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Teaching Assistant: Silvia Erba, PhD ‐ silvia.erba@polimi.it
11. HEAT TRANSFER: CONDUCTION
11.1
A brick wall having the following dimensions (h= 4 m, l= 6 m and t= 0,3 m), has a thermal conductivity
λ= 0,8 W/mK. The interior and exterior surface temperatures are respectively 14 °C and 6 °C. Define the heat
flow density and the heat flow through the wall.
Solution
φ=21,3 W/m2
Ф=512 W
11.2
Calculate the heat flow density which crosses in steady‐state conditions a wall with superficial temperatures
equal to 20 °C (inside) and 10 °C (outside). The wall is composed by the following layers:
A) exterior concrete: t = 60 mm λ= 0,9 W/mK
B) expanded polystyrene: t = 4 cm λ= 0,04 W/mK
C) interior concrete: t = 150 mm λ= 1,91 W/mK
Which should be the thickness of the insulating layer to halve the heat flow density?
Solution
φ =8,73 W/m2; tX = 8,58 cm
11.3
A plane wall infinite in two directions (y, z) is composed by 3 layers of homogeneous materials, whose thermal
conductivities are λ1 = 0,500 W/(mK), λ2 = 0,015 W/(mK) and λ3 = 0,350 W/(mK).
The first layer (towards the indoor environment) has a thickness t1= 0,12 m, the second t2= 0,05 m and the
third t3= 0,08 m.
The wall is exposed on the internal side to an air temperature Ti= 20,0 °C which is kept constant, while on the
exterior side to an air temperature Te= 30,0 °C , kept always constant.
The convective heat transfer coefficients on the interior and exterior side are respectively hi= 5 W/(m2K) e
he= 15 W/(m2K).
Define in relation to the wall:
The equivalent electrical network;
The heat flow density which passes through the wall;
The interior surface temperature of the wall.
Solution
φ=2,46 W/m2; Tsi = 20,49 °C
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Exercises & Solutions ‐ Advanced Building Physics 2017‐18
Teaching Assistant: Silvia Erba, PhD ‐ silvia.erba@polimi.it
11.4
Calculate the surface temperatures of all the layers of a wall composed by:
exterior plaster: t = 2 cm λ= 0,9 W/mK
hollow blocks: t = 0,25 m λ= 1,10 W/mK
air gap: t = 5 cm C = 6,4 W/m2K
insulating layer: t = 3 cm λ= 0,039 W/mK
interior plaster: t = 1,5 cm λ= 0,9 W/mK
The interior and exterior surface temperatures of the wall are equal to 18,6 °C and 5,5 °C.
Draw the temperature profile inside the wall.
Solution
t1=5.5 °C; t2= 5,74 °C; t3= 8,24 °C; t4= 9,96 °C; t5= 18,42 °C; t6= 18.6 °C
11.5
The thermal conductance by contact at the interface among two aluminum plates having thickness of 1 cm
is equal to 11.000 W/(m2 °C). The thermal conductivity of aluminum at ambient temperature is equal to
237 W/(m °C).
Define the thickness of an aluminum plate placed in between, to realize a unit thermal resistance equal to
the unit thermal resistance by contact at the interface among the plates.
Solution
t= 2,15 cm
11.6
A heat flow passes through a window, composed of a wooden frame (f) and a glass (g), in steady state
conditions. Define:
1) The heat flow density through the glass and the frame
2) The total heat flow through the window
3) The surface temperatures of the glass and the frame
Given:
hi= 4 W/m2K; he= 15 W/m2K; Ti= 20 °C; Te= ‐5 °C
λf= 0,3 W/mK; tf= 0,06 m; Af= 0,4 m2
λg= 1 W/mK; tg= 0,006 m; Ag= 1,6 m2
Solution
φf= 48,39 W/m2 ; φg= 77,48 W/m2
Ф= 143,3 W
Tsi,g= 0,63 °C; Tse,g= 0,17 °C; Tsi,f= 7,90 °C; Tse,f= ‐1,78 °C
29
Exercises & Solutions ‐ Advanced Building Physics 2017‐18
Teaching Assistant: Silvia Erba, PhD ‐ silvia.erba@polimi.it
11.7
The outside wall of a home consists essentially of (from outside to inside):
A 10 cm layer of common brick (λ= 0,68 W/mK), a 15 cm layer of fiberglass insulation (λ= 0,038 W/mK) and a
1 cm layer of gypsum board (λ= 0,48 W/mK). What is the overall R value? What is the heat flow density
through this wall if the interior surface temperature is 22 °C and the exterior surface is 5°C?
Solution
Rtot= 4,12 m2K/W; φ= 4,13 W/m2
11.8
For structural reasons the wall described in exercise 11.7 must have studs placed every 60 cm, which connect
the outer (brick) and the inner (gypsum board) parts. The studs are fabricated from wood (λ= 0,10 W/mK)
and are 5 cm wide and 15 cm deep. Find the thermal resistance and the heat flow density, and compare with
the results of previous exercise to quantify the effect of framing with studs.
