Introduction to Cementing

WHAT IS CEMENT?
History Of Cement

 First Cements produced by early Greeks and

Romans from volcanic ash with slaked lime
 Joseph Aspdin, a stone mason from Leeds,
England invented Portland Cement in 1824.
 Heated limestone and clay
 Named Portland Cement for the Isle of Portland off
the British Coast
 What is Portland Cement:
– Limestone + Shale/Clay + Heat (2700F) = Clinker + CKD
+ Exit Gas
– Pulverized Clinker + Gypsum = Portland Cement

http://www.cement.org/basics/images/flashtour.html
Pre Kiln Stage

 Raw materials crushed

and stored
– 80% Calcium
Pre Kiln Stage • Limestone, Oyster Shells,
To Air Separator Dust Collectors
Chalk
Cement Rock

– 13 % Silica & Aluminum

Limestone

Iron Ore
Clay

Oversized
Particles

Hot Air • Sand, Clay, Shale

Fines

Raw Material Proportioned Furnace

Grinding Mill
To Pneumatic Pump
– 2% Iron Oxide
• Mill Scale, Iron Ore
 Ground to desired particle
Raw Mix

To Kiln

Dry Mixing and

Blending Silos
Ground Raw
size
 Dried and stored
Material Storage
Portland Cement Association 1969

 Blended to required
proportion and stored
Kiln Stage

Kiln Stage
Raw Material
to Kiln
Raw Material is Kiln Burned
to Partial Fusion at 1500°C
Dust Coal, Oil or
Collector Gas Fuel

Air
Fan Dust Bin Rotating Kiln Clinker Cooler

Clinker

Clinker Gypsum Material are Stored Separately

Clinker and Gypsum are Proportioned

and Conveyed to the Final Grinding Mill

Portland Cement Association, 1969

Clinker Grinding And Storage

Grinding Stage
Air Dust
Separator Collectors

Materials
Proportioned

To Bulk Transport, Rail

Car and Packaging Plant
Ground Cement Storage for use in Oil Wells
Portland Cement Association, 1969

5% Gypsum (during grinding)

Hydrated Calcium Sulfate
Concrete Vs. Cement
Concrete is a mixture of cement,
Cement is a “pure” material
sand, aggregate and water

API Cement Class A, B, C, D, E, F & G for oil field applications (API Spec
10). Class of cement to meet down hole conditions: Depth, Temperature,
Sulfate resistance, Early strength development.
What Is Cementing ?

 The process for mixing a slurry of cement and pumping it

down to cover critical points in the wellbore
Casing Types And Purposes
Conductor, Surface, Intermediate, Production ,
Drilling & remedial tubular: Tie-back and Scab liners
 Casing Functions:
– Prevent washing out under rig
– Confines circulating fluids
– Provide elevation for the flow line
– Provide support for part of the wellhead
– Give support at the surface for deeper strings of
casing or provides structure to hang liner.
– Provide a place to nipple up the BOP’s
– Seal off large amounts of open hole
– Isolates gas, water, salt, shale and lost circulation
zones
– Protect formations from high or low pressure caused
by subsequent drilling or cementing operations
– Control high pressure zones
– Provide a place to hang a liner
– Provide the opportunity to change out drill fluids or
completion fluids which are compatible with the
formations or manage mud weights and ECD
– Provide a casing patch
Why We Cement Wells

 Principle functions of primary

cementing
– Restrict fluid movement Water Zone
between formations or to
surface
– Bond and support the casing

 Additional uses of cement

– Protect the casing from
corrosion Gas Zone
– Protect the casing from shock
loads in drilling operations
– Sealing off loss circulation or
thief zones
– Increases structural integrity of Oil Zone
the casing string– (bust and
collapse)
Cementing Equipment Terms

 Plug container
 Cementing Plugs
 Guide Shoe
 Float Shoe
 Float Collar
 Shoe Track / Shoe Joint
Plug Container
Lifting Eye

Cap

Body

1502 Unions Plug Release

(Fluid Ports) Plunger

Plug Launch
Indicator

Detent Pin
(Locks Quick-Latch
in Open or Closed
Position)

Quick Latch Coupler

Compact Plug Container

Top & Bottom Cementing Plug
Float Collar
Float Shoe vs. Guide Shoe

Float Shoe

Guide Shoe
Generic Line-Up
Primary Casing Cementing
Animation
Drill Out - Animation
Drilling Rigs

How it is today
How it was
Today’s Cementing Requirements

Reduced WOC Economics

Gas Long term seal
migration
Shallow water
Elasticity flow
Cementing Process

Customer Meetings

Evaluation Engineer Solutions

Job Execution Quality Assurance

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