<10 Section 1A something. coquum is object, so Demaenetus is doing something to a cook). Then add an appropriate verb in the right form (e.g. Demaenetus calls a cook— Démaenetus coquum uocat). (a) aulam seruus . . . (b) serua corénam, aulam seruus . . . (c) seruas serui. . . (a) familia coqués . . . (e) Lar seruds... (f) aurum ego... (g) Euclid familiam . . . (h) aulas auri plénds et corénis seruae . . . * The verb must be s. 3 Define subject, verb, object and prepositional phrases in the following Passages and answer the questions: (a) And now the sun had stretched out all the hills, And now was dropped! into the western bay; At last he rose, and twitched his mantle blue: Tomorrow to fresh woods and pastures new. (Milton, Lycidas 190-3) * What ‘was dropped’? (b) Still green with bays each ancient Altar stands, Above the reach of sacrilegious hands; Secure! from Flames, from Envy’s fiercer rage, Destructive War, and all-involving Age. See from each clime the learn’d their incense bring! (Pope, Essay on Criticism 181-5) * What is ‘green’ and ‘secure’? 4 With the help of the running vocabulary for 1A, work through the Latin Passage ‘Démaenetus . . .’, following these steps: (a) As you meet each word, ask (i) its meaning (ii) its job in the sentence (i.e. subject or object? part of a phrase?). eg. Démaenetus coqués et tibicinas uidet. Démaenetus ‘Demaenetus’, subject; coquds ‘cooks’, object; et ‘and’ almost certainly joining something to coqués; tibicinas ‘pipe-Section 1A us girls’, object— part of a phrase coqués et tibicinas: uidet ‘(he) sees’, verb: ‘Demaenetus the cooks and pipe-girls (he) sees’. (b) Next produce a version in good English, e.g. ‘Demaenetus sees the cooks and pipe-girls’. (c) When you have worked through the whole passage, go back to the Latin and read the piece aloud, taking care to phrase correctly, thinking through the meaning as you read. Démaenetus coqués et tibicinas uidet. ad niiptias filiae ueniunt. in aedis Démaeneti intrant et niiptias parant. nunc aedés Démaeneti coquérum et tibicingrum plénae sunt. Démaenetus autem timet. aulam enim auri plénam habet. nam si aula Démaeneti in aedibus est auri plena, firrés ualdé timet Démaenetus. aulam Démaenetus célat. nunc aurum saluum est. nunc saluus Démaenetus. nunc salua aula. Lar enim aulam habet plénam auri. nunc prope Larem Démaeneti aula sub terra latet. nunc igitur ad Larem appropinquat Démaenetus et supplicat. ‘6 Lar, ego Démaenetus té ocd. 6 tiitéla meae familia, aulam ad té auri plénam ports. filiae niiptiae sunt hodié. ego autem furés timed. nam aedés meae farum plénae sunt. té 6r6 et obsecr6, aulam Démaeneti auri plénam serui.’ English-Latin Translate the Latin sentences into English. Then translate the English sentences into Latin, using the pattern of the Latin ones to help you arrange the word-order correctly. (a) coquus aulam Démaeneti portat. The slave has the cooks’ garlands. (b) t& clams, ego autem aulas porté. The slave girl is afraid. Therefore I am calling the cook. (c)_ cir scaena pléna est serudrum? Why is the household full of cooks? (d) ego Lar té uocé. cir mé timés? (It is) 1, Phaedra (who)! enter. Why are you (pl.) hiding the pot? (e) si aurum habet, Démaenetus timet. If they hide the pot, the slaves are afraid. (f) cordnas et aulas portant serui. (It is)* a cook and a slave-girl Demaenetus is summoning. * Put stressed words first in the sentence. 17Section 1B Running vocabulary for 1B aha! ab illd from that (former self of his) [The whole phrase is a quotation from Virgil Aeneid 2.274, used by Aeneas of the ghost of Hector.] ab inferis from the dead adhitc so far aedés (nom.) house aedis (acc.) house aggeré | pile, heap up ams 11love an? or? anxius worried appared 21 appear appropingud 1 1 go up to, approach area ae 1f. altar audrus greedy au-us 7 2m. grandfather bene good! well bona (nom.) bonam (acc.) bonum (acc.) bonus (nom.) cla hide! celeriter quickly circumspect 11 look around clam secretly collocé 11 place cénsilium plan créedé 1 believe Giir-a ae 1f. care, devotion, worry, concern cair6 1 V care for, look after, am concerned about dé (+abl.) concerning good 18 décipit (he/she/it) deceives Démaenete O Demaenetus Démaenet-us i 