69 Section 2E minatur, precantur, opinor, uidémini, c6nspicatur, sequitur, loquuntur (optional: irasceris, mentiris, égredior, progredimini, precdmur, patimur). 5 Turn these futures into their present equivalents and translate: arbitraberis, cSnabitur, patientur, loquémini, sequémur, adgrediéris, morabor, opinabimur, progrediémini, uidébitur, mentiar. 6 Name the tenses of these verbs: dedit, conaberis, mentitur, uidébitur, fécérunt, amant, délent, dicent, loquéris, tulisti (optional: fert, erit, irascar, fuistis, timet, diicet, potest, mansi). Genitive of value The genitive case is used to express the value put on a person or thing, e.g. homo nihilf‘a man of nothing’ i.e. ‘of no value’, ‘worth nothing’; tantt es quanti fungus ‘you are of such (value) as a mushroom’ (lit. ‘you are of such value as of what value (is) a mushroom’). Exercises 1 Translate these sentences: (a) Nicobiilus filium uocduit iuuenem nihili. (b) Philoxenus autem amicas nil nisi bonum habuit. () Nicobilus Bacchidi exitium mintur, nisi filium illa soluet. (@) Philoxenus Nicobilé, quod amat, tanti esse quanti fungus pitidus uidétur. (e) Bacchis! té illum senem amplexari iubed. ego hunc amplexar. (f) soror! ita agam dé sene, ut iussisti, quamquam malum mihi esse magnum uidétur mortem amplexari. (g) senés, ut opinor, ambd mox ad forés progredientur. (h) ita est, ut dixi: ad forés progrediuntur senés. 2 Translate these sentences: (a) humilés labérant, ubi potentés dissident. (Phaedrus) () diuina natira dedit agrs, ars him{na aedificauit urbis. (Varro) (©) memini enim, memini neque umquam obliuiscar noctis illius. (Cicero) (d) hic, ubi nunc Roma est, orbis caput, arbor et herbae et paucae pecudés et casa rara fuit. (Ovid) 136Section 2E 70> (e) réligid peperit scelerdsa atque impia facta. (Lucretius) (f)_ némo repente fuit turpissimus. (Juvenal) humil-is humil-is 3m. memini | remember lowly person umquam ever labéré 1 U have a hard obliuiscor 3 dep. (+gen.) 1 religion time forget paris 3/4 peperi | bring poténs potent-is 3m. Roma ae \f. Rome forth, cause powerful man orb-is orb-is 3m, world seelerds-us a. um wicked dissideé 2 | disagree arbor arbor-is 3f. tree impi-us a um impious divin-us a um divine herb-a ae \f. grass fact-urn 7 2n, deed nitir-a ae Vf. nature pauc-i ae aa few inémo no one ager agr-i 2m. field pecus pecud-is 3f. cattle repente suddenly ars art-is 3f. art, skill cas-a ae If, cottage, hovel turpissimus (nom. m.) an hiiman-us a um human rarus a um few and far utter scoundrel aedificé V1 build Optional supplementary revision exercises 1 Give the conjugation, infinitive and meaning of the following verbs: adserud, scribd, saliit6, créd6, perficid, arbitror, nescid, opprimé, reddé, détides, possum, ml6, agé, défend6, fugid, dormid, ferd, promittd, poscé, std, sum, iubed. 2 Give the meaning, declension, gender and gen. s. of the following nouns: serua, sol, diés, manus, officium, opus, scelus, stilus, ouis, caput, rés, periculum, nox, mulier, puer, ciuis. 