236 1~heologica Aeta, B a n d 7, Heft 3 (1968)

F r o m the University o/ 2Votre Dame, 2~otre Dame, I n d i a n a ( U S A ) and the Princeton University, Princeton,
N e w Jersey ( U S A )

Some Basic Viscous Flows in Micropolar Fluids

By Teoman Ariman and A h m e t S. C a k m a k

With 12 figures
(Received October 9, 1967)

1. Introduction (% + flv + Yv) 1717"V-- yv17"lT"v + nv17"v

The theory of microfluids was introduced -- 2 uvv+ gl = ~j~. [2.3]
by Eringen (1) and deals with a class of fluids The first expression is the principle of
which respond to certain microscopic effects conservation of mass and the others are
arising from the presence of micro-structure coupled equations of velocity and micro-
and are influenced by the spin inertia. rotation velocity vectors. In these expres-
Eringen recently has simplified microfluids sions:
to micropolar fluids (2) which exhibit only
: mass d e n s i t y
the micro-rotational effects and micro-rota- v = velocity v e c t o r
tional inertia of the fluid elements. The v = micro-rotation velocity v e c t o r (gyration
micropolar fluids can support couple stresses vector)
and body couples and m a y find their uses ~ t h e r m o d y n a m i c pressure
in a special class of fluids in which the micro- f =
body force per unit mass
l =
body couple per unit mass
rotational motions are important. Physically j =
micro-inertia
micropolar fluids m a y represent fluids con- 2v,#v =
viscosity coefficients of the classical
sisting of bar-like elements. Some polymeric fluid mechanics
fluids and fluids containing small amounts Xv, cr fly, Yv = new viscositiesof the micropolar fluids.
of polymeric additives m a y be represented And a superposed dot indicates material
by the mathematical model underlying micro- differentiation. For incompressible fluids
polar fluids. = c o n s t . , 17-v = 0 and ~ is replaced by
Application of the couple stress theory in an unknown pressure p to be determined
fluids (3, 4) m a y be obtained as a special from the boundary conditions.
case of the present theory when the motion
is constrained so t h a t micro- and macro- 2.2. Constitutive Equations
rotations coincide. Constitutive equations of micropolar fluids
In this paper three basic viscous flows of
for t~z stress tensor and mkl couple stress
mieropolar fluids are presented. These are
tensor are given in cartesian coordinates as:
Couette and Poiseuille flows between two
parallel plates and the problem of a rotating tkt= (--zc + 2vVr,r) ~I+ tzv(v~,z+ vt,~)
fluid with a free surface. I n article 2, a + ~v(VZ,~-- ek~rVr), [2.4]
summary of the basic equations of micropolar mkl = O~v~r,r (~kl d- flvVk,1-4- YvVl,k [2.5]
fluids is presented. Article 3 is devoted to the
solutions of the problems. The results are where
presented graphically and compared with the tkt = stress t e n s o r
(~kl ~ K r o n e e k e r delta
results of the classical fluid mechanics and mkl = couple stress tensor
the differences are discussed. e~ ~ ~ a l t e r n a t i n g tensor.

2. Basic Equations of Mieropolar Fluids An index followed by a comma represents

partial differentiation with respect to the
2.1. Field Equations space variable x~. Repeated indices denote
Vector expressions of the field equations of summation over the range (1, 2, 3) and free
micropolar fluids are given as follows (2): indices take the values 1, 2, 3.
O~
a-T + 17 ' (0 ,,) = o, [2.1] 2.3. Boundary Conditions
Boundary conditions at a rigid boundary
(2v+ 2try+ ~)1717"v--(#v+ ~v) 1 7 • ~v17
are given by
• v - - 1 7 ~ + o f = o -.~- - - v . (17 . v) +
1
~- V
]
(v 2) , (x~, t) = vB,
[2.2] ~(xB, t) = ~ , [2.6]
 Ariman and Cakmak, Some Basic Viscous Flows in Micropolar Fluids 237

where XB is a point on a solid b o u n d a r y d 2~ dw

~v dy~ - - ~v ~ y 2 ~v ~ = 0 . [3.3]
h a v i n g prescribed velocity VB a n d pre-
scribed m i c r o - r o t a t i o n velocity re. These T h e general solutions of [3.2] and [3.3]
conditions express the a s s u m p t i o n of the are f o u n d to be
adherence of the fluid to the solid b o u n d a r y .
The following restrictions on the viscosity W yv k (A sinh k y + B cosh k y) 2 A sinh k Y
B
coefficients were obtained b y E r i n g e n (2), gv

