Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Ann E. Dulay
Lecture 3: Introduction
to Operational Amplifiers
What is an operational amplifier?
a very high gain direct coupled
amplifier in integrated circuit form that
uses external feedback networks to
control its response A
used primarily to perform mathematical D
V
operations such as addition, E
subtraction, integration, and L
differentiation, hence the name I
N
operational.
op-amps were previously constructed
with vacuum tubes using high voltages
V- Vo 2Rcm
Ro A
Vd
Ri Vo D
Avd
V+ V
AVd
2Rcm E
L
- I
N
Vo Av d
A – open loop gain
vd v v
Lecture 3: Introduction to Operational Amplifier
Prepared by: ANN E. DULAY 4
Block diagram of a typical op-amp
A
•Input stage is usually a dual-ended input, balanced output D
V
diff-amp.
E
L
•The intermediate stage is a dual-input unbalanced output
I
differential amplifier N
A
D
V
E
L
I
N
6
Schematic circuit of LF356 op-amp
A
D
V
E
L
I
N
•National Semiconductor
•Bi-FET
7
Schematic circuit of TLC279
A
D
V
E
L
I
N
•Texas Instrument
•CMOS
8
Schematic circuit of OP-27 op-amp
A
D
V
E
L
I
N
R2
Vos 1 Vio A
R1 D
V
E
If R1=R2 L
If R2=103R1
Vos 10 3 5mV 5V
Lecture 3: Introduction to Operational Amplifier
Prepared by: ANN E. DULAY 16
Op-amp Parameters
4. Input voltage range (VCM)
- this is the range of input voltages
over which the op-amp will still
A
operate properly. D
V
- in BJT like 741, this is the range of E
input voltages for which each BJT L
I
still operates in the forward active N
region.
Rail-to-rail outputs
Lecture 3: Introduction to Operational Amplifier
Prepared by: ANN E. DULAY 19
Op-amp Parameters
6. Output short circuit current (Iosc)
- the maximum output current that the op-
amp can deliver to a load.
- The short circuit protection circuit for 741 A
D
consists of Q15, Q22, R6, R7, and R11 V
(during sourcing) and Q14 during sinking. E
L
- these transistors are off under normal I
conditions; when a large current exists at N
the output, they conduct thus limiting the
current that would flow to the base of the
output transistors, Q14 (sourcing), Q20
(sinking)
Lecture 3: Introduction to Operational Amplifier
Prepared by: ANN E. DULAY 20
Op-amp Parameters
7. Input resistance (Zi)
- the resistance “looking in” at either input with the
remaining input grounded.
- For 741, Riint = 2 M, Rcm = 200M
- intrinsic resistance A
D
V
8. Output resistance (Zoi) E
- the resistance seen “looking into” the op-amps L
output. I
- For 741, Roint= 75 N
9. Supply current
- the current that the op-amp will draw from the
power supply.
22
Op-amp Parameters
11. Unity Gain bandwidth product (GBP)
- this is the frequency at which the open loop
voltage gain decreases to 1 or 0 dB.
A
GBW D
f max
A vcl V
E
L
12. Common-mode rejection ratio (CMRR)- the
I
measure of the ability of the op-amp to reject N
signals that are simultaneously present at
both inputs. It is the ratio of the common-
mode input voltage to the generated output
voltage, usually expressed in decibels (dB).
Phase Avol A
shift Uncompensated
100 D
V
80 slope = -20 dB/decade >
E
2700
60 L
1800 I
40 N
90O
20
phase response
0
0
10 100 1k 10k 100k 1M 10M 100M frequency,
Hz
80 phase response A
2700 D
60 V
1800
E
40
90O L
20 I
0 N
0
10 100 1k 10k 100k 1M 10M 100M frequency,
Hz