2m. Demaenetus de-us 7 2m. god di (nom. pl.) gods; (voc. pl.) O gods! diues (nom.) rich (man) diuitum (gen.) of rich (men) 61 I give dormié | am asleep dormit (he/she/it) sleeps dotem (acc.) dowry diicit (he) leads dum while é out of, from ecce look! ecquis (does) anyone? eheu what a pity! oh dear! Eucliénem (acc.) Euclio to Euclio Eucliénis (gen.) of Euclio euge hoorah! eugepae } yippee! explicé 1 1 explain, tell “fabul-a ae 1f. story JJacis you (s.) make, do “facit (he/shefit) makes, does alsa i sa) false Samiliaris of the houschold Jestiné 1 I hurry about “foue-a ae If. pit, hole “fares (nom., acc.) thieves Farum (gen.) of thieves hem what's this? hercle by Hercules! hheu oh deat! hodié today hominum (gen.) of men homo (nom.) man, fellow hondrem (acc.) respect igndré 11 do not know imaginem (acc.) vision imagé (nom.) vision in aedis into the house in aedibus in the house in somnié in a dream intré (1. 151) inside iterum again iuxta (+ acc.) next to Larem (acc.) Lar Laris (gen.) of the Lar lates 2 1 lic hidden magni (voc. pl.) great magnus great (amount of) malus evil, wicked maneé 2.1 remain mei (of) my meum my mihi (to) me mirum amazing miserum miserable, unhappy ménstré 1 show, reveal moued 2 1 move multam (acc.) multas (acc.) many, multi (nom.) much multérum (gen.) multum (acc.) murmuré 11 mutter mutatus changed néminem (acc.) no-one nempe clearly, no doubt niillam niillas } {ace.) no, none niillumSection 1B nunquam never pauper (nom.) poor (man) peciini-a ae 1f. money perditissimus most done for possides 2 1 possess, have, hold practerea besides quantum how (much) quaré why? quia because quid what? quod because salué welcome! saluum safe scilicet evidently sécum with himself senex old man 11> serud keep safe! tamen however, but serué VT keep tandem at length simul at the same time tene5 2 1 hold, possess, somnia (acc.) dreams keep m dream terr-a ae Vf. earth 1 I look at, see thésaur-us 7 2m. treasure és tum then audience uald® greatly stuped 2 1am amazed, uérum true astonished uexd 1 Tannoy, worry sub pedibus under (your) _ided 2 1 see fect uidéte see! look! sub (+abl.) under uigild 1 1am awake sub ueste under (my) isd 1 visit cloak unguentum ointment subité suddenly ut how! super (+ acc.) above supplicd 1 | make prayers (to) Learning vocabulary for 1B Nouns iir-a ae If. care, worry, concern de-us 7 2m, god thésaur-us 7 2m. treasure Adjectives mult-us a um much, many Verbs am-6 1 love ir-6 1 1 look after, care for 461 I give Others clam secretly quar why? tunguent-um 7 2n. ointment fiir fir-is 3m. thief honor hondr-is 3m. respect aedis aed-is 3f. temple: Pl. senex sen-is 3m. old man aed-és ium house niill-us a um no, none explic-5 11 tell, explain _posside-6 2 1 have, hold, 1 I make prayers possess uide-6 2 I see quod because tandem at length tamen however, but 19i Section 1B Grammar and exercises for 1B 11 3rd declension nouns (consonant stem): fir fir-is 3m. ‘thief? 5 pl. rom. far ‘thief? firs ‘thieves’ acc. fiir-em ‘thief? fiir-8s ‘thieves’ gen. fiir-is ‘of the thief” fir-um ‘of thieves’ dat. fri fiir-ibus abl. far-e fir-ibus NB. This is the standard pattern of endings for 3rd decl. nouns whose stems end in a consonant. There are, however, slight changes of pattern in nouns whose stem ends in the vowel -i- (the so-called ‘i-stem’ nouns) as follows. 12 3rd declension nouns (i-stem) aedis aed-is 3£. ‘room’, ‘temple’s in plural ‘temples’, ‘house’ s. nom. aédis ‘room’, ‘temple’ acc. aéd-em ‘room’, ‘temple’ gen. ‘of the room’, ‘of the temple’ dat, aed abl. aéd-e (aéd-t) nom, ace, gen, dat. abl. ‘temples’ / ‘house’ ‘temples’ / ‘house’ ‘of temples’ / ‘of the house’ Notes , 1 aed-is in the s, means ‘room’, ‘temple’; in the pl. usually ‘house. 2 Observe acc. pl. in-is, gen. pl. in ~ium, and alternative abl. s. in -7. This dominance of -i- is the mark of i-stem nouns of the third declension. In fact originally all the cases would have had the -i-, since it is part of the Stem. The s. of turris 3f. ‘tower’, which keeps the old forms even oo classical Latin, will demonstrate this: turri-s, turri-m, turri-s, turri, turri. 