Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Tunnels
The shield contained 16 compartments to per Fiq. 1. Settlements over Bruxelles Tunnel
mit hand mininq. The dry soil at the top in Sliqhtly Cohesive Sand Showinq
tended to cave, whereas the wet soil at the Influence of Two Components of Lost
bottom tended to flow in. Dewaterinq in the Ground
fine-qrained Ypresien sand proved unsatis
factory, but tunnelinq conditions were im settlements very well except for the larqe
proved substantially by the use of air pres subsidence over the centerline of the tun
sure combined with water S D r a y s in the UDper nel. It may be speculated that the subsi
part of the face. Attempts to inject chem dence profile consists of two components
icals and cement into the soil to prevent related to two different sources of lost
its cavinq intc the annular space were qen qround. The wide portion may be associated
erally not successful. Frequent collapses with deep-seated qround losses caused by
of the annulus caused difficulties in qrout- the inflow of wet soil at the sides and the
inq: attempts to qrout throuqh jets on the bottom of the tunnel, whereas the central
shield were ineffective, but qroutinq enlarqement may have its oriqin in the
throuqh the concrete seqments of the lining qround losses concentrated over the crown.
was more successful. Althouqh occasional Because of the different widths and depths
147
PECK
of the two sources of lost qround, the cor evaluated.
responding widths of the two components of
the settlement troughs may differ apprec Pfister, Norbert, Barbedette and Potevin
iably. describe the measures necessary to stabilize
a zone of crushed dolomite encountered for
The low modulus of the loose sands led the 60 m within a rock tunnel in Switzerland.
designers to the conclusion that the soil As the tunnel entered the zone, water under
itself would not provide sufficient lateral a head of 100 m flowed into the tunnel at a
support for the stability of the permanent rate of 1 m /sec. The tunnel collapsed with
lining. Consequently, tie rods were in in 24 hours for a distance of 100 m and was
stalled to control the deflections. It seems
filled with rubble for 300 m.
likely that the lateral support would actual
ly have been greater than anticioated and
Injection by qrouts or chemicals was consid
that the tie rods might not have been nec
essary. It would be of interest to investi ered impracticable; drainage had to be
gate this point more completely as further avoided because it would disturb the exist
tunneling is carried out in the Brussels ing hydrologic conditions. Stabilization
formations. was accomplished by detouring the tunnel and
freezing the crushed rock ahead of the de
Further interesting data concerning the tour tunnel. Valuable details are given
driving of tunnels are qiven by Rossman in concerning the procedures for coping with
connection with full-scale experiments for the extremely difficult problems. Tunneling
the Warsaw subway. The author emphasizes is only partly completed at this time, but
that information necessary for design and work is progressing satisfactorily.
construction can be obtained only by large-
scale experimental tunneling. The soils A thorough discussion of the laboratory and
consist of highly plastic clays at water in-situ properties of chalk is qiven by
contents somewhat below the plastic limit. Dessenne, Comes, Duffaut and Gerard. The
The clays have been disturbed by glaciation material has many of the characteristics of
and contain pervious inclusions in an errat rock, but during tunneling is readily trans
ic pattern. formed into a soil-like medium. Several
rock bursts were experienced in a tunnel
An experimental tunnel of 18-ft diameter having a diameter of 3.5 m at a depth of
was driven by shield, and a junction chamber only 120 m. At this depth, however, the
was excavated by hand. One portion of the stress concentration at the tunnel wall ex
tunnel was driven in free air after dewater ceeded the compressive strength of the rock.
ing by wells. Because of the erratic and The bursting was easily limited by light
discontinuous character of the pervious in steel ribs. In other portions of the tunnel,
clusions, the ground-water lowering proved rock bolts anchored in resin, and a thin .
to be difficult and ineffective. Air pres cover of pneumatically placed concrete,
proved satisfactory for support.
sure not only greatly reduced the difficulty,
but appeared to prevent the otherwise ex Open Cuts
cessive swelling of the stiff and fissured
clays. The excellent paper by Rodriguez and Flamand
has already been discussed in the state-of-
Observations indicated that the shield- the-art report. It represents an outstand
tunnel lining, consisting of seqments of ing example of the descriptive and obser
cast iron, was subjected to a nearly equal vational data still urgently needed to im
all-around pressure. Moreover, in a branch prove our knowledge of the behavior of
tunnel of the same dimensions, it was noted braced cuts in a wide variety of soils, and
that a 15-in. lining performed more satis to extend the usefulness of semi-empirical
factorily than one having a thickness of methods of designing bracing systems. The
30 in. project included a bracted excavation to a
total depth of 11.3 m in very soft Mexico
The phenomena associated with the intense City clay. A general excavation was carried
swelling of the clay, and particularly the to a depth of 2.3 m in the vicinity in order
reduction in swelling caused by an elevated to decrease the tendency toward instability
air pressure on the order of one atmosphere, of the bottom; even so, the stability num
would be fruitful subjects for fundamental ber N •= 4 s u / y was on the order of 8. Meas
research. urements were made of strut loads, horizon
tal deformations of sheet-pile walls, and
The behavior of sand in the vicinity of an pore pressures in the surrounding clay. In
advancing shield is described by Smoltczyk addition to the results of the observations,
and Holzmann. A tunnelinq machine havinq a the paper contains a useful account of the
diameter of 5.6 m was used successfully control of pore pressures by means of an
within a shield to tunnel through cohesion- electro-osmotic pumping system.
less sands in Hamburg. The maximum settle
ments were on the order of 2-3 cm. The The data contained in this paper, along
paper deals theoretically with the earth with information from several cuts in Oslo,
pressures directly in front of the cutting provided the General Reporter with the key
machine and in the vicinity of the heading. to a rational classification of open cuts
The theory is rather elaborate and requires with respect to their behavior during con
a knowledge of soil properties not easily struction and the loads in their bracing
148
E X C A V A T IO N A N D T U N N E L L IN G
149
PECK
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
As in the preparation of the state-of-the art report, the General Reporter was ably assisted
by Messrs. Harvey W. Parker, III and Birger Schmidt.