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Abstract: Very fast transient overvoltages generated in gas-insulated switchgear could cause a voltage
oscillation inside the connected transformer. A practical method to calculate the high- frequency
transients in the transformer winding is developed based on multiconductor transmission-line theory.
Resonance characteristics of a transformer are assessed using the inductance matrix obtainable from
its winding geometry. Applicability to transients of frequencies up to several megahertz is checked in
a model transformer and an actual 500 kV transformer. The calculated interturn voltage waveforms
are in particularly good agreement with experiment.
2 Multiconductortransmission-line model
2. I Basic assumptions
As shown in Fig. 1 the shell-form transformer has a HV
winding composed of a number of coils and two static
plates (SPs; i.e. SP, and SP,). The effect of the low-voltage
winding is neglected in the present analysis. Since the lami-
nated core stops most magnetic flux at h g h frequencies
[ 16-20], electromagnetic waves propagate along conductors
inside the core window just as in a waveguide. Assuming a
i
&(I(")(Z)) = -jW[C](V(")(Z))
inductions from SPs. (kJ and [MI are defined in eqns. 24
(3) and 25, respectively. The vector (ko) indicates the so-called
&(V")(X)) = -jw[L](I(74(4) initial voltage distribution.
Using eqn. 1 in eqn. 3 leads to the wave equation The connecting conditions at x = a/2 in eqn. 7 can be
expressed in the form
d2
- ( I ( " ) ( ~ ) ) = r2(W(2))
dx2
with a pure imaginary surge-propagation constant r =
jw/v,y.The dissipation can be incorporated assuming the
complex constant [20]
(4)
i (I(1)( 4 2 ) ) =
= (V("(U/2)) AE(1)
(Vc")(a/2))
(42))
+
where (1) denotes the vector of all the elements being unity.
(11)
where (A(")) and (E$")) are unknown surge currents in all Taking Ai'), Bi') and AAias a new set of unknowns, the
the turns and SPs. The total number of turns being N , the number of unknowns is now reduced to 3N. A set of 3N
values of 4(N + 2) unknowns have to be determined. The linear equations can be constructed from
set of 4(N + 2) equations is obtained from the connecting
conditions in Fig. 2
I
I, );( =o, I;2));( =o, I y );( =o, $1 );( = o
Vd"(0)=Eo, T/.d"(a)=Eo, V p ( o ) = o , v,( 2 )(u)=O
eqn.13 . . . . . . :. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( N relations)
(14)
O L 1
0.02
I
O t O ' ' " 20 " I " 40
. " '
60 " 80
" j
turn j I
Fig. 4 ~nductmiceL,, cuIaIutecIfor two-coiI model O'0 20 40 60 80
ul=l turn i
h i = IS
c1=30
2-coil 500 kV
Constants scattering points (AAk)
model autotransformer
winding number of coils 2 10
d i n ~ - ~ i o n stotal turns, N 84 363
av. turn length, a [ m l 4.77 7.6
insulation interturn thickness, d 1.5 1.6-3.0
[mml b V J
: turn io turn i-i turn i
dielectric constant, E, 1.6 2.9 A'
v
loss factor, tan6 0.05 0.05 k-th division
conductor conductivitv, cr W m l 5x IO7 5x107 Fig.6 Tr-rvelling ~viivesin mult@le-turndivkion
b Current/40 divisions
c VoltageiX4 divisions
d Voltagel40 divisions
4 Comparisonwith experiments
0.4
w
__ .
o 0.3
2- 0.2
-
0.1
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 -0 1 2 3 4 5
frequency, MHz frequency, MHz
Fig. 8 Frequency chara<cterkticsof Jirst interturn voltage for hw-coil model Fig. IO frequency cliaracteristics of irput admittance of hlo-coil niodel
trmjoinw trmjornier
U Experimental U Experimental
bl 84 divisions (1 divitum) MTL model bl 84 divisions (1 divitum) by MTL model
b2 40 divisions (20divicoil) b4TL model b2 40 divisions (20divicoil) by MTL model
c Lumped circuit model c Lumped circuit model
I
(I 1-2 iurn
h 21-22 turn
c 41-42 tum
0.251~s
Fig. 14 Interturn voltagr 6v,( t ) of56UkV uutotrunsjbn~wsidyected to s i k -
The calculated interturn voltages are shown in Fig. 13. soidol pulse
N Experimental
Calculation is executed in two steps: the MTL frequency h Calculated
domain calculation to obtain &',{U), followed by the fast
Fourier transform which yields time-domain result 6vl{t) 5 Discussion
[20]. The waveforms of Figs. 12 and 13 correspond well,
including the delay time observed in curve b. The present MTL method, based on a number of assump-
Fig. 14 shows the first interturn voltage of 500kV tions, is developed to calculate high-frequency characteris-
autotransformer subjected to the same sine pulse of 2 MHz tics of the transformer. The conventional lumped-circuit
The correspondence of experimental and calculated results model [13-151 is straightforward, but requires turn-to-turn
is satisfactory. simulation, which is very difficult to apply to a large-scale
The above time-domain calculation results appear to be transformer, at least in a modest computing environment.