2013 13 Section 1B ge B F ich nouns and Note that we indicate in the grammar sections whieh ferdings2s adjectives are i-stem, but for Practical reasons we present t Soren for consonant stems, i.e. aed-is, not (the technically corr Stems and endings of 3rd decl. nouns 1 3rd decl. nouns have a great variety of endings in the nom. s. Mae unites them all is that their gen. s. has the same ending, ce Are Euclion-is, senex sen-is. You must therefore learn both the decl. and «he gen. s. as well as the gender of these 3rd decl. nouns, i.e. no ‘temple’, pl. ‘house’, but aedis aed-is 3f, ‘temple’, pl. — 2 The gen. s. is doubly important, because it gives you the STEM Thus NOUN to which the endings are added to make the sens rp when you have learned senex sen-is 3m., you know that the stem i . IT IS THE GEN. S. WHICH GIVES YOU THIS. i 3 You also need to be able to work back from the stem to the aos order to find the word in a dictionary. E.g. if you see pacemm in the text. you must be able to deduce that the nom. s. is pax, otherwise you ‘on not be able to look the word up. Observe the following comm Patterns of CONSONANT sTEMs: (a) stems ending in -I- or -7- keep | and r in the nom., €.g- consul-is-nom. consul ‘consul’ Siir-is>nom. fir ‘thief? (b) stems ending in -d- or -1- end in -s in the nom., €.g- ped-is—rnom. pés ‘foot’ dét-is—-nom. dos ‘dowry’ (c) stems ending in -c- or -g- end in -x in the nom., €.g- rég-is nom. réx ‘king’ duc-isnom. dux ‘general’ i 1 or ior i a id ii +p CBs (d) stems ending in -én or -idn end in -d or -id in the nom., e.g. Scipion-isnom. Scip: ia ‘Scipio’ praeda -isnom. praedé ‘pirate’ 2114 Section 1B Exercises 1 Decline: honor, fir, (optional: Euclid (s.), Lar, acdis). 2 Name the case of each of these words: Euclidnis, farem, acdium, hondrés, Lar, senum, aedis, honérem, far, Laris. 3 Translate each sentence, then change noun(s) and verb(s) to s. or pl. as appropriate, e.g. ftirem seruus timet ~ the slave is afraid of a thief - farés serui timent. (a) deinde thésaurum senis far uidet. (b) Lar hondrem nén habet. (c) igitur senem deus nén carat. (d) quaré tamen supplicitis, senés? (e) unguentum senex tandem possidet. (f)_ in aedibus senex nunc habitat. (g) for aulam auri plénam semper amat. (h) hondrem tamen non habet far, (i) quaré in aedis nn intras, senex? Gj) seruam clam amat senex. 14 Ast/2nd declension adjectives: mult-us a um ‘much’, ‘many’ m. f n. nom. milt-us milt-a_——s milt-um acc. milt-um = miilt-am_~—milt-um gen, milt-ae mile dat, milt-ae — miilt-3 abl, mélt-d ——miilt-6 n nom. miilt-a ace, milt-a gen, dat. ma milt-is milt-is abl. miltis miilt-is milt-is Notes 1 Adjectives (from the stem adiectus ‘added to’) give additional infor— mation about a noun, e.g. fast horse, steep hill (adjectives are often called ‘describing words’). 22Section 1B 15> 2 Since nouns can be m., f. or n., adjectives need to have m., f. and n. forms so that they can ‘acre’ grammatically with the noun they describe. So adjectives must agree with nouns in gender. 3 Adjectives must also ‘AGREE’ with nouns in number, s. oF Pl. 4 Finally, they must ‘AGREE’ with nouns in case (nom., acc., gen., dat. or abl.). A noun in the acc. can only be described by an adjective in the ace. : 5 In summary, ifa noun is to be described by an adjective in Latin, the adjective will have to agree with it in gender, number and case. Here are three examples: (a) ‘I see many temples’ ~ ‘temples’ are the object, and plural; the word we shall use in Latin is aedis, which is f. So if ‘many’ is to agree with ‘temples’, it will need to be acc., pl. and £. Answer: multas aedis. (b) ‘He shows much respect’ ‘respect’ is object, s. The word we shall use, honor hondr-is, is m. So ‘much’ will have to be acc. s. m. Answer: multum hondrem, (c) ‘Ihear the voice of many slaves’ — ‘slaves’ is gen. and pl.; the word we shall use, serua, is £. So ‘many’ will be gen. pl. £. Answer: multarum serudrum, 6 It is worth emphasising here that an adjective does not necessarily describe a noun itis standing next to. It describes a noun it agrees with in case, number and gender, e.g.: (a) multum filia servat thésaurum. multum = acc. s.m.;filia= nom. s. £3 thésaurum =acc. s. m. Le. ‘It’s a great deal of treasure the daughter keeps.” (bo) niillum fiirum consilium placet. niillum = acc. s. m. or nom./acc. s. n.; frum = gen. pl.; cdnsilium = nom./acc. s.n. Le. ‘No scheme of thieves is pleasing. multus usually precedes its noun, e.g. multi serui ‘many slaves’. When it follows its noun it is emphatic, e.g. seruds multds habed ‘I really do have lots of slaves’. 