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Antidiabetic property of Guraman (Glacilaria sp.

By:

Edmund T. Silvania

Bachelor of Science in Chemistry IV


CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Marine environment has contain over 80% of the world species plants and animals

(Kuar,Xi rong 2004). Particularly, seaweed has been of great interest for human food sources

since old time. These organism it may also use as an alternative medicine to prevent or treat

diseases cause diabetes and others.

Diabetes often referred to by doctors as Diabetes Mellitus a chronic disease caused by

inherited or acquired deficiency of production of insulin in pancreas, or by ineffectiveness of

insulin produced, such deficiency result increased concentration of glucose in blood , which in

turn damages many of the body system particularly the blood vessel and nerves.

The number of people with diabetes multiplies worldwide, the average for age type for

type I diabetes is under 20 years old and for type II is 52 years old. Now it has dropped to 46

years old. The disease has taken ever-increasing share of national and international health care

budgets. It is projected to become one of the world’s main disablers and killers within 25 years.

Regions with greatest potentials are Asia and Africa, where DM rates could rise to 2 to 3 folds

camphene with the present rates..

Guraman or glacilaria sp. is oligosaccharide with degrees of polymerization prepared

agarose digestion from agar bearing glaciaria sp. Polysaccharide have been shown to be effective

prophylatic agent during in vitrio and in vivo experiments against japanesse ephalitis viral
infection. It is also notable for its economic importance of agarophyte as well as it used as food.

Guraman or glacilaria has a various species are cultivated among asia and other countries like

south america and africa. Those species are glacilaria rhodophyta, glacilaria bursa-pastursa,

glacilaria gracilis, glacilaria longissima, glacilaria verruscosa and glacilaria confervoids.

Glacilaria sp. is also used to make agar, cake, fuel and tires.

Significance of the Study

Guraman or glacilaria sp. is not only food. Many studies had proven its efficacy treating

many diseases and ailments. Philippines have a continuing high mortality caused by diabetes.

Studying the effect of glacilaria sp. methanolic extract as anti-diabetic, if proven this will be

added to the low cost drug to cure inflammation.

Objectives of the Study

This study aims to determine the anti-diabetic activity of guraman (glacilaria sp.).

Specifically, it aims to:

1. Determine the effectiveness of the anti-diabetic activity of guraman (glacilaria sp.)

methanolic extract in albino mice or rat.

2. Compare the efficacy of guraman (glacilaria sp.) to commercial drug.


Scope and Del imitation of the Study

This study is limited only in determination of anti-diabetic activity of guraman (glacilaria

sp). extract in albino mice or mouse and to commercial drug as the standard anti-inflammatory

drug.

Time and Locate of the Study

The guraman (glacilari sp.) Seaweed was collected from Buguey lagoon at Buguey,

Cagayan. The extraction, bioassay will be performed at the Regional Fishery Laboratory at

Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources, Region II, Carig Sur, Tuguegarao City, Cagayan.

The phytochemical analysis will conduct at Department of Science and Technology at Bicotan,

Taguig.
CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter presents the review of literature and studies. In the view of foreign

literatures and studies, the researchers have come across several written work and studies that are

closely related and direct bearing on this study.

Seaweed

Algae are relatively simple photosynthetic plants with unicellular reproductive structures.

They range from unicellular organism to on vascular filamentous or thaloid plants (Druehl,2000).

Seaweed are large algae (macroalgae) that grow in salt water or marine environment and

lack true stem, root, and leaves. Most of the seaweed can be seen thriving in under water beds

floating along the sea surface attached to rocks (Collins, 2011).

Seaweed commonly grown on coral reefs or in rocky landscape can grow at depths if

sunlight can penetrate through the water ( Mateljan, 2006 ).

Seaweed plays an important role the marine ecosystem. Marine ecosystem, they provide

food and shelter for host creature like small.


Types of Seaweeds

Three major groups of seaweeds are recognized according to their pigments that absorb

light of particular wavelength and give their characteristic colors of green, brown, and red

(Collins, 2011).

The green algae (Chlorophyta) are truly green with no pigments to mask the chlorophyll.

The green algae are very diverse and range from microscopic free swimming single cells to large

membrous, tubular and bushy plant ( Davies, 2002).

The brown algae (phaeophyta) are multi-cellular and found in variety different physical

forms including crust and filaments. Like all photosynthetic organism, brown algae contain the

green pigment chlorophyll. They also contain other gold and brown pigments, which mask the

color green color of chlorophyll. The dominant pigment found in brown algae called fucoxanthin

( Battle, 2005).

The red algae (Rhodopyta) in addition contain the pigments phycoeyanin and

phycoerythrin which give the red coloration. Red algae found in variety of physical forms,

including simple and branched filaments (Collins, 2011)

Guraman (Glacilaria sp.)

Gracilaria is a genus of red algae (Rhodophyta) notable for its economic importance as an

agarophyte, as well as its use as a food for humans and various species of shellfish. Various

species within the genus are cultivated among Asia, South America, Africa and Oceania.