providing t h a t the C l a u s i u s - D u h e m in- 2B 2C

k coshky+ 2 f l y + x ~ ' Y + D, [3.4]
e q u a l i t y is satisfied locally for all independ-
ent processes: C
v =,A cosh k y + B sinh k y - - , [3.5]
(3~v+2#~+ ~v)/O >= O, ff~/o >= o, ~v/O >=O , 2 #v + ~v
where
{3a,~ + 2~v)/O >= O, -- ~vtO <=flvlg<= ~dO, 7v/O >--_O.
k ~ ( 2 tZv q- ~v ~v ) 1/~
[2.7]
fly + ~v Yv
H e r e 0 is the t e m p e r a t u r e a n d in general a n d A, B. C. and D are a r b i t r a r y constants.
0>0. Assuming t h a t the fluid adheres to the
b o u n d a r y , the b o u n d a r y conditions become
3. Some Basic Flows of Micropolar Fluids
at y = 0 : w=0, v=o,
I n this article the t h e o r y of micropolar
fluids is applied to some basic, viscous flow at y = h: w V, v=0. [3.6]
problems. All the flows considered here are Use of b o u n d a r y conditions [3.6] yields:
steady, incompressible, laminar and fully-
developed flows. 1 V .),sinh~[ ~' -(cosh 1)
A 2 h _ fly + ~v
3.1. Couette F l o w B e t w e e n T w o P a r a l l e l P l a t e s + ,~ sinh ,~
]-' ,
Op
w i t h ~-x = 0
1 V [
B= - - - -2
'~-'Z(cosh2--1) Xsinh2
L e t us consider the s t e a d y m o t i o n of an
incompressible laminar flow between two ~v (eosh ~ -- 1)
]_1,
parallel plates with one of the plates m o v i n g ffv + ~v
with c o n s t a n t velocity relative to the other. 1 V
As shown in fig. 1 let the lower plate be C 2 h (2fly + Uv) ')~sinh

X
[ _ ~v
#v + ~v
- (cosh)1, - - 1) + .;t sinh Z ]' ,

f 1 ~tv
D = -~-. V (cosh 2 -- 1)
TY , > h #v + ~v

• (cosh ,~ 1) Z sinh ~ , [3.73

:Fig. 1. douette flow with ~p/Ox = 0
where
s t a t i o n a r y a n d t h e u p p e r plate be m o v i n g ~ k h. [3.9]
with a c o n s t a n t velocity V. The distance
between the plates is h. I f the plates are long H e n c e the velocity distribution a n d micro-
r o t a t i o n velocity t a k e the following forms:
enough in the direction of motion, the flow
will e v e n t u a l l y reach a fully d e v e l o p e d s t a t e w 1 2~ ~v sinh ~ ~- + - -~v
such t h a t t h e s t r e a m surfaces will be parallel V 2 fly + ~v ]L #v + ~
to the plates. H e n c e t h e velocity a n d micro- cosh~ -- 1 (cosh2~ -- 1)]
r o t a t i o n velocity c o m p o n e n t s become • ~ sinh 2

Vy=Vz=O, vx=w(y), uv cosh 2 -- 1 ]-1,

x[1 #v § ~v ~ sinI~~ [3.9]
Vx=vy=O, vz=v(y). [3.1]
h 1
E q u a t i o n o f c o n t i n u i t y [2.1] is satisfied V 2 [1 + ( c o s h 2 - 1)sinh~
~sinh,~ cosh2~]
identically for ~ = const, and [2.2] a n d [2.3]
neglecting b o d y forces a n d b o d y couples give X [1 _ u vgv + Uv c ~)~s~nnh~ -1,
[3.10]
d2w dv where
(#v + ~v) ~ + ~r = 0, [3.23
~--y/h. [3.11]
238 Rheologica Acta, Band 7, Heft 3 (1968)