7 Adjectives can be used on their own asnouns, when gender will indicate meaning, e.g. bonus (m.) ‘a good man’, bonum (n.) ‘a good thing’. 2315 Section 1B 15 2nd declension neuter nouns: somni-um i 2n. ‘dream’ s. nom, sémni-um ‘dream’ ‘dreams’ acc. sé6mni-um ‘dream’ ‘dreams’ gen. sOmni or somni-i ‘of the dream’ ‘of dreams’ dat. abl. sémni-is Notes 1 There is only one neuter noun type of the 2nd decl.; they all end in -um in nom. s. Cf. aur-um ‘gold’, unguent-um ‘ointment’. 2 As with other neuters, the nom. and acc. s. and pl. are the same (see 26). 3 Do not confuse the neuter s. forms with the acc. s. of 2nd decl. m. nouns like seru-us (seru-um) or gen. pl. of 3rd decl. nouns like aedis (aedium). Be sure that you learn nouns like somnium as type 2 neuter. As with all neuters, there is a danger of confusing the pl. forms in -4 with 1st decl. £. nouns like serua. Note the gen. s. somni or somnii. Nouns of the 2nd decl. ending in -ins (e.g. filius ‘son’) usually have gen. s. in -i(e.g. filz) and nom. pl. always in -if (e.g. fili), 6 Gen., dat., abl. s. and pl. endings are the same as for seruus (9). Exercises 1 Here to learn is a list of 2nd decl. neuter nouns like somnium: exiti-um i 2n. ‘death’, ‘destruction’ ingeni-um i 2n. ‘talent’, ‘ability’ Ppericul-um i 2n. ‘danger’ 2 Pick out the gen. pls. from the following list. Say what nouns they come from, with what meaning (e.g. periculorum = gen. pl. of pericul-um i danger): honérum, ingenium, aedibus, firum, exitio, seruum, unguentdrum, aurum, senum, thésauris. 3 Pick out, and give the meanings of, the pl. nouns in the following list: scaena, serua, ingenia, familia, ciira, unguentis, filia, somnia, cor6na, pericula. 2416 17A 17B Section 1B 17B 2nd declension noun (irregular): de-us 7 2m. ‘god? pl. nom. dé-us ‘god’ di ‘gods’ acc. dé-um ‘god? déds ‘gods’ gen. dei ‘of the god’ — de-drum (dé-um) ‘of the gods’ dat. dé-6 dis abl. dé dis Vocatives The vocative case (uocé ‘I call’) is used when addressing a person. Its form is the same as the nominative in all nouns, except 2nd declension m., where -us ofnom. s. becomes -e (e.g. Démaenete ‘Demaenetus!’, serue ‘O slave’) and the -ius of nom. s. becomes -i (e.g. filius ‘son’; filf ‘son!”). NB. The vocative s. of meus ‘my’ is mi, e.g. mi fil ‘O my son’. Apposition Consider this sentence: sum Démaenetus, Eucliénis auus ‘I am Demaenetus, Euclio’s grandfather’ The phrase Euclinis auus gives more information about Demaenetus. It is said to be ‘in apposition’ to Démaenetus (from adpositus ‘placed near’). Note that auus, the main piece of information, is the same case as Démaenetus. Note Appositional phrases may be added to a noun in any case. E.g. sum seruus Démaeneti senis ‘1 am the slave of Demaenetus the old man’. senis (gen.) is in apposition to Démaeneti (gen.). Exercises 1 Attach the correct form of multus to these nouns (in ambiguous cases, give all possible alternatives): ciras, aurum, firés, senem, honéris, aedem, serudrum, senum, aedis, cordnae, (optional: seruum, unguenta, aedis, familiam, aedium, honor, aedés). 2517 Section 1B 2 Pair the given form of multus with the nouns with which it can agree: multus: senex, cara, Larem, familiae, seruus multi: honor, aedés, Laris, senés, serui multis: hondribus, aedis, ciram, seruum, deum, senibus, aurum multas: senis, honérés, aedis, ciram, famil multae: seruae, aedi, ciiram, senés, di multa: aedés, unguenta, senem, ciira, cor6narum (optional: multés: aedis, unguentum, ciiras, serués, fares multd: aurum, Larem, céram, hondri, aedem multérum: aedium, unguentérum, seruum, senum, dedrum, cor6narum mult3rum: forum, aurum, honGrem, seruarum, aedium) 3 Translate into Latin: many slave-girls (nom.); of much respect; of many garlands; much gold; many an old man (acc.); of many thieves; many old men (acc.). 4 Translate these sentences: (a) (b) () (a) €) multi frés sunt in aedibus. multas ciiras multi senés habent. multae seruae plénae sunt ciirirum. multum aurum Eucli6, multas aulas auri plénas habet. seruds senex habet multés. (See 14°.) 