further enhance Austrian travel industry.

4.1.1 Ontology Collection in view of an E-Tourism Portal

In this E-Tourism Working Draft Daniel Bachlechner presents a collection of domain spe-
cific ontologies [Bac04]. Bachlechner gives a summary of topics which for eTourism
relevant ontologies might cover. These topics16 mainly cover traveler(s), travel agent,
travel and destination. Following the modularity principle of ontology design these topics
should be kept in separate reusable ontologies.
12 http://www.pegs.com
13 http://www.pegs.com/pegstour.htm
14 http://e-tourism.deri.at/
15 http://www.deri.at
16 http://www.deri.at/research/projects/e-tourism/2004/d10/v0.2/20041005/

#Areas
4.1.2 eTourism Semantic Web Portal

The first version of the eTourism Semantic Web portal17 is concentrated on selected ar-
eas which are essential for holiday in Innsbruck especially in the winter season. The
E-Tourism Working Group (et) identified the following two categories for the web site of
the prototype:

• Accommodation
• Activities incl. Infrastructure

Accommodation classifies all facilities like hotels, guest houses and apartments. Activities
refer e.g. to events, sightseeing and skiing. Infrastructure such as restaurants, cinemas or
museums, is also important for planning holidays. These information will be picked up
from the web. At the moment many websites offer these information for human readers.
Since they are not machine readable so far, et wants to turn it into semantic information.
Like Bachlechner (see 4.1.1) figured out, different ontologies have been developed for
different areas so far in eTourism. But none of them assists with describing regional dis-
tinctions. Austria offers other activities and attractions then e.g. Bali. By reusing existing
ontologies and adding specific terms for Austria et builds its own ontology18 . In its current
version it focuses on accommodation and activities.
After designing an eTourism ontology in OWL et will fill in the instance data for hotels.
In the first version they will store the semantic enhanced data as RDF files.
The eTourism Semantic Web portal conists of a search interface. The information retrieval
is based on the semantic data to allow better requests. For a specific domain it is not based
on keywords but on instances.

4.2 eCommerce and Tourism Research Laboratory (eCTRL)

The eCommerce and Tourism Research Laboratory (eCTRL)19 aims at the development
of methods, techniques and tools for eCommerce applications in tourism. The laboratory
is a research line of the Automated Reasoning Systems (SRA) division of Istituto Trentino
Cultura (ITC)20 .
The following technologies constitute eCTRL’s main field of expertise and interest areas:

• Web and Software Engineering

– Application Server and Frameworks: J2EE, Security, Content Management
– User Interface and Usability: User Modelling, Web design
17 http://www.deri.at/research/projects/e-tourism/2004/d5/v0.4/20041115
18 http://e-tourism.deri.at/ont
19 http://ectrl.itc.it:8080/home/index.jsp
20 http://www.itc.it
 – Languages and Standard: JAVA, XML, RDF, EDI, eCO, CORBA
– Semantic Web
• Machine Learning and Case-Based Reasoning
• Natural Language and Speech Processing
• Management Science and Tourism

eCTRL’s R&D (Research and Development) combines Computer Science, Management

Science, Statistics and Optimisation Theory as well as Tourism research. The research
projects they are involved in cover all of the aforementioned scientific fields.
eCTRL contributes to Harmonise (see 3.1) as well as Harmo-TEN (see 3.3).
eCTRL is also involved in the European Tourism Portal (ETD)21 which will provide a
unique access point to tourism information websites and a common user interface layer by
2006. The project will develop a European portal with a single entry point giving access
to all European public tourism information. The project is structured in two phases. The
main tasks during the first phase until November 2004 was to define, together with the
national tourism organisations from 34 European Travel Commission (ETC)22 member
countries, what contents and services are offered on the portal. Phase I will result in the
design of the portals architecture and the preparation of its implementation. On the basis
of these results the ETC will decide on the opportunity to launch the second phase of the
project for the development of the portal.
Other eCTRL projects are:

