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Row wise blasting of mortar blocks
Magnetite mortar testing blocks shot 2011-2014
5 holes in a row (10 mm diameter)
Spacing: 110 mm; Burden: 70 mm
Blasted rows: 3 or 4
Row 1 – virgin
R2-4 – pre-conditioned
20 g/m PETN cord
Delay: 0, 28, 73, 140 µs
(0, 0.4, 1.0 or 2.0 ms/m)
3
Row wise blasting of mortar blocks
Research questions
RQ 1: Is the delay-time influencing the fragmentation
and back-break in specimens with given blast pre-
conditioning by 1st row blast?
RQ 2: How far does the pre-conditioning by the 1st row
blasts reach?
RQ 3: How many rows have to be blasted before the
pre-conditioning becomes constant?
RQ 4: How is the delay-time influencing the cracks
created?
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Row wise blasting of mortar blocks
Delays used for research questions; stage 1-3 = 2012-2014
RQ 3: How many rows
to blast before pre-
conditioning constant?
RQ 2: How deep is the
pre-conditioning by 1st
row?
RQ 1: For same pre-
conditioning, is there
an influence of delay
time?
5
Measurements and analysis
Measurement of crack development
Surface characteristics of the bench face
o 3D-model of the bench face with BlastMetrix
Crack detection; surface and interior
o Dye-penetrant spray and AutoCAD
Quantification of fragmentation
Particle size distribution P(k), 0.5-125 mm
Determination of k-values; k30, k50 and k80 [mm]
Coefficient of uniformity k80/k30 (related to Kuz-Ram n)
Statistical evaluation; not presuming normal distribution.
Kruskal-Wallis & Mann-Whitney U tests
6
Measurement of crack development
Characteristics of the bench surface; half-casts nearly
always seen
3D stereophotography
of bench face after
blasting
with without
flanks flanks
d d
i 2
i
D Mean d
n n
si x x xi | d i d i 1 |
S Norm i
i 2
l l xmax xmin 9
Crack detection with dye-penetrant spray
Tracing the cracks created at the top of the testing
block after every blast 2014
Top surface after
application of cleaner,
dye and developer
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Crack detection with dye-penetrant spray
3D CAD model:
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Crack detection with dye-penetrant spray
Definition of 10 crack families and MCD/MCID
Total number of cracks and cracks per family
Mean no of Cracks in 2x2 cm squares = Density (MCD)
Mean Crack Intersection Density (MCID), 2x2 squares
13
RQ1: Is the delay-time influencing the fragmentation and
back break in specimens with given pre-conditioning?
Yes, to some extent, for back break:
Back break behind 2nd row shots
is not significantly different from
that behind 1st row shots
Longer delays produced larger
backbreak behind 1st and 2nd row
shots
3rd row shots produced
significantly less back break and
in general a more even surface
14
RQ1: Is the delay-time influencing the fragmentation and
back break in specimens with given pre-conditioning?
15
RQ2: How far does the pre-conditioning by the 1st row
blasts reach?
The fragmentation of the 3rd rows seems to be independent
of the pre-conditioning by 1st row blast
The backbreak and the cracks created behind the 3rd row
depend on the pre-conditioning.
Cracks Backbreak
created
behind
3rd row
16
RQ3: How many rows have to be blasted before the pre-
conditioning becomes constant?
Delayed 1st row blasts generally
produced coarser fragmentation
than 2nd row shots
When the 3rd row was blasted with
non-zero delay, the fragmentation
was finer than in the 2nd row
The fragmentation of the 3rd and
4th rows was essentially the same*
If any row was shot simultaneously,
the fragmentation did not get finer
with increasing row number *Small number of specimens
makes conclusions unsure 17
RQ4: How is the delay-time influencing the cracks created?
Longest delay
(73 µs) created
largest number
of cracks
18
Source of material presented in paper:
Schimek, Peter, 2015.
Doctoral Thesis in preparation:
Improvement of fragmentation by blasting:
Investigation of the influence of delay-times on the
crack development in the surrounding rock, the
characteristics of the blasted bench face and the
fragmentation of the further rows
Chair of Mining Engineering and Mineral Economics,
Montan-universitaet Leoben, Austria.
Montanuniversitaet Leoben | Chair of Mining Engineering and Mineral Economics | Department of Mineral Resources Engineering | 19
Franz Josef Straße 18, 8700 Leoben, Austria | www.unileoben.ac.at/bbk | Schimek/Ouchterlony/Moser | 26.08.2015
Glück Auf!
Montanuniversitaet Leoben | Chair of Mining Engineering and Mineral Economics | Department of Mineral Resources Engineering | 20
Franz Josef Straße 18, 8700 Leoben, Austria | www.unileoben.ac.at/bbk | Schimek/Ouchterlony/Moser | 26.08.2015
Mortar properties
21
Methodological questions
Different mortar producers with same recipe
Significantly different material properties
Significantly different blastability from cylinder shots
Identically blasted blocks: same fragmentation and backbreak
Only a relative comparison of results from different mortar
producers is meaningful!
Same mortar producer
Blastability cylinders gave comparable fragmentation data
Identically blasted blocks: fragmentation and DMean repeatable
SNorm values were not repeatable
SNorm values not useful to describe roughness of the bench face 22