1

Electronics I
Electronics-I EE 231
EE-231

Chapter#2
Ch t #2

Diode Applications
Course Instructor:
Muhammad Sohail

Faculty of Electronic Engineering

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi,
Pakistan
 Chapter Outlines
2

Introduction
Load-Line Analysis
y
Series Diode Configurations
Parallel and Series-Parallel Configurations
AND/OR G
Gates
Sinusoidal Inputs; Half-Wave Rectification
Full-Wave Rectification
Clippers
Clampers
Zener Diodes
Voltage-Multiplier Circuits
Practical Applications
Diode Application-Introduction
3

• Once the basic behavior of a device is

understood its function and response in an
understood,
infinite variety of configuration can be
examined.

• The analysis of the electronic circuit can be

followed in one of the two paths;
a)) using
g the actual characteristic
b) Applying some approximation for the device.
 LOAD-LINE ANALYSIS
4

• The load line plots all possible

current ((ID) conditions for all
voltages applied to the diode
(VD) in a given circuit. E / R is the
maximum ID and E is the
maximum VD.

• The point where the load line

and the characteristic curve
i t
intersectt is
i the
th Q-point,
Q i t which
hi h
specifies a particular ID and VD
for a given circuit.
Diode in DC Series Circuit: 5

Forward Bias

VD
KVL: E – VD – VR = 0

E = VD + IDR

ID = IR= E/R → VD = 0V
Diode in DC Series Circuit: 6

Reverse Bias
VD

E = VD + IDR →ID =0A

• VD = E

• VR = IDR = 0V
LOAD-LINE ANALYSIS
7
Example 2.1
8

• For the series diode configuration, determine

a. VDQ and IDQ
b. VR
Example 2.1
IDQ=9.25mA
VDQ = 0.78V

E = VD + IDR
 General Steps 10

Step 1: Find the maximum ID. VD = 0V→ ID = IR= E/R

Step 2: Find the maximum VD. ID =0A → E = VD + IDR
Step 3: Plot the load line
Step 4 : Find the intersection between the load line and the characteristic
curve. This is the Q-point
Step 5: Checking !!!! ID(mA)

E/ 10
R Q-
IDQ=9m 9
A point
8
7
Load Line
6
5
4

3
2
1
VD(V
)
9
VDQ=1.2 E
V
 Example 2.2
11

Now using the approximate equivalent model for the silicon

semiconductor diode.
 Example 2.3 12

Using the ideal model.

 Series Diode Configurations 13

The forward resistance of the diode is usually so small compared to

the other series elements of the network that it can be ignored.

In general, a diode is in the “ON” state if the current established by

the applied source is such that its direction matches that of the arrow
i the
in h diode b l andd VD≥0.7
di d symbol, 0 7 V for
f silicon,
ili VD≥0.3
0 3 V for
f
germanium, and VD≥1.2 V for gallium arsenide.
Series Diode Configurations 14
 Series Diode Configurations 15

Determining the state of the diode

 Series Diode Configurations 16

Substituting the equivalent model for the “on” diode

 Series Diode Configurations 17

Reversing the diode Determining the state of the diode.

 Series Diode Configurations 18

Substituting the equivalent model for the “off” diode.

 Example 2.4 19

For the series diode configuration, determine VD, VR, and ID.
 Example 2.5 20

Same data as example 2.4, with the diode reverse.

 Source notation
21

An open circuit can have any voltage across its terminals, but the
current is always
y 0-A.

A short circuit has a 0-V drop across its terminals, but the current is
limited only by the surrounding network.
network