• Intelligent Recommendation for Tourist Destination Decision Making (DieToRecs)23

DieToRecs’ goal is the development of a web-based recommendation system that
will aid the tourist destination selection process and attempts to accommodate indi-
vidual preferences. Based on the user profiles personalised recommendations will
be created to support potential tourists choose their ideal destination.
• Travel Recommender System (Trip@dvice)24
Trip@dvice is a recommendation technology which assists e-travellers in their search
for tourism products on the internet. A prototype called NutKing25 is yet available.
• Mobile Tourism Recommender System (mITR)26
Typical mobile applications in the tourism domain cover e.g. airlines (reservations,
check-in, flight status, etc.), hotels and restaurants (reservations), maps, transporta-
tion (schedules, connections, etc.), traffic and weather conditions, etc.. The Mobile
Tourism Recommender System implements these services using the WAP protocol,
or are accessible (HTML) through a mobile internet connection.
21 http://etd.ec3.at
22 http://www.etc-corporate.org/
23 http://dietorecs.itc.it
24 http://tripadvice.itc.it
25 http://itr.itc.it
26 http://mobile.itc.it
4.3 International Federation for IT and Travel & Tourism (IFITT)

The International Federation for IT and Travel & Tourism (IFITT)27 researches and medi-
ates in the field of tourism.
IFITT’s Special Interest Groups include the Reference Model Special Interest Group (RM-
SIG) and Harmo-TEN (see 3.3).
The Reference Model Special Interest Group (RMSIG)28 was founded by IFITT and worked
successfully on a reference model for tourism services. RMSIG aimed at harmonising of
electronic tourism markets based on a reference model. The main purpose of the RMSIG
is bringing together the different market participants and domain experts to ensure a broad
acceptance of the reference model. Based on XML and standardized building blocks as
vocabulary, the reference model enables the flexible description of processes and services
within an electronic market, in a way understandable for other market participants. The
reference model focuses on the modeling of electronic tourism markets on a conceptual
level. Thus the reference model supports interoperability of different market components,
independent of the concrete physical representation of their processes and services.

4.4 World Tourism Organization (WTO)

The World Tourism Organization (WTO)29 , as a specialized agency of the United Nations,
serves as a global forum for tourism policy issues and practical source of tourism know-
how.
The Thesaurus on Tourism and Leisure Activities30 published by WTO is a guide to
tourism terminology for the standardization and normalization of a common indexation
and research language, at an international level. This Thesaurus is multilingual in English,
French and Spanish. Terms of the tourism domain have been defined in great detail so that
individuals unfamiliar with this vocabulary can also use the Thesaurus. At the moment the
Thesaurus covers approximately 1800 concepts.
When building ontologies the WTO Thesaurus is of high use. E.g. the IST/CRAFT project
Hi-Touch makes use of the WTO Thesaurus as an authoritative source for its ontology.
Mondeca31 was mainly involved in the development of this ontology. The goal of the Hi-
Touch project which was funded in 2002 is to develop Semantic Web methodologies and
tools for intra-European sustainable tourism.
27 http://www.ifitt.org
28 http://www.rmsig.de
29 http://www.world-tourism.org
30 http://www.world-tourism.org/cgi-bin/infoshop.storefront/EN/product/1218-1
31 http://www.mondeca.com/r&d.htm
4.5 German Text Exploitation and Search System (GETESS)

The BMBF funded project German Text Exploitation and Search System (GETESS)32
(1998 - 2001) aimed at developing an intelligent web tool for information retrieval for the
tourism domain.
The developed prototyp can be divided into four modules:
The AIFB modeled an ontology for the tourism domain (see 3.4). This ontology is the
central service for Text Mining, storage and query of semantic contents. AIFB’s Ontology
Engineering methods and tools and Text Mining techniques assists with locating concep-
tual structures in natural language texts.
For linguistic text analysis the Deutsche Forschungszentrum für Künstliche Intelligenz
(DFKI)33 created the SMES component. SMES combines textual structures with linguistic
indicators for excerption of an text’s most important contents.
These abstracts are stored in a database system. To handle unpredictable structures DBIS
at Universität Rostock34 designed an integration of object relational database technologies
with information retrieval methods.
GECKO GmbH35 integrated these three modules in a intelligent search engine for the
tourism domain.

