Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
By:
Edmund T. Silvania
INTRODUCTION
Marine environment has contain over 80% of the world species plants and animals
(Kuar,Xi rong 2004). Particularly, seaweed has been of great interest for human food sources
since old time. These organism it may also use as an alternative medicine to prevent or treat
insulin produced, such deficiency result increased concentration of glucose in blood , which in
turn damages many of the body system particularly the blood vessel and nerves.
The number of people with diabetes multiplies worldwide, the average for age type for
type I diabetes is under 20 years old and for type II is 52 years old. Now it has dropped to 46
years old. The disease has taken ever-increasing share of national and international health care
budgets. It is projected to become one of the world’s main disablers and killers within 25 years.
Regions with greatest potentials are Asia and Africa, where DM rates could rise to 2 to 3 folds
agarose digestion from agar bearing glaciaria sp. Polysaccharide have been shown to be effective
prophylatic agent during in vitrio and in vivo experiments against japanesse ephalitis viral
infection. It is also notable for its economic importance of agarophyte as well as it used as food.
Guraman or glacilaria has a various species are cultivated among asia and other countries like
south america and africa. Those species are glacilaria rhodophyta, glacilaria bursa-pastursa,
Glacilaria sp. is also used to make agar, cake, fuel and tires.
Guraman or glacilaria sp. is not only food. Many studies had proven its efficacy treating
many diseases and ailments. Philippines have a continuing high mortality caused by diabetes.
Studying the effect of glacilaria sp. methanolic extract as anti-diabetic, if proven this will be
This study aims to determine the anti-diabetic activity of guraman (glacilaria sp.).
sp). extract in albino mice or mouse and to commercial drug as the standard anti-inflammatory
drug.
The guraman (glacilari sp.) Seaweed was collected from Buguey lagoon at Buguey,
Cagayan. The extraction, bioassay will be performed at the Regional Fishery Laboratory at
Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources, Region II, Carig Sur, Tuguegarao City, Cagayan.
The phytochemical analysis will conduct at Department of Science and Technology at Bicotan,
Taguig.
CHAPTER II
This chapter presents the review of literature and studies. In the view of foreign
literatures and studies, the researchers have come across several written work and studies that are
Seaweed
Algae are relatively simple photosynthetic plants with unicellular reproductive structures.
They range from unicellular organism to on vascular filamentous or thaloid plants (Druehl,2000).
Seaweed are large algae (macroalgae) that grow in salt water or marine environment and
lack true stem, root, and leaves. Most of the seaweed can be seen thriving in under water beds
Seaweed commonly grown on coral reefs or in rocky landscape can grow at depths if
Seaweed plays an important role the marine ecosystem. Marine ecosystem, they provide
Three major groups of seaweeds are recognized according to their pigments that absorb
light of particular wavelength and give their characteristic colors of green, brown, and red
(Collins, 2011).
The green algae (Chlorophyta) are truly green with no pigments to mask the chlorophyll.
The green algae are very diverse and range from microscopic free swimming single cells to large
The brown algae (phaeophyta) are multi-cellular and found in variety different physical
forms including crust and filaments. Like all photosynthetic organism, brown algae contain the
green pigment chlorophyll. They also contain other gold and brown pigments, which mask the
color green color of chlorophyll. The dominant pigment found in brown algae called fucoxanthin
( Battle, 2005).
The red algae (Rhodopyta) in addition contain the pigments phycoeyanin and
phycoerythrin which give the red coloration. Red algae found in variety of physical forms,
Gracilaria is a genus of red algae (Rhodophyta) notable for its economic importance as an
agarophyte, as well as its use as a food for humans and various species of shellfish. Various
species within the genus are cultivated among Asia, South America, Africa and Oceania.