3 Pair the nouns of list A which agree with the adjectives of list B (often a noun will find agreement with more than one adjective). Identify the case, and translate, e.g. familiam+hanc=acc. ‘this household’; familiam +similem = acc. ‘the same sort of household’. A Nouns familiam, deds, uxdri, néminum, sorére, friter, onera, animé, cénsilium, iuuenés, mand, ri és, militem, udx. B Adjectives multi, illa, magnds, omnium, ingentia, celeris, haec, illud, hanc, similem, tristis, facilés, huic. Reading and Reading exercise / Test exercise 1 Below are given a number of main clauses and a pool containing an equal number of subordinate clauses or phrases to complete them. Read ated translate 137+69 Section 2E each main clause, then, on the basis of sense, choose the subordinate clause which best fulfils your expectations. @) () () (d) ) () () ego té, homo pittide, nihilf habeo propter hoc . . - uitam arbitror nil . . . senés mortem semper milunt . . . magnum tibi malum, Bacchis, dabé . . . Nicobilus tamen aurum accipiet et in aedis Bacchidum ingrediétur . . - ti tibi bene facere hdc tempore débés . . . tum filium tuum cénspicaberis . . . dum uiuis quod amitor senex fier audés quamquam Mrésilochum et Chrysalum ulciscl mauult nisi bonum nisi ndbis filios nostrds reddés quam uitam ubi ad forés Bacchidum adgrediéris et inspiciés 2 Read the following passage carefully, translating in word-order, defining word function and phrasing word-groups, while anticipating what is to come. Then translate into correct English. Finally, read the passage aloud in Latin, phrasing correctly, thinking through the meaning as you read. Philoxenus, Pistocléri pater, uir summa uirtiite, in scaenam intrauit. ibi Nicobialum, Mnésilochi patrem, uidit. Philoxend ille multa mala narrauit dé filiis. tandem ad aedis Bacchidum adiérunt, pulsauérunt forés, meretricés uocduérunt. tum, ubi ex aedibus illae mulierés exigrunt, filids poposcérunt. tandem senés in aedis illae dixérunt. English-Latin If you (s.) don’t give me back my money, I'll kill you. Nothing bothers me except a lying slave. That old man is worth as much as a wicked slave. I will embrace my son, if he dares to approach me. At that time I couldn’t hear any! voice but? yours. Although life is good,? death will approach the doors of richand poor. 1 Rephrase: ‘I was able to hear no voice’. 2 Trans. ‘a good thing’. 138Section 2E 2 Read the text of 2E again carefully, then translate this passage: NICOBULUS Philoxenus, you are of no value. Although you are an old man, yet you dare to become a lover. PHILOXENUS Don’t blame me, Nicobulus. And if you want to rebuke your son, go inside. The women will look after you, if you enter. Bacculs 1:1'll give back two hundred pieces, old man, if you'll come in. And I'll embrace you. nic. I'm done for. It’s difficult, because I want to upbraid the scoundrels. Nevertheless, although I shall think myself a scoundrel, I'll go in. soror 2: Good. You are doing yourself a good turn, as you should, while you're alive. In death no mistress will embrace you. 70> Deliciae Latinae Word exercise Give the meaning and Latin connections of: vital, malicious, vociferous, ambidextrous, castigate, solicitous, patience, mortal, accept. Word-building English suffixes Note the common anglicisation of Latin suffixes (via French): English Latin -ry cris, -rius, -ria -an anus -ious ius ‘pertaining to’ -ic -icus -ive -iuus aia ‘able to be’ -i0 ‘action or result of action” ~ate, ite tus, ~itus vw was ‘quality, condition of” once -ntia -tude -tiido 13969 Section 2E Exercise Say what you can about the derivation and meaning of the following English words. Adjectives: legible, submersible, inaudible, irrevocable, military, captive, laudable, urban, scenic, nuptial, impecunious, filial, visible. Nouns: fraternity, sorority, submission, nomination, audition, vicinity, admonition, station, visibility, vision, mission, longitude, instance, arrogance (=adrogo I claim), replication, fugitive. Word study forum forum, the legal and business centre of a town, basically means ‘outdoors’ and is connected with forés ‘doors’ and the adverb fords ‘out of doors’. forum yields the adjective forénsis ‘connected with the legal and business centre’, hence English ‘forensic’, ‘connected with the law’ forestis isa late Latin adjective often connected with silua ‘a wood out of doors’, whence ‘forest’. From foraneus through Middle English foreine and Old French JSorain we eventually get ‘foreign’. Real Latin Martial Praedia sdlus habés, et sdlus, Candide, nummés, aurea sdlus habés, murrina sdlus habes, Massica sdlus habés et Opimi Caecuba sdlus, et cor sdlus habés, sdlus et ingenium. omnia sdlus habés — nec mé puta uelle negare! uxdrem sed habés, Candide, cum populs. (3.26) raedi-um 7 2n, farm Opimi Caecub-um 7 2n, cor cord-is 3n. heart soleus a um alone ‘Caecuban wine of ingeni-um 7 2n, wit Candide © Candidus Opimius’ vintage nec mé puta ‘do not ‘murrin-um 7 2n, expensive (Gupposedly laid down reckon that I’... agate jar 121; ef. ‘Napoleon negd 11 deny (it) Massic-um 7 2n. fine wine brandy’) popul-us 7 2m. people 140Section 2E 70> Vulgate sex diébus operaberis, et faciés omnia opera tua. . .ndn moechaberis. . . non loquéris contra proximum tuum falsum testiménium. (Exodus 20.98.) $x SX contra + acc. against testiméni-um i 2n. operor 1 dep. am busy _—proxim-us 7 2m.ncighbour __evidence moechor 1 dep. I commit —_fals-us untrue adultery Mottoes pro ded et - patria (Mackenzie) | libertate (Wilson) / ecclésia. (Bisshopp) pro Ded, pro rége, pro patria, pro lége. (Blakemore) pro fidé et patria. (Long) pro patria et — libertate (Michie) / rége (Jones, Thomas) | religione (Shanley) / virtiite. (Higgins) pro patria vivere et mori. (Grattan) pro rége et populd. (Bassett) pro rége, lége, grege. (Shield) pro list et praeda. (MacMoran) ae If. fatherland religid religién-is 3. popul-us 7 2m. people religion rex greg-is 3m. crowd, uiud 3 1 live mob morior 3/4 I die lis-us tis 4m. sport 141SECTION THREE Section 3A Running vocabulary for 3A abig6 3.1 drive off eae (nom. pl. £.) those (tr. adpot-us a um tipsy that) Alcuméa-a ae 1f. eam (acc. s. f.) that Alcumena eds (acc. pl. £.) those (tr. amator amatér-is 3m. lover that) ambuld 11 walk <ébrior rather drunk Amphitrus Amphitrudn-is __edepol by Pollux! 3m, Amphitruo ei (dat. s. f.) to her “ppareé 2 | appear eis (dat. pl. £2) those (tr. audicior bolder, cockier that) audacissimus boldest, eius (gen. s. m.) his Cockiest 26 (abl. s. m.) him, that bell-um 7 2n. war; bellum man 8015 | wage war edrum (gen. pl. m.) of cael-um 7 2n, sky them, their fommoues 2.1 move on eum (acc. s. m.) him, that ee more man _ “ndaunted expugnd 1 I storm COnfidentissimus most Eon 3 dep. I carry undaunted out ‘online coniuges 3m. or f. _fortior braver husband) wife “fortissimus bravest cOnstanti-a ae If. loyalty ‘grauid-us a wm pregnant cubs 1 Tlie down hostis host-is 3m. enemy dol-us 72m. trick imago imagin-is 3f. dux duc-is 3m, leader likeness, image ¢a (nom. s. £.) that imperi-um ¥ 2n. order (woman); (nom. pl. n.) _ intus inside those Toue: see luppiter ed (abl. s. £) that, her 142 is (nom. s.m.) that Iugul-ae arum 1f. pl. Orion Iuppiter Lou-is 3m. Jupiter legis legion-is 3£. legion liber liber-a um free and easy in (+gen.) long-us a um long Iongior (nom. s. m.) longer