5 Conclusion

Information exchange and dissemination are the most important backbones of tourism in-
dustry. At the moment they are mainly based on printed brochures, advertisements via
television or limited web access. Thus the tourism domain is a decent area for web and
Semantic Web technlogies by assisting users and agencies with smart information search-
ing, integrating, recommending and various intelligent services.
The Harmonise approach (see 3.1, 3.3) can be seen as one of the most important steps
to enable information exchange. In the future it could be used to entirely transform the
proprietary data formats existing in travel agencies.
Joint projects of the main organisations in tourism industry like WTO and IFITT facilitate
prospective tools and work.
Existing ontologies build a good base for further ontology modeling as shown in 4.1.1.

32 http://www.getess.de/
33 http://www.dfki.de
34 http://dbis.informatik.uni-rostock.de
35 http://www.gecko.de
References

[Bac04] Daniel Bachlechner. Ontology Collection in view of an E-Tourism Portal (D10 v0.2).
http://www.deri.at/research/projects/e-tourism/2004/d10/v0.
2/20041005, 2004.

Steffen Staab et. al. GETESS Searching the Web Exploiting German Textss. http://
www.aifb.uni-karlsruhe.de/WBS/Publ/1999/cia staabetal 1999.pdf,
1999.
Hannes Werthner. Harmonise - A Step towards an Interoperable eTourism Market Place.
http://www.itit2003.itc.it/download/werthner.pdf, 2003.
Wolfram Höpken. Reference Model of an Electronic Tourism Market (IFITT RM). http:
//www.rmsig.de/documents/ReferenceModel.doc, 2004.
Michele Missikoff. Harmonise: An Ontology-Based Approach for Semantic Interoper-
ability. ERCIM News No. 51, October 2002
 Table 1: Tourism/Travel Ontologies
Ontologies Language
Mondecas tourism ontology (http://www.mondeca.com) in- XTM (XML Topic Maps 1.0)
cludes tourism concepts from the WTO thesaurus (see 4.4).
Travel business ontology (http://taga.umbc.edu/taga2/ OWL
owl/travel.owl)
EON Travelling Ontology (opales.ina.fr/public/ DAML+OIL
ontologies/EON-TravellingOntology-v0.2.daml)
Travel Itinerary Ontology (http://www.daml.org/ OWL
ontologies/178) is a simple ontology for representing a travel
itinerary.
Trip Report Ontology (http://www.daml.org/ontologies/ OWL
365)
Harmonise Ontology (www.deri.at/research/projects/ RDF
e-tourism/documents/HarmoniseOntology) (see 3.2)

Table 2: Geographic Ontologies

Ontologies Language
Country Ontology (http://www.daml.org/ontologies/ RDF
267) covers the independent states of the world.
General Geographic Ontology (http://www.daml.org/ OWL
ontologies/156) provides geographic location information for
cities, airports, ports, and other facilities.
Geographic Names Ontology (http://www.daml.org/ OWL
ontologies/346) is based on NIMA Geonet Names Server.
Horus Ontology of Locations (http://www.daml.org/ DAML+OIL
ontologies/266) describes locations used by the Horus project.
Map Ontology (http://www.daml.org/ontologies/177) OWL
Coordinates Ontology (http://www.daml.org/ DAML+OIL
ontologies/269) can capture coordinate systems used by
GPS.
Spatial Ontology (http://www.daml.org/ontologies/428) OWL
defines the constructs to represent spatial things and relations (based on
a subset of OpenCyc spatial ontology).
 Table 3: Means of Transportation Ontologies
Ontologies Language
Airport Code Ontology (http://www.daml.org/ DAML+OIL
ontologies/137)
Airport Ontology (http://www.daml.org/ontologies/ OWL
323)
Subway Ontology (http://www.daml.org/ontologies/ OWL
396) for representing subway lines, stations and maps.
International Train Connections Ontology (http://www.wsmo. WSML
org/2004/d3/d3.2/v0.1/20040628/resources/tc.
wsml)