better than the frequency-domain results of Figs. 8-1 0. This In applying MTL theory to this problem, Cornick et ul.
is thought to be coincidental. It may be that the one-cycle used MTL in the highest voltage section only and replaced
IEE Proc.-Gmer. Traiisiii. Distrib., Vol. 148, Nu. 5, Septeiiiber 2001 38 I
the rest of winding by an impedance [19]. The substitution 16 WRIGHT, M.T., YANG, S.J., and McLEAY, K.: 'General theory of
fast-fronted intertum voltage distribution in electrical machine wind-
by a simple impedance is problematic and the practice ings', Proc. IEE, 1983, 130, (4), pp. 245-256 (Pt. B)
may not always be justified. We have proposed a hybrid 17 McLAREN, P.G., and ORAEE, H.: 'Multiconductor transmission-
method combining the single transmission-line analysis of line model for the line-end coil of large AC machines', Proc. IEE,
1985, 132, (3), pp. 149-156 (Pt. B)
the whole winding and the MTL analysis of the highest- 18 GUARDADO, J.L., and CORNICK, K.J.: 'A computer model for
voltage section [20]. However, using the single transmis- calculating steep-fronted surge distribution in machine windings',
sion line often brings about excessive resonances. Such IEEE Truns. Energy Converx, 1989,4, (l), pp. 95-101
19 CORNICK, K., FILLIAT, B., KIENY, C., and MULLER, W.: 'Dis-
sharp resonances are subdued to an extent in the present tribution of very fast transient overvoltages in transformer windings'.
method probably by scattering, assumed at the mid-turn CIGRE Report 12-204, 1992
points. 20 S H I B W A , Y., FUJITA, S., and HOSOKAWA, N.: 'Analysis of
very fast transient overvoltage in transformer winding', IEE Proc.
Although the present MTL method still has some prob- Gener. Trunsnz. Distrib., 1997, 144,(5), pp. 461468
lems particularly in modelling dissipations, a fairly good 21 CLAYTON, R.P.: 'Analysis of multiconductor transmission lines'
correspondence is observed between calculated and experi- (Wiley, New York, 1994)
mental results both in the frequency and time domains. 22 TAVNER, P.J., and JACKSON, R.J.: 'Coupling of discharge cur-
rents between conductors of electrical machines owing to laminated
Another feature of the method is that the assessment can steel core', Proc. ZEE, 1988, 135, (6), pp. 295-307 (Pt.B)
be done at the desi,gn stage since the constants are calcula- 23 AMETANI, A.: 'Distributed-parameter circuit theory' (Corona Pub-
ble from the winding geometry. lishing, Tokyo, 1990)
24 FUJITA, S., HOSOKAWA, N., and SHIBUYA, Y.: 'Experimental
study of very fast transient phenomena in transformer winding', IEEE
6 Conclusion Truns. Power Deliv., 1998, 13, (4), pp. 1201-1207
25 FUJITA, S., NAKATSUKA, S., and SHIBUYA, Y.: 'Voltage oscil-
lation in transformer windings affected by very fast transient surges',
A practical method to analyse high-frequency transients in Truns. Inst. Electr. Eng. Jpn. B, 2000, 120-B, (5), pp. 766-772
a power transformer is developed by reducing the number 26 S H I B W A , Y., FUJITA, S., and SHIMOMURA, T.: 'Effects of very
fast transient overvoltages on transformer', IEE Proc. Gener. Trmsm.
of unknowns in applying MTL theory. Voltage or current Distrib., 1999, 146, (5), pp. 459464
at any point in the winding is calculable from the trans-
former geometry or design parameter in the frequency 8 Appendix
domain. The time-domain waveform can be calculated
from the frequency characteristics using an FFT. Experi- The original inductance matrix [L] of N + 2 dimension can
ments including an actual 500kV transformer have con- be rewritten as follows:
firmed the applicability of the method to the analysis of
high frequency transients of several megahertz.
We hope this technique contributes to the better design
of transformers anal to improved power-system reliability.
where [LINxNis the new inductance matrix, and (LJ, (L'J
7 References are N-dimension column vectors. Similarly, the current and
other vectors can be redefined
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1I
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[
V;")(z)= v s Lo{ALmjexp(-I'z) -BL") exp(rx)}
+L,,{A~") exp(-rz)
12
93, (2), pp. 500-509
McNUTT, W.J., BLALOCK, T J., and HINTON, R.A.: 'Response
' - 13:") e x p ( r z ) )
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Power Appur. Syts., 1974, 93, (2), pp. 475467
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[
V J m ) ( z=)v s L,{A?)exp(-rz)
exp(rz)}
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15
method for constructing reduced order transformer models for system
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\
+(L:) . {(A("))exp(-rz) - (Edm))exp(rz)}
1
M.: 'Application of modified modal theory in the modelling of practl-
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