The solutions [3.9] and [3.10] reduce to This is the well-known expression of the wall
classical Couette flow for ~v = 0. shear for classical N a v i e r - S t o k e s fluids. Fig. 3
Hence shows the shear stress difference for ~ = 1
w = Vy/h, v=0. [3.12] and for various values of ~v/Fv. Similarly i f
xv/Fv = 0 the stress tensor becomes sym-
According to [2.7] with 0 > 0 ~v, zv and metric. Fig. 4 presents the plot of the couple
yv are non-negative. Thus 2 is a real positive stress myz for ~v/#v = 1 and for the different
number. Fig. 2 shows the velocity profile ~'s. F o r 2 = 0 the couple stress vanishes.
pJ P
myz
- Iyx
1.0 1.0
CLASSICAL ~'v -
(LINEAR) ~-~=U<
~
.8 ~ v
~=o ~--7-5
.8

.6

.4 .4

.2 .2

0
0
I
.2
I
.4 .6
I I
.8
i
I0
--o[0 {
2
I
5
i
4
\l
v
Fig. 2. Velocity profile for ~ = 1 Fig. 3. Shear stress difference for 2 = 1

for 2 = 1 and Zv/#v = 0, oo. I t is observed

t h a t the velocity profile is v e r y close to t h e
classical N a v i e r - S t o k e s case.
The non-vanishing c o m p o n e n t s of the k:O
stress tensor and those of the couple stress .8
tensor are o b t a i n e d t h r o u g h [2.4] and [2.5]
as: .6
cosh ~ -- 1 -
tyx 2 h ttv + ~v ~h--~ ] ~,
[3.]3]

1 Vr [2 + ~v ( l _ c o s h ; t 9
txu = 2 h #~-

#v ~v cosh), 9 ) + ( ~v + ~r -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 myz~

sinh 2 ~ ] Fig. 4. Couple stress for gv/~tv = 1

• (coshZ-- 1 ) ~ ]

[ ~vc~ -1, The m a x i m u m value of the couple stress

X 1 #v + ~v ~ - ~ - ) . - [3.14] occurs at the b o u n d a r y .
1 ,vV [ e o s h ~ (cosh~--l)]
myz= 2 h2 ,I. sinh ~ 9 sinh 2 3.2. Poiseuille F l o w B e t w e e n T w o Parallel
Plates
• [1 ~v c o s h ~ - - l ] -~,
#v + uv ~ h - ~ t " [3.15] The flow between two s t a t i o n a r y parallel
plates 2 h apart, due to a pressure gradient is
mzy = fly
~/~ my z , [3.16] considered (fig. 5). The x axis coincides with
t h e center line, the y axis is n o r m a l to the flow
where tyx 4= txu and ~v = 0 gives in [3.13] a n d and the z axis is perpendicular to t h e plane
[3.14] of flow. Velocity a n d micro-rotation velocity
ty x = t x y ~ V #v/h. [3.17] components are as given in [3.1].
 Ariman and Cakmak, Some Basic Viscous Flows in Micropolar Fluids 239
u Fig. 6 shows t h e v e l o c i t y profile for 2 = 1
> h a n d for v a r i o u s ~ / # v ratios. I t is o b s e r v e d
I ' t h a t t h e v e l o c i t y profile is no longer p a r a -
bolic. As in t h e pre,vious p r o b l e m , the velo-
c i t y is less t h a n in t h e classical ease (5, 6).
Fig. 5. Poiseuille flow P I'yx
1 . 0 ~
E q u a t i o n of c o n t i n u i t y [2.1] is again
satisfied identically for ~ = const. Neglecting .8
b o d y forces a n d b o d y couples in t h e o t h e r .6
t w o field eq. [2.2] a n d [2.3] it is f o u n d t h a t
p, t h e h y d r o s t a t i c pressure, is a f u n c t i o n of x .4 KV
(CLASSICAL
only a n d t h e field e q u a t i o n s b e c o m e .2 Kv. --~v=~ PARABOLA)

d~w dv dp _ O, [3.18]
(#v + ~v) ~ + ~v dy dx
d 2v dw
YV-~y2 -- '~V-d~y -- 2 7%v = 0. [3.19]