Gracilaria is used as a food in Japanese, Hawaiian, and Filipino cuisine. In Japanese cuisine, it is
called ogonori or ogo. In the Philippines, it is called gulaman and used to make gelatin. In

Jamaica, it is known as Irish moss. Gracilaria oligosaccharides with degree of polymerization a

prepared by agarase digestion from agar-bearing Gracilaria sp. polysaccharides have been

shown to be an effective prophylactic agent during in vitro and in vivo experiments against

Japanese encephalitis viral infection. The sulfated oligosaccharides from Gracilaria sp. seem to

be promising candidates for further development as antiviral agents.

Gracilaria commonly appears as a macroalgae for sale in the aquarium trade. It is a highly

palatable algae to tangs and many other herbivorous fish, and its nutrient uptake ability makes it

a suitable choice for a refugium (wikipedia.org/wiki/Gracilaria#Aquarium_Trade)

Diabetes mellitus

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder characterized by chronic hyperglycemia

or high blood glucose levels with deranged carbohydrates, fats and proteins metabolism resulting

from absolute or relative lack of insulin secretion or insulin resistance by peripheral tissues

mainly the liver, skeletal muscle and adipose tissues or both. It is also characterized by

hyperlipidemia and hyperaminoacidemia (Rao et al., 2010 ; Sudha et al.,2011). If untreated, the

long-term effects of diabetes mellitus include progressive development of the specific

complications of retinopathy with potential blindness nephropathy that may lead to renal failure,

and/or neuropathy with risk of foot ulcers, amputation and features of autonomic dysfunction,

including sexual dysfunction. People with diabetes mellitus are at increased risk of

cardiovascular, peripheral vascular and cerebrovascular disease (Karimulla and Kumar, 2011)
The global prevalence of diabetes mellitus estimated to increase, from 8.3% (366 million)

in 2011 to 9.9% (522 million) by the year 2030. The largest increases will take place in the

regions dominated by developing economies such as India and China. United States of America

also have great number of patients with diabetes mellitus. There were about four million more

men than women with diabetes mellitus (185 million men and 181 million women) in 2011.

However, this difference is expected to decrease to two million (277 million men and 275

million women) by 2030 (International Diabetes Atlas, 2012).

The World Health Organization estimated the prevalence of diabetes to be in the range of

2-3% and the number of people with diabetes mellitus in the year 2000 was approximately

800,000. This number is expected to reach 1.8 million by 2030 (Feleke and Enquselassie, 2005).

Other report also showed that, if there is a constant annual increase in the number of diabetic

cases, this figure would reached approximately 1.3 million by 2010 (Wild et al., 2004). In

general, International diabetes federation estimated that prevalence of diabetes mellitus to be 2%

and 3.5% in 2011 and 2030, respectively (Shaw et al., 2010).

Classification of Diabetes mellitus

Diabetes mellitus is classified on the basis of the pathogenic process that leads to

hyperglycemia (Kasper et al., 2011). Different types of diabetes mellitus have been identified

and categorized as: type I, type II, gestational and other specific types of diabetes mellitus

(American Diabetes Associaton, 2012).


Diabetes mellitus type I

About 10% of patients with diabetes have type I diabetes mellitus (formerly known as insulin

dependent diabetes mellitus, or IDDM). It is usually juvenile onset and results from the

autoimmune destruction of the pancreatic β-cells. Decrease plasma insulin concentration results

in a very prolonged increase in the plasma glucose concentration. Lack of insulin in continued

presence of glucagon results in over production of glucose and ketone bodies by the liver and

reduced ability of the peripheral tissues to utilize glucose. Then, the body enters a catabolic state,

with extensive lipolysis and proteolysis. Patients with untreated TIDM often present with

dehydration, which is caused by osmotic diuresis when the rate of glucose filtration at the kidney

exceeds the maximum rate of renal glucose reabsorption. A complication of type I diabetes is

diabetic ketoacidosis due to ketone formation, which is a potentially fatal cause of metabolic

acidosis (Kibble and Halsey, 2009).

Diabetes mellitus type II

Type II diabetes mellitus (formerly known as non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus or

NIDDM) is by far the more common form and accounts for 90% of diagnosed cases. However,

TIIDM is usually a progressive disease that remains undiagnosed in a significant percentage of

patients for several years. TIIDM is often associated with visceral obesity and lack of exercise

indeed; obesity related TIIDM is reaching epidemic proportions worldwide. Usually, there are

multiple causes for the development of TIIDM that are associated with defects in the ability of

target organs to respond to insulin (insulin resistance), along with some degree of β-cells

deficiency. Insulin sensitivity can be compromised at the level of the insulin receptor (IR) or at
the level of post receptor signaling. Figure 1.2 describes insulinsignaling pathways downstream

of the insulin receptor in skeletal muscle, likely affected in diabetes mellitus type II patients.

TIIDM appears to be the consequence of insulin resistance, followed by reactive

hyperinsulinemia, but ultimately by relative hypoinsulinemia and β-cell failure (Koeppen and

Stanton, 2008).

Phytochemical
BIBLIOGRAPHY

Review Related Literature and Studies

Collins, (2001). UWC –Enviro facts http:/www.botany.uwc.ac.za/Envfacts/seaweeds. Cousens

and Gabriel (2000). Conscious Eating, Essene Vision Books, Patagonia, AZ, 484.
CHAPTER III

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This chapter presents the different materials and procedures used in conducting the study.

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