5 Translate these sentences: (a) nila potentia longa est. (Ovid) (b) uita nec bonum! nec malum! est. (Seneca) (c) ndbilitas sdla est atque dinica uirtis. (Juvenal) (d) longa est uita si pléna est. (Seneca) (e) fortiina caeca est. (Cicero) 1 See 147. Potenti-a ae 1f. power bon-us a um good finic-us a um unique, Tong-us aum long, long- _mal-us a um bad unparalleled lived nébilitas nabilitat-is 3¢. uirtiis uirtiit-is 3£, goodness ita ae If. life nobility fortiin-a ae Vf. fortune nec... nec neither... ——sdl-us a um only caec-us a um blind nor 26 aique andSection 1B 18> Optional exercises Identify the case (or cases, where ambiguities exist) of the following words, say what they mean, and then turn s. into pl. and pl. into s.: seruae, hon6ri, thésauris, familia, deum, filia, dis, coréna, senum. 2 Give the declension and case of each of the following words: thésaurum, honérum, dedrum, seruarum, aedium. 3 Case work (a) Group the following words by case (i.e. list all nominatives, accusatives, genitives etc.). When you have done that, identify s. and pl. within each group: Eucliénem, seni, thésauré, filiae, familia, dei, cor6na, scaenas, di, aedés, hondribus, seruarum, multis. (b) Identify the following noun forms by showing: what case they are whether s. or pl. their nom. s. form, gen. s. form and gender their meaning eg. senem is acc. s. of senex sen-is, m. ‘old man’. Remember ambiguities! : aedés, patris, senibus, hondrum, senem, |, sene, aedium, honGris, senés, aedis (ii) 1st declension f.: Phaedrae, aularum, cor6nis, scaena, ciris, filidrum, familiae, Staphylam, seruis, aulam, cordnae, scaenas (iii) 2nd declension m.: serui, coquus, thésaurum, seruis, coqui, serud, deds, thésauris, coqud, dei (iv) Various declensions: sene, seruis, patris, coquis, hon6ri, aedis, aulirum, honérum, deum, seruarum Reading exercises 1 English and Latin Pick out subject(s), verb(s) and object(s) in the following English sentences. Identify also adjectives, and say with what nouns they agree. (a) In the long echoing streets the laughing dancers throng. (Keats) (b) And the long carpets rose along the gusty floor. (Keats) (c) I bring you with reverent hands The books of my numberless dreams. (Yeats) 27<17 (a) © N Section 1B ‘Tis no sin love’s fruit to steal But the sweet theft to reveal. (Jonson) His fair large Front and Eye sublime declar’d Absolute Rule. (Milton, describing Adam) Gazing he spoke, and kindling at the view His eager arms around the goddess threw. Glad earth perceives, and from her bosom pours Unbidden herbs and voluntary flowers. (Pope, translating Homer’s liad, where Zeus makes love to his wife Hera) In each of these sentences, the verb comes first or second. Say in each case whether the subject is s. or pl., then, moving on, say in order as they come whether the following words are subjects or objects of the verb. Next, translate into English. Finally read out the sentences in Latin with the correct phrasing. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) we claimant serui, senex, seruae. dat igitur hondrem multum Phaedra. nunc possidet Lar aedis. amant di multum honérem. dat aurum multis ciiras. habitant quoque in aedibus serui. est aurum in aula multum. timent autem flirés multi senés. quaré intrant senex et seruus in scaenam? tandem explicat Lar ciiras senis. In order of appearance, translate each word and say whether it is the subject or the object or genitive. Then supply a suitable verb in the correct person and translate the sentence into English. (a) (b) () (d) () ) (g) (h) @) @) senem seruus . . . aedis deus . . . honorés Lar. . . far aurum. . . Eucliénis filiam di. . . filiae senum hondrés . . . aedem deus... unguenta di. . . Larem Phaedra, Phaedram Lar .. .1 seruds Phaedra et seruas . . . ? The verb must be s. 28Section 1B 185 4 Take the Latin as it comes and say, as you translate, what the function of each word is (subject, object, verb etc.), grouping words into phrases where necessary. Translate into English. Then read out the Latin correctly phrased, thinking through the meaning as you read. (a) aulas enim habet multas