T h e general solutions of [3.18] a n d [3.19]

are f o u n d as follows:

w = Yv k ( A s i n h k y + Beoshky) 2~_sinhky
~V
Fig. 6. Velocity profile for 2 = 1
2B coshky + 2C dp
- T 2try+ ~ ' Y + 2 dx
T h e non-zero c o m p o n e n t s of the stress a n d
1 y2
X 2#v+ ~v 2 ' [3.20] couple stress tensors are g i v e n b y
txx = tyy = tzz = -- ~ ,
r dp
v=Acoshky+ Bsinhky 2 #v + Uv dx ~-x ( ~v sinh2~
txy h ~ ~v + ~tv sinh Z ] '
1
x 2/~v+ gv y. [3.21] dp
tyx = h ~ dx '
H e r e A, B, C, D are a r b i t r a r y i n t e g r a t i o n
constants. W i t h t h e previous a s s u m p t i o n dp Yv [ 2 cosh2 e 1)
myz dx 2 #v + xv ~ sinh 4 _
t h a t t h e fluid adheres to t h e b o u n d a r y ,
b o u n d a r y conditions are given as: = ~~"v m y z [3.27]
mzY 9
at y = • w=0, v=0. [3.22]
I n c o n t r a s t to t h e Couette flow for this case
U s i n g these b o u n d a r y conditions in [3.20] tyx is t h e s a m e as in t h e classical t h e o r y .
a n d [3.21] t h e c o n s t a n t s A, B, C, D are T h e m a s s r a t e of flow is o b t a i n e d b y
d e t e r m i n e d , yielding t h e solutions:
Q 3 ~v
w _1_~2+ uv e~ (c~ Qo - 1 + Z~ 2(#v§ gv) (1-- 4 cotgh 4) [3.28]
w0 #v+ ~ 2sinh4 cosh~ 1 ,
where
[3.23]
vh sinh 2 Q 2 2 h8 dp [3.29]
w0 -- Q sinh 4 ' [3.24] Qo = - ~ ~ 2 ttv+ ~v dx '

where I n fig. 7 a n d 8 are s h o w n t h e s h e a r stress

difference and, t h e couple stress my~ for
w o ~ - - ~ dp h~ (2#v+ ~+)-i, ~ _ Y v a r i o u s values of 2. A g a i n for 2 = 0 t h e
h'
couple stress vanishes.
h ( 2 #v + ~v ~v ~ ~/~
2------ X~v~Y~vv ~-v! " [3.25]
3.3, R o t a t i n g F l u i d w i t h a F r e e S u r / a c e
T h e solutions [3.23] a n d [3.24] reduce to t h e
A m i c r o p o l a r fluid in a cylindrical con-
classical P o i s e u i l l e flow case for xv = 0,
t a i n e r o f radius a as s h o w n in fig. 9 is caused
dph2(Y 2 ) to r o t a t e a b o u t its own axis w i t h a n a n g u l a r
w=~-x "-~-v - ~---1 , v=0. [3.26] v e l o c i t y f2. I t is c o n v e n i e n t to use cylindrical
 240 R h e o l o g i c a A c t a , B a n d 7, H e f t 3 ( 1 9 6 8 )

T h e c y l i n d r i c a l axis is v e r t i c a l so t h a t t h e
X=cO body force components are /r = /0 = 0,
k =
/~ = - g. N e g l e c t i n g b o d y couples, eq. [2.1],
[2.2], a n d [2.3] in c y l i n d r i c a l c o o r d i n a t e s
become
(#v + Xv) (W" + r - l w - r -2 w) - Xv v' = o ,

~v (V" -4- r - i v ) + x v r - l (w r)' - 2 xv v : O,

i !1 0 .2 .4 .6 .S
i
1.0 ,,yx-txy,
@
W 2

r
__ 010

Or '

~og-- 0p
0z ' [3.31]

where prime indicates differentiation with

r e s p e c t t o r.
k=a0 T h e g e n e r a l solutions o f t h e first t w o
e q u a t i o n s o f [3.31] a r e :
k=o0 c D xv 1
Fig. 7. Shear stress difference = ,r+ --+ - - - - -
w 2ttv+ Xv r try+ Xv k
X [A 11 (k r) -- B K1 (k r)], [3.32]
1.0 C
v=AI0(kr)+ B K o ( k r ) + 2 # v + xv"
.8
w h e r e I0, I~ a n d K0, K~ are m o d i f i e d B e s s e l
f u n c t i o n s o f z e r o t h a n d first o r d e r a n d o f
t h e first a n d s e c o n d k i n d r e s p e c t i v e l y .
A, B, C, D are a r b i t r a r y c o n s t a n t s .
.2 B o t h w a n d v m u s t be b o u n d e d a t r = 0.
Lo
I I I I [ Since K o ( k r ), K i ( k r ) a n d 1 / r b e c o m e infinite
-I.0 "-.8 -.6 -A -.2 .2 A .6 .8 1.0 myz 2Fv+ Kv for r = 0 B, D m u s t be zero 9
P,x )'v B o u n d a r y c o n d i t i o n s are g i v e n b y
( SYMMETRIC ) atr= +a: w=~ga, v=0. [3.33]
F i n a l l y A a n d C are d e t e r m i n e d l e a d i n g t o
the solution
w [ Xv 1 /1(t~)] [1 Xv
Fig. 8. Couple stress w--~ = ~ - - ~ v + Xv ). Io (4) # v + ~v

