Composite Structures 88 (2009) 532–541

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Composite Structures
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/compstruct

Analysis of multi-layered filament-wound composite pipes under combined

internal pressure and thermomechanical loading with thermal variations
H. Bakaiyan *, H. Hosseini, E. Ameri
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, 424 Hafez Avenue, Tehran 15875-4413, Iran

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: The composite pipes manufactured by filament winding technology have anisotropic behavior owing to
Available online 9 July 2008 different reinforced ply angles. Composite pipes can be exposed to the thermomechanical loading due to
hot fluid that flows into them. In this paper, based on the three-dimensional anisotropic elasticity, an
Keywords: exact elastic solution for thermal stresses and deformations of the pipes under internal pressure and a
Anisotropic analysis temperature gradient has been studied. Giving heat convection conditions the variation of temperature
Elasticity solution field within the pipe is obtained by solving the conduction equation at the wall. The influence of temper-
Laminated composite cylindrical pipe
ature field in the governing equations of thermoelasticity has been considered via a constitutive law. The
Thermal distribution
Internal pressure
shear extension coupling is also considered because of lay-up angles. Stress, strain and deformation dis-
Thermal stress tributions for different angle-ply pipe designs are investigated using the present theory.
Ó 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction Rosenow [6] used the classical laminated-plate theory to pre-

Instead of conventional carbon steel pipes, composite pipes are
increasingly used in the oil and gas industry. This is due to their
better corrosion resistance compared with steel pipes. The first
composite alternatives to steel pipelines were composite pipes
based on thermoset matrices. The properties of thermoset compos-
ites are well known and documented. On the other hand, filament-
wound composite pipes made of fiber-reinforced plastics have
many potential advantages such as high specific stiffness and
strength, good corrosion resistance and thermal insulation. With
the development of manufacturing technology to product fila-
ment-wound pipes, there has been a growing interest in the appli-
cation of the FW fiber-reinforced cylindrical composite structures.
A common requirement of such products is that they must safely
bear a certain working pressure.
A number of researchers have probed failure mechanisms of fil-
ament-wound pipes. For thin-walled cylindrical-pressure vessels
with a ratio of applied hoop-to-axial stress of two to one, an opti-
mum winding angle of 55° was recommended, and many experi-
mental failure analyses were conducted for filament-wound pipe
with a 55° winding angle [1–3]. Spencer and Hull [4] and Uemura
and Fukunaga [5] have investigated, respectively, the failure mech-
anism in carbon fiber-reinforced plastics (CFRP) and glass fiber-
reinforced plastics (GFRP) pipes wound at different winding
angles.
* Corresponding author. Tel./fax: +98 021 66419736.
E-mail address: hamid.baka@gmail.com (H. Bakaiyan).
dict the stress and strain response of pipes to winding angles vary-
ing from 15° to 85°, and compared them with the experimental
results. In thin-walled filament-wound shells, a 55° winding angle
was shown to be optimum for the hoop-to-axial stress ratio of two,
but the optimum angle had to be about 75° in the case of pressure
without axial loading. Fu et al. [7] performed the buckling analyses
of the polar and rectilinearly orthotropic cases under uniform
internal or external pressures by using the Rayleigh–Rits method.
Most previous studies on cylindrical fiber-reinforced composite
structures have focused on thin-walled cylindrical shells. Ben [8]
has reported an accurate, finite-cylindrical element method to ob-
tain thermal stresses and the deformation for thick-walled cylin-
drical pipes. In his work, the effects of thermal residual stresses
on the design of thick-walled FRP cylindrical pipes are discussed.
Ben did not address axial loading of cylinders with closed ends in
his mechanical analyses of cylindrical pipes under internal pres-
sure. Kitao and Akiyama [9] have analyzed and evaluated the pro-
gress of failure in thick-walled, filament-wound (FW) pipes with
different winding angles.
The elasticity solution of isotropic cylindrical shells subjected to
uniform radial linear loads has been studied by Klosner and Kemp-
ner [10]. Based on the solution of Lekhnitskii [11], Wild and Vickers
[12] have developed an analytical procedure for the orthotropic
cylindrical sheets. Xia et al. [13] have developed an analytical pro-
cedure to assess the thermal stresses of thick-walled FW sandwich
pipes under combined internal pressure and thermomechanical
loading. This procedure is based on the classical laminated-plate
theory. The skin materials of FW pipe are considered to be the
orthotropic unit of the layer-up angle (±U). Also, based on the