Euclid senex. (b) aedis firum plénas multi timent senés. (c) thésaurum Euclidnis clam uidet serua. (d) _ niillus est in aedibus seruus. (c) Phaedram, filiam Euclionis, et Staphylam, filiae Eucliénis seruam, Lar amat. (f) deinde Euclid aulam, quod fiirés ualdé timet, célat. (g) mé igitur Phaedra amat, Phaedram ego. (h) nam aurum Euclid multum habet, cordnas multas, multum unguentum. (i) senex autem firés, quod multum habet aurum, ualdé timet. Gj) multum serui unguentum ad Larem, multas cor6nas portant. Reading exercise / Test exercise Read through this passage, as for Reading Exercise no. 4 in 1A (p. 16). For an adjective, say (i) what it belongs with (if it follows its noun) (ii) what sort of noun you will expect with it (if it precedes). Use the ranning vocabulary for 1B Sor any words you do not know, At the end, after translating the passage, read it out in Latin, correctly phrased. Lar in scaenam intrat. deus est Euclidnis familiae. seruat Lar sub terra thésaurum Démaeneti. multus in aula thésaurus est. ignGrat autem dé thésaurd Euclid, quod Larem nén ciirat. nam nillum dat unguentum, niillas corénas, hondrem nillum. Phaedram autem, senis auari filiam, Lar amat. dat enim Euclidnis filia multum unguentum, multas coronas, multum honGrem. Lar igitur Démaeneti aulam, quod bona est Euclidnis filia, Eucliéni dat. Euclid autem aulam, quod auarus est, sub terra iterum collocat. nam firés ualdé timet Euclid! ciiras habet multis! uexat thésaurus senem auarum et anxium. plénae enim farum sunt divitum hominum aedés. English-Latin Translate the Latin sentences into English. Then translate the English sentences into Latin, using the pattern of the Latin ones to help you arrange the word-order correctly, 2917 Section 1B (a) Lar igitur Euclisnem, quod honérem nén dat, ndn amat. The gods therefore care for Phaedra, my son, because she cares for the Lar. (b) senex autem ciiras habet multas, quod aurum habet multum. The slaves however are carrying many garlands, because they are bestowing much respect. (©) Eucliénis aedés firum sunt plénae, quod aulam auri plénam habet senex. The temple of the gods is full of gold, because the daughters of the rich give pots full of gold. (d) ego multum unguentum, cor6nas multas, multum hondrem habed. You (s.) have much worry and much treasure. (ec) té, Démaenete, non amé. I'm not carrying gold, my son. (f) climant serui, supplicant seruae, timet senex. The daughter is praying, the old men shouting and the slave- girls are afraid. Deliciae Latinae These sections, which will occur at the end of Grammar and Exercise sections, will consist of a mixture of hints on word-building, word exercises, Latin words and phrases in everyday use, and easy pieces of original Latin for translation. The title means ‘Latin delights’. NB. The vocabulary help in Déliciae Latinae sections is aimed at helping you to translate as quickly and easily as possible. Consequently, we do not always give full grammatical information about words. Derivations The Roman Empire extended over modern Italy, Spain, Portugal and France, all of whose languages are descended directly from Latin. Britain was part of the Roman Empire, but it was overrun by Anglo-Saxons in the years following the end of Roman rule, so that there was no major Latin influence on the language at this stage — Anglo-Saxon was the Predominant tongue. Latin was, however, still the language of the 30Section 1B 185 church in Britain so all interaction was not wholly lost. (Bede (Baeda), the eighth-century monk from Jarrow near Newcastle upon Tyne, wrote his history of the English church in Latin.) The tuming-point for the English language came in 1066 when the Norman Duke William the Conqueror took England. French-speaking kings ruled England for some 300 years (till Agincourt (1415), when English again became the official language of royalty). The Latin-based French language became incorporated into Middle English, adding enormous richness to it, e.g. Middle English gives us ‘kingly’, French/Latin adds ‘regal’, ‘royal’, ‘sovereign’. It is largely through French that English has the Latin component that it does. Consequently, Latin is very useful to anyone who wants to learn the