Table 4: Political Ontologies

Ontologies Language
Government Ontology (http://www.daml.org/ OWL
ontologies/321) of government concepts used in the CIA
World Fact Book 2002.
CIA World Fact Book Ontology (http://www.daml.org/ DAML+OIL
ontologies/245) contains detailed country information.
CIA Chieves of State Ontology (http://www.daml.org/ DAML+OIL
ontologies/350)
Country Contact Organization Ontology (http://www.daml. OWL
org/ontologies/415)

Table 5: Temporal Ontologies

Ontologies Language
Time Ontology (http://www.daml.org/ontologies/100) DAML+OIL
Holiday Ontology (http://www.daml.org/ontologies/ OWL
413) describes holiday information, including regional and time
specifics.
Date and Time Ontology (http://www.wsmo.org/2004/d3/ WSML
d3.2/v0.1/20040628) can be used generally for expressing dates
and time and relationships between them.
Time Zone Ontology (http://www.daml.org/ontologies/ OWL
414)
Date Ontology (http://www.daml.org/ontologies/185) DAML+OIL
 Table 6: Activity/Interest Ontologies
Ontologies Language
Service Description Ontology (http://www.daml.org/ DAML+OIL
ontologies/150)
Service Ontology (http://www.daml.org/ontologies/ DAML+OIL
106)is based on UNSPSC Code, a coding system to classify both
products and services for use throughout the global marketplace.
Activity Ontology (http://www.daml.org/ontologies/ DAML+OIL
101)
ICSTM Shows Ontology (http://http//www.csd.abdn.ac. DAML+OIL
uk/research/AgentCities/ontologies/shows-v27.
daml) describes shows such as theatre, cinema and musical.
Event Ontology (http://www.daml.org/ontologies/35) OWL
describes public talks, seminars and colloquia.

Table 7: Gastronomy Ontologies

Ontologies Language
Restaurant Ontology (http://www.csd.abdn.ac.uk/ DAML+OIL
research/AgentCities/ontologies/restaurant-v4.
daml)
Wine Ontology (http://www.daml.org/ontologies/76) for DAML+OIL
wine and meal description.
Beer Ontology (http://www.purl.org/net/ontology/ OWL
beer.owl) models brewers and types of beer.
Pub Ontology (http://www.csd.abdn.ac.uk/research/ DAML+OIL
AgentCities/ontologies/pubs.daml)
English Pub Ontology (http://www.daml.org/ontologies/ DAML+OIL
180) describes English Public Houses in terms of their affiliations, bev-
erages served, and location.

Table 8: Person Ontologies

Ontologies Language
Person Ontology (http://www.daml.org/ontologies/61) DAML+OIL
describes an individual and his/her interests.
Friend of a Friend (FOAF) (http://www.foaf-project.org) OWL
is the most common ontology for describing people, the links between
them, their interests and the projects they work at.

Table 9: Purchase Ontologies

Ontologies Language
Purchase Ontology (http://www.wsmo.org/2004/d3/d3.2/ WSML
v0.1/20040719/resources/po.wsml) defines general con-
cepts to make a purchase order request.
 Table 10: Currency Ontologies
Ontologies Language
Currency Ontology (http://www.daml.org/ontologies/ DAML+OIL
307) is based on the ISO 4217 standard for three letter currency codes.

Table 11: Weather Ontologies

Ontologies Language
Weather Ontology (http://www.daml.org/ontologies/ DAML+OIL
241)
 team@xml-clearinghouse.de
www.xml-clearinghouse.de

Was ist das XML Clearinghouse?

Das XML Clearinghouse für Berlin und Brandenburg ermöglicht Wissenstransfer zu
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