0263-8223/$ - see front matter Ó 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.compstruct.2008.05.017
 H. Bakaiyan et al. / Composite Structures 88 (2009) 532–541 533

three-dimensional anisotropic elasticity, Xia et al. [14] presented

an exact elastic solution for stresses and deformations of the pipes
under internal pressure.
This research attempts to provide an analytical foundation for
the study of stress and deformation in filament-wound pipes under
combined internal pressure and temperature variations. This anal-
ysis is based on treating typical pipes that are three-dimensional,
cylindrical and orthotropic, having material properties of rein-
forced layers with alternate-ply composites. With an already
developed model, it is conducted stress and deformation analysis
of the composite pipe using different winding angles.

2. Conduction equation
Fig. 1. Multi-layered FW composite pipe in cylindrical coordinates.
In designing composite multi-layer structures a critical issue is
the inter-laminar stress situation. Among different parameters
in the cylindrical coordinate system for analysis and modeling pur-
influencing inter-laminar debounding, temperature distribution
poses, where the cylinder coordinates are: r the radial, h the cir-
and the resulting thermal stresses are important. Since the coeffi-
cumferential, and z the axial coordinates of the cylinder. When
cient of thermal expansion along the fiber is substantially lower
pipes are subjected to axisymmetric o loading,
 the stresses and
than that in the transverse direction, thermal gradient within an
strains are independent of h i.e. oh ¼ 0 . In addition, the radial
angle-ply layered composite structure causes significant normal
and axial displacements depend only on the radial and axial coor-
and transverse shear stresses.
dinates, respectively. With the above assumption, the field of dis-
The general form of the governing equation of heat conduction
placement can be expressed as
in cylindrical coordinates is
ur ¼ ur ðrÞ; uh ¼ uh ðr; zÞ; uz ¼ uz ðzÞ ð6Þ
o2 T 1 oT 1 o2 T o2 T q_ 1 oT
þ þ þ þ ¼ ð1Þ where ur ; uh and uz are radial, hoop and axial displacements,
or2 r or r 2 oh2 oz2 k a ot
respectively.
where q_ is the rate of internal energy generation, k the coefficient of
Using the cylindrical coordinate system shown in Fig. 2, the
heat conduction and a the thermal diffusivity.
stress and strain transformation of the kth layer with the orthotro-
Consider a pipe of inner and outer radii r0 and ra, respectively.
pic alternate-ply material is given by
Due to long length and axial symmetry and steady-state condition
2 2 3ðkÞ 2
the temperature distribution in the pipe is a function of radius rz 3ðkÞ C 11 C 12 C 13 0 0 C 16 ez  az DT
3ðkÞ
only, when no heat is generated. The differential equation of heat 6r 7 6 7 6 eh  ah DT 7
6 h7 6
6 C 12 C 22 C 23 0 0 C 26 7
7 6 7
flow (1) is reduced to 6 7 6 7
6 rr 7
6 7
6C
6 13 C 23 C 33 0 0 C 36 7
7 6 er  ar DT
6
7
7
o2 T 1 oT 6r 7 ¼ 6 6 0 0 0 C 44 C 45 0 7
7 6 chr 7
þ ¼0 ð2Þ 6 hr 7 6 7 6 7
or2 r or 6 7 6 7 6 7
4 rzr 5 4 0 0 0 C 45 C 55 0 5 4 czr 5
Integrating Eq. (2) yields rzh C 16 C 26 C 36 0 0 C 66 czh  2azh DT
T ¼ A þ B ln r ð3Þ ð7aÞ
The outer surface is exposed to free convection at ambient temper- ðkÞ ðkÞ ðkÞ ðkÞ ðkÞ ðkÞ ðkÞ ðkÞ ðkÞ
ature T1, and the inner surface is exposed to forced convection to rðkÞ
z ¼ C 11 ez þ C 12 eh þ C 13 er þ C 16 czh  nz DT
the hot fluid at Tf rðkÞ ðkÞ ðkÞ ðkÞ ðkÞ ðkÞ ðkÞ ðkÞ ðkÞ ðkÞ
h ¼ C 12 ez þ C 22 eh þ C 23 er þ C 26 czh  nh DT
oT  ðkÞ ðkÞ ðkÞ ðkÞ ðkÞ ðkÞ ðkÞ ðkÞ ðkÞ
k ¼ h0 ðT  T f Þ for r ¼ r0 ð4aÞ rðkÞ
r ¼ C 13 ez þ C 23 eh þ C 33 er þ C 36 czh  nr DT
or ðkÞ ðkÞ ðkÞ ðkÞ ðkÞ
ð7bÞ
oT  rhr ¼ C 44 chr þ C 45 czr
k ¼ ha ðT  T 1 Þ for r ¼ r a ð4bÞ ðkÞ ðkÞ ðkÞ ðkÞ
or rðkÞ
zr ¼ C 45 chr þ C 55 czr
0 ; h
 a are the inner and outer average convective heat trans- rðkÞ ðkÞ ðkÞ ðkÞ ðkÞ ðkÞ ðkÞ ðkÞ ðkÞ ðkÞ
where h zh ¼ C 16 ez þ C 26 eh þ C 36 er þ C 66 czh  nzh DT
fer coefficients, respectively. Using the above mentioned boundary
conditions, the constants of integration, A and B, yield
 