Romance languages (i.e. languages descended from the language of the Romans), and vice versa knowledge of Romance languages can help you to understand Latin. Four hints: (a) Identify the stem of the Latin word as well as its nom. s. form, e.g. senex gives us ‘senile’ (from the Latin adjective senilis, formed from sen- the stem of senex). (b) Many English words ending in -ion come from Latin via French. (c) Many English words ending in -ate, -ance, -ent, -ence come from Latin, again via French. (d) English derivatives have ‘j’ and ‘v’ where the Latin words from which they come have i and u used as consonants (i.e. before or between vowels). So Ianuarius produces ‘January’ and uided produces ‘video’. The reverse process will help you to see whether a word has a Latin root, e.g. ‘juvenile’ comes from Latin iuuenilis. Note . English has taken some of its Latin-based words direct from Latin rather than through an intermediary language such as French, e.g. ‘wine’ from uinum, ‘wall’ from uallum (see Appendix p. 554). Other English words look similar to Latin not because they have been taken from Latin, but because both English and Latin share a common linguistic ancestor, Indo-European, the vocabulary of which is preserved in different ways in the various derivative tongues. Thus the Indo-European word for ‘two’, which can be reconstructed as *dud, emerges in English as two, German zwei, Sanskrit dvau, and Latin as duo (whence French deux, Italian due, Spanish dos). 31<17 Section 1B Word-building (a) Stems The stem of one word gives the clue to the meaning of many other words, e.g. seru- in the form seru-us or seru-a means ‘slave’; as a verb, with a verb-ending, seruid, it means ‘I am a slave to’. coqu- in the noun form coquus='‘a/the cook’; in the verb form coqud=‘I cook’ aed- in the form aedés=‘a/the house’; with the suffix -ficd =‘make’): aedificd=‘I build’; in the form aedilis, it means ‘aedile’, 2 Roman state official originally with a particular responsibility for building (b) Prefixes A ‘prefix’ (prae ‘in front of’, fixus ‘fixed’) is a word fixed in front of another. Most prepositions (see 10), e.g. in ‘into’, ‘in’, ‘on’, ad ‘towards’ etc., can also be used as prefixes, and as such slightly alter the meaning of the ‘root’ word to which they are fixed, e.g. Toot word sum ‘I am’: adsum ‘I am near’; insum ‘I am in’ toot word portd ‘I carry’: importé ‘I carry in’; apporté ‘I carry to” (observe that inp- becomes imp- and adp- becomes app-) Note the following prepositions which are commonly used as prefixes: cum (con-) ‘with’ rae ‘before, in front of, at the head of” post ‘after’ Exercise Split the following Latin words up into prefix and root, and say what they might mean: conuoc, inhabité, inuocd, praeuided, comporté, praesum, Posthabes. (c) Verb-stems different from the present stem As you will soon discover, Latin verbs have anumber of different ‘stems’. So far you have learnt the present stem, e.g. uoc-d ‘I call’. But most ist conjugation verbs have another stem in -at- i.e. uoc-at-. This stem was very fruitful in forming other Latin words, and so French words, and so English words, particularly those in -ate or -ation. Thus vocation, convocation, invocation, invocate etc. 32Section 1B 18> Exercise Give an English word in -ate or -ation from the following Latin words, and say what it means: supplicd, explicd, importd, dé, habit. uided has another stem, uis-, and possided has possess- — giving us what English nouns, by the addition of what letters? ‘Word exercises 1 Give English words connected with the following Latin words: familia, cor6na, scaena, timed, deus, multus, uided. 2 With what Latin words are the following connected? pecuniary, honorific, amatory, thesaurus, porter, clamorous, filial, edifice (Latin ae becomes e), unguent, furtive, servile, nullify. Everyday Latin ‘We use Latin words and phrases every day of our lives: a.m.