Solution
R= 6,06 K/W
Rav= 3,64 m2K/W; φ=4,67 W/m2
11.9
In figure is represented an opaque multilayer wall, which separates the indoor environment B from the
outdoor environment A. This wall is subjected to a solar irradiance G=540 W/m2 and it is characterized by a
superficial absorbance equal to 0,926.
The internal and external environments are at constant temperature. Assuming the presence of steady state
conditions, define:
1) The equivalent electrical network
2) The heat flow densities exchanged through the wall among the two environments
3) The temperature profile inside the wall in presence of solar irradiance
4) The temperature profile inside the wall without solar irradiance
30
Exercises & Solutions ‐ Advanced Building Physics 2017‐18
Teaching Assistant: Silvia Erba, PhD ‐ silvia.erba@polimi.it
Dati:
I= 540 W/m2
a= 0.926
s= 500 W/m2
A B
1 2 3 4
hA = 15 W/(m2K)
hA hB
hB = 5 W/(m2K)
0.3 W/(mK)
s1= 0.09 m
0.04 W/(mK)
s2= 0.04 m
s1 s2 s3
0.9 W/(mK)
s3= m
x, 0.12
A= 30 °C
B= 20 °C
Solution
φA= ‐474,51 W/m2; φB= 25,49 W/m2
In presence of solar irradiance: T1= 61,63 °C; T2= 53,99 °C; T3= 28,5 °C; T4= 25,1 °C
Without solar irradiance: T1= 29,61 °C; T2= 27,84 °C; T3= 21,96 °C; T4= 21,18 °C
R*cd
S
A B
A 1 2 3 4 B
31
Exercises & Solutions ‐ Advanced Building Physics 2017‐18
Teaching Assistant: Silvia Erba, PhD ‐ silvia.erba@polimi.it
11.10
A slab is composed by the following stratigraphy.
x,ⱷ
Indoor
1. Pavement: t= 8 cm; λ= 0,8 W/(mK)
2. Concrete slab: t= 24 cm; λ= 2,8 W/(mK)
3. Thermal insulation: t=?; λ= 0,03 W/(mK)
4. Plaster: t= 2 cm; λ= 0,9 W/(mK)
Outdoor
The boundary conditions referred to internal and external environments are:
Ti 20 C ; Te 5 C ;
;
h 5 W m2K
i
h 15 W m2K
e
Assuming steady‐state conditions, one‐directional flow, the thermo‐physical properties of the materials as
independent of the temperature and considering no internal energy accumulations:
1. Define the thickness of the insulating layer (tins) in order to have a conductance G= 0,49 W/(m2K);
2. Calculate the surface temperature of the pavement (Tsi), i.e. the internal surface temperature.
Afterwards a radiant ceiling heating system is activated the room. It provides a localized irradiance on the
surface of the pavement equal to 80 W/m2:
3. Define the surface temperature of the pavement (T*si) in steady‐state conditions, when the radiant system
is in operation;
4. Calculate the heat flow density outgoing (si-e) from the external surface, in steady‐state conditions, when
the radiant system is in operation.
Solution
tins= 5,5 cm; Tsi= 17,83 °C; TSi*= 32,45 °C; si-e = 17,768 W/m2
32
Exercises & Solutions ‐ Advanced Building Physics 2017‐18
Teaching Assistant: Silvia Erba, PhD ‐ silvia.erba@polimi.it
11.11
In figure it’s represented a double glazing which separates the internal environment B from the external
environment A and subjected to a solar irradiance which can be modeled as concentrated in the middle of
the layer 1 and 3. For simplicity’s sake, we ignore the radiative and convective thermal exchange inside the
air gap having thickness s2. We consider the internal and external environments at constant temperature
and we assume steady‐state conditions.
1) Draw the equivalent electrical network
2) Define the thermal heat flow densities exchanged through the double glazing between the internal and
external environment
3) Define the surface temperatures.
ipotetica situazione reale
B Dati: semplificata
A
1= 4000 W/m3
hA 1 2 hB 2= 1000 W/m3
irradianza
2
hA= 15 W/(m2K) solare G: 240 W/m
hB= 5 W/(m2K)
1 2 3 4 lastra di vetro esterna: 10%
1 W/(mK) lastra di vetro interna: 5%
s1= 0.006 m
potenza assorbita lastra esterna
0.025 W/(mK) 1G= 24 W/m
2
A= 10 °C
s1 s2 s3 B= 20 °C
x,
Solution
x,
ϕA= ‐36,07 W/m2; ϕB= ‐8,07 W/m2; T1= 12,4 °C; T4= 18,39 °C
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