k raThf a  rT01h0 þ ðT f ln r a  T 1 ln r0 Þ
A¼   ð5aÞ
k ra1ha  r01h0 þ lnðr a =r0 Þ
T1  Tf
B¼   ð5bÞ
k ra1ha  r01h0 þ lnðr a =r 0 Þ

3. Analysis procedure

3.1. Stress and strain analysis

Consider a laminated composite cylindrical pipe subjected to

axisymmetric thermomechanical loading and internal pressure as
shown in Fig. 1. The cylindrical composite tube has been presented Fig. 2. Stress state in multi-layered FW composite pipe.
534 H. Bakaiyan et al. / Composite Structures 88 (2009) 532–541

and The two Eqs. (12b) and (12c) can be solved according to the follow-
ðkÞ ðkÞ ðkÞ ðkÞ ðkÞ ðkÞ ing form:
nðkÞ
z ¼ C 11 ðkÞ
a þ
z C 12 a þh C 13 ðkÞ
a þ
r 2C 16 azh
AðkÞ
ðkÞ
nh ¼
ðkÞ
C 12 aðkÞ
z þ
ðkÞ
C 22 aðkÞ
h þ
ðkÞ
C 23 aðkÞ
r þ
ðkÞ
2C 26 aðkÞ rðkÞ
hr ¼
zh
ð7cÞ r2 ð13Þ
ðkÞ ðkÞ ðkÞ ðkÞ ðkÞ ðkÞ
nðkÞ
r ¼ C 13 ðkÞ
az þ C 23 ah þ C 33 ðkÞ
ar þ 2C 36 azh BðkÞ
rðkÞ
zr ¼
ðkÞ
nzh ¼
ðkÞ
C 16 aðkÞ ðkÞ
C 26 aðkÞ ðkÞ
C 36 aðkÞ ðkÞ
2C 66 aðkÞ r
z þ h þ r þ zh
ðkÞ ðkÞ
where A(k) and B(k) are unknown integrations constants.
where C ij are the stiffness constants and ai the thermal expansion Substituting the expressions for the stress of Eq. (7b) into Eq.
coefficients. DT is the difference in temperature given by (12a), and using Eq. (11), we obtain the following differential
DT ¼ T  T ref ð8Þ equation:
2 ðkÞ ðkÞ
where Tref is reference temperature and T is the temperature distri- d ur 1 dur bðkÞ2 ðkÞ e0 nðkÞ oT kðkÞ DT
þ  2 uðkÞ
r ¼ a þ dðkÞ c0 þ rðkÞ þ
bution from Eq. (3). dr 2 r dr r r C or r
33
The strain–displacement relations can be described as
ð14aÞ
ðkÞ
our
eðkÞ
r ¼ where
or ðkÞ ðkÞ
ðkÞ ðkÞ C 12  C 13
ðkÞ 1 ouh ur ð9Þ aðkÞ ¼ ðkÞ
eh ¼ þ C 33
r oh r
ðkÞ ðkÞ ðkÞ
ouz C 26  2C 36
eðkÞ
z ¼ dðkÞ ¼ ðkÞ
oz C 33
vffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ð14bÞ
! u ðkÞ
ðkÞ ðkÞ uC
1 our o uh ðkÞ
¼ t 22
cðkÞ
hr ¼ þr b ðkÞ
r oh or r C 33
ðkÞ
ouh
ðkÞ
1 ouz
ðkÞ
nðkÞ
r  nh
cðkÞ
zh ¼ þ kðkÞ ¼ ðkÞ
oz r oh C 33
ðkÞ ðkÞ ðkÞ
C 22
ðkÞ
C 22
ouz our When > 0 and –1, which is for the anisotropic materials used
cðkÞ
zr ¼ þ ðkÞ
C 33
ðkÞ
C 33
or oz