=ante meridiem. What does ante mean? p.m. = post meridiem. What does post mean? What is a post mortem? What is a post scriptum? idnua= ‘door’. Ianus (Janus) was a Roman god who had two faces, so that he could look out and in like a door and, like the month January, forward to the new year and back to the old tandem = ‘at length’, just like the bicycle made for two (intro- duced originally as a learned joke; the Latin word was never used of space) udx (="voice’) populi, udx dei — meaning? Cf. agnus (‘lamb’) dei Frequently in English we give Latin words their correct Latin plurals, e.g. we talk of termini, pl. of the Latin terminus. What would you say of someone who gave the plural of ‘ignoramus’ as ‘ignorami’ (igndr-6 1)? Consider the following plurals: data (‘given things’), agenda (‘things to be done’), media (‘things in the middle’). They are neuter plurals, declining like muttus, directly from Latin. What are their singular forms? Real Latin Vulgate (Taken from the Vulgate, Jerome’s fourth—fifth-century A.D. translation of the Bible into Latin. Called‘ Vulgate’ from its title €ditid uulgata ‘popular edition’. Cf. ‘vulgar’ in English.) 3317 Section 1B et (Deus) ait (said) ‘ego sum Deus patris tui, Deus (of) Abraham, Deus (of) Isaac, et Deus (of) Jacob.’ (Exodus 3.6) ‘ego sum qui (who) sum.” (Exodus 3.14) Conversational Latin Contrary to popular belief, Latin always has been a spoken as well as a written language. Most of our texts from ancient times, of course, reflect the literary, written, form. But in Plautus, Terence and the letters of Cicero we do hear the voice of Romans. Here are some common conversational gambits: salué or saluus sis or aué (or haué) ‘Hello!’ (lit. ‘Greetings’, ‘May you be safe’, ‘Hail!’) ualé ‘Goodbye! (lit. ‘Be strong’) sis or sf placet or nisi molestum est or gratum erit st... or amabo té ‘Please’ (lit. ‘If you will’, ‘If it pleases’, ‘If it’s no trouble’, ‘It would be nice if . . .’, ‘I will like you (if you...)’) Sritias tibi agé “Thank you’ (lit. ‘I give thanks to you’) ut uales? or quid agis? or quid fit? ‘How are you?’ (lit. ‘Are you strong?’, ‘What are you doing?’, ‘What is happening?’) est or est ita or etiam or ita or ita uér6 or sané or certé ‘Yes’ (lit. ‘Itis’, ‘It is so’, ‘Even’, ‘Thus’, ‘Thus indeed’, ‘Certainly’, ‘Surely’) non or non ita or minimé ‘No’ (lit. ‘Not’, ‘Not so’, ‘Least’) age or agedum ‘Come on’ recté ‘Right’ (lit. ‘Correctly’) malum ‘Damn!’ (lit. ‘A bad thing’) di té perdant! ‘Damn you!” (Lit. ‘May the gods destroy you’) insanum bonum ‘Damned good’ (Lit. ‘A crazy good thing’) Latin conversation did not die out with the end of the Roman Empire. Erasmus of Rotterdam, the great Dutch humanist, originally wrote his Colloquia Familidria (first published in 1518) partly as an aid to teaching Latin conversation. The first ‘Colloquy’ introduces the pupil to various modes of greeting. These are the formulae recommended to lovers (‘Greetings my,. . .’): 34Section 1C mea Cornéliola mea uita mea liix meum délicium meum suduium mel meum mea uoluptas iinica meum corculum mea spés meum solatium meum decus salué Section 1C 18> (‘little Cornelia’) (‘life’) (‘light’) (‘darling’, ‘delight’) (‘sweetheart’, lit. ‘kiss’) (‘honey’) only joy’) (‘sweetheart’, lit. ‘little heart’) (‘hope’) (‘comfort’) (‘glory’) Running vocabulary for 1C abed I go away abi go away! abit (hejshe/it) goes away adeunt (they) approach, come up master é Lyca domin-us 7 2m. lord, dormit (he/she/it) sleeps Lyconides, the hercle by Hercules! hic here hodié today homo homin-is 3m. man, fellow ind “by adit (he/she/it) neighbour’ idnu-a ae 1f. door approaches, comes up, ex (+abl.) from, out of — ignis ign-is 3m. fire anint-us 72m. mind egone am 1? igndrd 1 1 do not know aqu-a ae 1f. water 61 go imus we go arane-a ae 1f. cobweb et audi listen! Bona (bon-us a um) good clamatque and shouts cégité 1 1 think, reflect, ponder cOnsili-um 7 2n. plan cénsistunt they stand around cultrum (acc.) knife diuidit he divides diuitum of rich (men) domi at home out hem well! m nunc further still ext get out! exis you (s.) go/come out exit (he/she/it) goes out expellis you (s.) drive out expellit (he/she/it) drives exstingue put out! facis you (s.) make, do Fortiin-a ae 1f. luck for-um i 2n, forum ‘grauid-us a. um pregnant in uirds among the men ineunt (they) enter inguiunt (they) say insan-us a um mad intrd inside inuit-us a um unwilling(ly) is you (s.) go istic there it he goes iterum again mal-us a um evil, wicked, bad mané! wait! 35