longidrem (ace. s. m.) longer longissima (nom. s. £) longest longissimam (acc. s. £.) longest Liin-a ae 1f. moon meditor 1 dep. I think on, ponder, practise em (acc. s. f.) better miité 1 1 change narré 1 1 tell, narrate nigrior (nom. s. m.) blacker nigridrem (acc. s. £.) blacker Nocturn-us 7 2m. Nocturnus, god of nightSection 3A dui (perf.) 1 know niintié 1 1 announce, proclaim tiinti-us i 2m. messenger ob (++acc.) on account of, because of occid6 3 1 set Glim once upon a time f. attention ibn-is 3f. speech pallisper briefly ipendé 3 pependi | hang probé well and truly pudictica ae 1f. modesty, chastity quans than. quimodo how reuenié 4 1 return, come back réx rég-is 3m. king ves; itself Septentrién- um 3f. pl. the seven stars of the Great Bear sign-wm i 2n. constellation statim (1. 35) stock still stultior (nom, s,m.) more stupid stultidrem (acc. s. m.) more stupid stultissimum (acc. s. m.) most stupid Learning vocabulary for 3A Nouns uictori-a ae 1f. victory, triumph bell-um 7 2n, war, conflict Adjectives long-us a um long, Tiber liber-a um free Verbs ambul-3 11 walk niinti-5 1 1 announce, proclaim Others b+acc, on account of, because of imperi-um 7 2n, order, command dux duc-is 3m. leader, general niger nigr-a um black Jort-is e brave, courageous medit-or 1 dep. 1 think on, reflect, ponder; practise bellum gerd 3 gessi gest- I wage war quam than; (how!) 7m stultissimus (nom. s. m.) most stupid Télebo-ae (ar)um Im. pl. the Teleboae Théb-ae drum Af. pl. Thebes Theban-us a um Theban tat-us a um whole, complete nenid 4 1 come Vesperiigs 3£. the Evening Star uictéri-a ae 1f. victory tumquam ever din-us a um one utrimque on both sides luppiter Tou-is 3m. Jupiter, Jove réx r@g-is 3m. king, monarch is e-a id that; he, she, it ueni-6 4 uén-i uent- I come, arrive umquam ever 14370 a 7 Section 3A Grammar and exercises for 3A is ea id ‘that’, ‘those’, ‘that person’, ‘he’, ‘she’, ‘it’ s. mof on nom. is &a id ac. éum éam id gen. +——é-ius—> dat. = +#—éi——> abl &S 65 GS 4 & (nom. pl) often becomes ft. is often becomes fis, Notes 1 This word works in the same way as hic, ille. On its own, it means ‘that man’, ‘that woman’, ‘that thing’; ‘he’, ‘she’, ‘it’ depending on gender and context; describing a noun it means ‘that’. The difference between is and ille is that is=‘the one mentioned’, while ille = ‘that one over there I'm pointing to’ or ‘the former one as opposed to this one’. 2 Apart from is, id, eius, ef (cf. huius, illius, ill?), the word declines exactly like mult-us.aum on the stem e-. This shows up most regularly in the pl. Accusative of time - ‘throughout’, ‘for’, ‘during’ ‘Time ‘for’ or ‘throughout’ is expressed either by per + acc., or the plain acc. without any preposition at all; e.g. per eam noctem or eam noctem ‘through that night’, ‘for that night’. Distinguish between the accusative and the plain ablative (67), which expresses time when or within which €.g. e@ nocte ‘within that night’, ‘in that night’. The accusative in time phrases may be graphically represented asa line ——— ; the ablative as a dot - or as a point within a circle ©. Exercises 1 Decline in all cases s. and pl.: id bellum; ea urbs; is dux. 2 What case(s) and number are the following phrases in? eius régis; e exercitiis; ei ux6ri; iis imperils, eam uxdrem; eOrum ndminum; ¢a pericula; ea nox; eum lectum; eds milités. 