1 /1(t)] -1 [3.343
X ~-. i0(t )1 ,
\
v _ [Io(l_~)
][
1 9 #v
xv
1
1 11 (1)
I 0(t)
1
]i '
\\ L /o (1) + ~v
/
/ [3.35]
~ - .p=p (r,z)
where
r A~a 2- -#v
- + --
~v ~v ~112
w o~a, ~ a \ try+ Xv ~-~s "
[3.36]
, a
>l r
T h e s o l u t i o n s [3.34] a n d [3.35] r e d u c e t o
Fig. 9. Rotating fluid with a free surface t h e classical case for Xv = O.
Hence
c o o r d i n a t e s in t h e s o l u t i o n o f this p r o b l e m . w = ~Qr, v = 0 . [3.37]
The velocity and micro-rotation velocity E q . [3.37] s t a t e s t h a t in t h e classical case
c o m p o n e n t s are g i v e n e a c h e l e m e n t o f t h e r o t a t i n g fluid m o v e s as a
vr = vz = O , vo = w ( r ) , rigid b o d y . Fig. 10 p r e s e n t s t h e v e l o c i t y
vr=vo=O, Vz=v(r). [3.30] profile for 2 = 1 a n d xv/#v = 0 a n d c~. I t is
 Ariman and Cakmak, Some Basic Viscous Flows in Micropolar Fluids 241

w
w0 this expression a n d i n t e g r a t i n g w i t h r e s p e c t
(.0
to r
W2
+
.S
H e r e C is a n a r b i t r a r y c o n s t a n t , which m a y
be d e t e r m i n e d b y m a k i n g use of t h e state-
.6
KV-GO ~ A L m e n t t h a t a t r = 0 a n d z = 0; p = P0 so
~ "~v- ~ (LINEAR) that
.4 W2
~-po=- ~g(z-~o) + So-Ed~-
.2
On t h e o t h e r h a n d on t h e free surface
p - p c = 0.
0
0 .2 14 .6 .S 1.0
H e n c e t h e e q u a t i o n for t h e surface is
Fig. 10. Velocity profile for 2 = 1
z--z0= u'0~F --2~v+xv 2~ I0(2)
seen t h a t t h e v e l o c i t y profile is v e r y close to
Xv 2 1 1 ;li ~ ( ~ ? ) d~ ,
t h e classical one. T h r o u g h [2.4] a n d [2.5] t h e + (~+x~)~ 2~ /g(z) ~-
following stress a n d couple stress c o m p o n e n t s [3.40]
are o b t a i n e d
where
trz = tzr ~ 0 F=[1-- Xv 1 I z ( 2 ) ] -2. [3.41]
~v+~v 2 Io(~)
9 P---~.2 ~(x~) [ ,Uv ~v l Iz (2) ]
mrz = Yv a I o (,~) + xv 2 Io (Z) 1 , W i t h Uv = 0 eq. [3.40] reduces to t h e
e q u a t i o n of t h e classical p a r a b o l a .
mz~" = ~V m?'z . [3.38]
Yv
z - z0 = - - r 2 [3.42]
2g "
Fig. 11 shows the v a r i a t i o n of t h e couple
stress m ~ for Xv/#v = 1 a n d for different I t is seen t h a t in fig. 12 t h e s h a p e o f t h e free
values of 2. T h e couple stress v a n i s h e s for surface for t h e m i c r o p o l a r case is v e r y close
A=0.
2
zg,'Wo,
1.0 1.0
X=O
.8 .8