Gracilaria is used as a food in Japanese, Hawaiian, and Filipino cuisine. In Japanese cuisine, it is
called ogonori or ogo. In the Philippines, it is called gulaman and used to make gelatin. In
prepared by agarase digestion from agar-bearing Gracilaria sp. polysaccharides have been
shown to be an effective prophylactic agent during in vitro and in vivo experiments against
Japanese encephalitis viral infection. The sulfated oligosaccharides from Gracilaria sp. seem to
Gracilaria commonly appears as a macroalgae for sale in the aquarium trade. It is a highly
palatable algae to tangs and many other herbivorous fish, and its nutrient uptake ability makes it
Diabetes mellitus
or high blood glucose levels with deranged carbohydrates, fats and proteins metabolism resulting
from absolute or relative lack of insulin secretion or insulin resistance by peripheral tissues
mainly the liver, skeletal muscle and adipose tissues or both. It is also characterized by
hyperlipidemia and hyperaminoacidemia (Rao et al., 2010 ; Sudha et al.,2011). If untreated, the
complications of retinopathy with potential blindness nephropathy that may lead to renal failure,
and/or neuropathy with risk of foot ulcers, amputation and features of autonomic dysfunction,
including sexual dysfunction. People with diabetes mellitus are at increased risk of
cardiovascular, peripheral vascular and cerebrovascular disease (Karimulla and Kumar, 2011)
The global prevalence of diabetes mellitus estimated to increase, from 8.3% (366 million)
in 2011 to 9.9% (522 million) by the year 2030. The largest increases will take place in the
regions dominated by developing economies such as India and China. United States of America
also have great number of patients with diabetes mellitus. There were about four million more
men than women with diabetes mellitus (185 million men and 181 million women) in 2011.
However, this difference is expected to decrease to two million (277 million men and 275
The World Health Organization estimated the prevalence of diabetes to be in the range of
2-3% and the number of people with diabetes mellitus in the year 2000 was approximately
800,000. This number is expected to reach 1.8 million by 2030 (Feleke and Enquselassie, 2005).
Other report also showed that, if there is a constant annual increase in the number of diabetic
cases, this figure would reached approximately 1.3 million by 2010 (Wild et al., 2004). In
Diabetes mellitus is classified on the basis of the pathogenic process that leads to
hyperglycemia (Kasper et al., 2011). Different types of diabetes mellitus have been identified
and categorized as: type I, type II, gestational and other specific types of diabetes mellitus
About 10% of patients with diabetes have type I diabetes mellitus (formerly known as insulin
dependent diabetes mellitus, or IDDM). It is usually juvenile onset and results from the
autoimmune destruction of the pancreatic β-cells. Decrease plasma insulin concentration results
in a very prolonged increase in the plasma glucose concentration. Lack of insulin in continued
presence of glucagon results in over production of glucose and ketone bodies by the liver and
reduced ability of the peripheral tissues to utilize glucose. Then, the body enters a catabolic state,
with extensive lipolysis and proteolysis. Patients with untreated TIDM often present with
dehydration, which is caused by osmotic diuresis when the rate of glucose filtration at the kidney
exceeds the maximum rate of renal glucose reabsorption. A complication of type I diabetes is
diabetic ketoacidosis due to ketone formation, which is a potentially fatal cause of metabolic
NIDDM) is by far the more common form and accounts for 90% of diagnosed cases. However,
patients for several years. TIIDM is often associated with visceral obesity and lack of exercise
indeed; obesity related TIIDM is reaching epidemic proportions worldwide. Usually, there are
multiple causes for the development of TIIDM that are associated with defects in the ability of
target organs to respond to insulin (insulin resistance), along with some degree of β-cells
deficiency. Insulin sensitivity can be compromised at the level of the insulin receptor (IR) or at
the level of post receptor signaling. Figure 1.2 describes insulinsignaling pathways downstream
of the insulin receptor in skeletal muscle, likely affected in diabetes mellitus type II patients.
hyperinsulinemia, but ultimately by relative hypoinsulinemia and β-cell failure (Koeppen and
Stanton, 2008).
Phytochemical
BIBLIOGRAPHY
and Gabriel (2000). Conscious Eating, Essene Vision Books, Patagonia, AZ, 484.
CHAPTER III
This chapter presents the different materials and procedures used in conducting the study.