1442 Section 3A 72 3 Give the Latin (using is) for: (through) those days; that victory (acc. s.); of that war; for those kings; those generals (acc.); that command (nom./ acc.); to that mistress; those customs (nom.); his; to them; hers; to him; to her; on that night. 4 Say with which of the words in each line the given part of is agrees (where there is ambiguity, explain the alternatives): ei: militem, uiri, feminae, exercitui, puerd, patrés eae: ux6ri, amicae, noctis, uias, rés ea: imperia, astitia, uirtiis, sol, urbs, capita, manus eius: operis, pueri, réi, exercitiis, mdrés, aedis eis: milités, signis, meretricibus, ouis, uiris, moribus 5 Translate: in e6 oppidd; ob eam uirtiitem; apud eds; eS tempore; per eam ulam; cum e4; e4 nocte; in eam urbem; eds hGras; ad eds milités; eam noctem; multds diés; e6 annd; id tempus. 6 Give the Latin for (using is): with those women; at that hour; at his house; onto that stage; in those cities; because of those dangers; on those nights; on account of that war; over those hours. 7 Replace the English word in these sentences with the appropriate form of hic, ille or is, and translate: (a) (These) féminae pulchrae sunt. (b) uidésne (those) milités? (c) satis (of that) belli est. (4) (That man’s) caput ingéns est. (©) turba (of those) mulierum ingreditur. Comparative adjectives: longior longius ‘longer’ Comparative adjectives carry the meanings ‘more. . .’, ‘rather. . .’,‘“—er’, ‘quite ...’, ‘too . . ."; e.g. longior ‘longer’, ‘quite long’, ‘rather long’. Basic rule: look for the stem + -ior- (occasionally -ius). s. pl. mf. n. mf. 1. nom. l6ng-ior léngius —_ long-iér-és_ long-idr-a ac, long-iér-em longius —_long-idr-és_ longi gen. -long-idr-is> +long-idr-um— dat. «long-idr-ibus> abl. = -long-iér-e> 1453 72 Section 3A Notes 1 To form the comparative, take the gen. s. of the positive adjective, remove the ending (leaving you with the stem) and add the endings for the comparative as indicated above. E.g. ingéns ingent-is— ingentior; audax. audac-is — audacior. 2 Comparatives have consonant stems. This accounts for abl. in -e, n. pl. in -4, gen. pl. in -um. Note -ius in nom. and acc. n. s. 3 The original ending of the comparative was -ios (which becomes the neuter -is). Then the s of -ios becomes r between vowels: so longidrem, not longidsem (cf. Reference Grammar ES Note 1 and Hi3(d) Note). 4 Note the Latin for ‘than’, used very frequently with comparatives — quam. The thing being compared in the quam clause adopts the same case as the thing it is being compared with e.g. ‘Phaedra is more lovely than Euclio’ — Phaedra (nom.) pulchrior est quam Euclid (nom.); ‘I hold you more foolish than him’ — habed ¢2 stultidrem quam illum. Superlative adjectives: longissim-us a um ‘longest’ Superlative adjectives carry the meanings ‘—est’, ‘most . . .’ ‘very. - -'y extremely . . .’; e.g. longissimus ‘longest’, ‘very long’, ‘extremely long’. Basic rule: look for -ISSIM- or -ERRIM-. 5 m. f ne nom. long-issim-us long-issim-a__long-issim-um long-issim-am —_Jong-fssim-um long-issim-ae _long-issim-i dat. long-issim-ae _ long-issim-a abl. long-issim-6 long-fssim-a_—_long-issim- pl. 7 f a nom. long-issim-i long-issim-ae long-issim-a acc. long-issim-Gs__long-fssim-2s.__—_‘long-issim-a Oe long-issim-dram long-issim-arum _long-issim-drum we +——— long-issim-is —————+ abl. + Iong-fssim-is ————+ Notes 1 These superlatives are again based on the gen. s. stem of the positive adjective, to which the endings -issimus -issima -issimum (older spelling 146