.6
~,,/~v9o ~
.6 PARABOLA)--
(CLASSICAL
.4
.4

.2
Zo
.2

0 I I I I I
0 8 4 6 8 I0 mrz"~v
-- 0 0
-[.,
I
--.8
]
-.6
I
--.4
I
--.2 0 .2
I =9

Fig. 11. Couple stress for xv/ttv ~ ] Fig. 12. Free Surface for A = 1

Finally, t h e e q u a t i o n of t h e free surface is to t h e classical p a r a b o l a , b u t is a l w a y s larger

defined. Since p (r, z) is a n a n a l y t i c f u n c t i o n t h a n in t h e case w i t h t h e classical v e l o c i t y
of position, one has profile.

dP= ~-r dr + ~z dz. [8.39] Concluding Remarks

I n this p a p e r the t h e o r y of m i c r o p o l a r
Using t h e last t w o e q u a t i o n s of [3.31] in fluids has b e e n applied to t h e analysis of t h e
242 Rheologiea Acta, Band 7, Heft 3 (1968)
same basic and significant problems in fluid
dynamics. These are Couette and Poiseuille
flows between two parMlel plates and the
problem of a rotating fluid with a free surface.
For each problem exact solutions to the
system of governing equations are given in
a simple closed form and the explicit ex-
pressions of the velocity, microZrotation
velocity fields and the stress and couple stress
tensor components are obtained. For the
case of Poiseuille flow significant differences
between the predictions of the classical fluid
mechanics and those of the mieropolar theory
occur in the results. The velocity profile is
no longer parabolic and is smaller than that
of the classical Navier-Stolces fluids depend-
ing On a parameter. This parameter is related
to the viscosity coefficients of the mieropolar
fluids. The wall shear has the same ex-
pression as in the classical theory. However,
the existence of the distributed couples myz
on the fluid surface will produce an effect in
a thin layer near the wall, equivalent to
reduction of the surface shear. For the other
two problems velocity profiles are quite close
to the classieM cases but the expression of the
wall shear is different from the classical one.
For all cases the maximum value of the
couple stress occurs at the boundary, fig. 4,
8, 11, and in the absence of the micro-
rotation the solutions go into their classical
forms. Of course, the stress tensor becomes
symmetric.
Recently several experimental results were
reported on the interesting and significant
features of the fluids which contain extremely
small amount of polymeric additives (7,8, 9,
10). For instance the skin friction near a rigid
body in such fluids is considerably lower, up
to 30-35~o, than the same fluids without
additives. There is no mechanism to explain
this new physical phenomenon in the classical
Navier-Stolces theory.
On the other hand the results of the above
mentioned problems are the first positive
indications of this new physical phenomenon.
Clearly the theory of micropolar fluids gives
rise to a new boundary layer not present in
the Navier-Stokes theory.
Summary
This paper analyzes some basic viscous flows of
mieropolar fluids. The problems of Couette and Poiseuille
flows between two parallel plates and a rotating fluid
with a free surface, are solved using the theory of
micropolar fluids. The results are presented graphically
and compared with the classical ones, and the differences
are discussed.
Re/erences
l) Eringen, A. C., Int. J. Engng. Sei. 2, 205 (1964).
2) Eringen, A. C., J. Math. Mech. 16, 1-18 (1966).
3) Stokes, V. K., Phys. Fluids 9, 1709-1715 (1966).
4) Ariman, T. and A. S. Cakmak, Phys. Fluids 10,
2497-2499 (1967).
5) Bleustein, J. L. and A. E. Green, Int. J. Engng.
Sci. 5, 323-340 (1967).
6) Ariman, T., I~t. J. Engng. Sei. (in press).
7) Hoyt, J. V. and A. G. Fabula. The Effect of
Additives on Fluid Friction. NAVWEPS Report,
NOTS TP 3670, Copy 185, U.S. Naval Ordnance Test
Station, China Lake, California, December 1964.
8) Vogel, W. M. and A. M. Patterson, An Experi-
mental Investigation of the Effect of Additives Injected
into the Boundary Layer of an Underwater Body.
Pacific Naval Lab. of the Defence Res. Board of Canada,
September 1965.
9) Savins, J. G., Drag Reduction Characteristics of
Solutions of Maeromolecules in Turbulent Pipe Flow,
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10) Baronet, C. N. and W. H. Hoppmann II, Drag
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Authors' address :
l~rof. Dr. Teoman Ariman,
Department of Engineering Science, University of Notre
Dame, Indiana (USA) and Prof. Dr. Ahmet S. Cakmak,
Depart,ment of Civil and Geological Engineering, Princeton
University, :Princeton, New Jersey (USA)