in this study, the solution for Eq. (14a) can be obtained
The equilibrium equations in cylindrical coordinates are ðkÞ ðkÞ ðkÞ
ðkÞ b
uðkÞ
r ¼ D r þ EðkÞ r b þ ða1 e0 þ gðkÞ ðA  T ref Þ
or
ðkÞ
r 1 or
ðkÞ
or
ðkÞ
r r
zr
ðkÞ
r
ðkÞ !,
þ hr
þ þ ¼0 h
ð10aÞ BnðkÞ ðkÞ
or r oh oz r þ r
ðkÞ
 2g B ðkÞ
ð1  bðkÞ2 ÞÞr þ a2 c0 r 2 þ gðkÞ Br ln r
ðkÞ
orhr 1
ðkÞ
orh or
ðkÞ
2r
ðkÞ C 33
þ þ zh þ hr ¼ 0 ð10bÞ ð15aÞ
or r oh oz r
ðkÞ ðkÞ ðkÞ
orzr 1 orzh orz rðkÞ
zr where
þ þ þ ¼0 ð10cÞ
or r oh oz r
aðkÞ
Substituting Eq. (6) into Eqs. (9) and (10) yields the following sim- aðkÞ
1 ¼ 2
1  bðkÞ
plified forms:
The strain–displacements are rewritten as dðkÞ
aðkÞ
2 ¼ 2 ð15bÞ
dur
ðkÞ 4  bðkÞ
eðkÞ
r ¼ kðkÞ
dr gðkÞ ¼
ðkÞ 2
ðkÞ ur 1  bðkÞ
eh ¼
r
ðkÞ
and D(k) and E(k) are unknown constants of integration, and have to
du z be determined from the boundary conditions and the contact con-
eðkÞ
z ¼ ¼ e0
dz ð11Þ ditions at each interface between layers. A and B are heat conduc-
ðkÞ
czr ¼ 0 tion constants (Eqs. (5)).
ðkÞ ðkÞ
duh u
cðkÞ
hr ¼  h 3.2. Three-dimension laminated-plate properties
dr r
ðkÞ
duh
cðkÞ
zh ¼ ¼ c0 r To define the three-dimensional alternate-ply material proper-
dz ties, the material modulus matrix elements Cij are needed. The
where c0 has the physical interpretation which is the twist of pipe per stress–strain relation including the thermal effects with respect
unit length. The axial strains of all layers are equal to a constant, e0. to the compliance matrix is
Therefore, the equilibrium equation for the current axisymmet-
2 3ðkÞ 2 3ðkÞ 2
ric problem can be expressed as ex  ax DT S11 S12 S13 0 0 0 rx 3ðkÞ
6 ey  ay DT 7 6S S22 S23 0 0 0 7 6 ry 7
drr
ðkÞ
rr  rh ðkÞ ðkÞ 6 7 6 12 7 6 7
þ ¼0 ð12aÞ 6 7 6 7 6 7
dr r 6 ez  az DT 7 6 S13 S23 S33 0 0 0 7 6 rz 7
6 7 ¼6 7 6 7
ðkÞ ðkÞ 6 cyz 7 6 0 0 0 S44 0 0 7 6r 7
drhr 2r 6
6
7
7
6
6
7
7
6 yz 7
6 7
þ hr ¼ 0 ð12bÞ 4 czx 5 4 0 5 4 rzx 5
dr r 0 0 0 S55 0
ðkÞ
drzr rðkÞ
zr
cxy 0 0 0 0 0 S66 rxy
þ ¼0 ð12cÞ
dr r ð16aÞ
 H. Bakaiyan et al. / Composite Structures 88 (2009) 532–541 535

2 3
where x, y and z refer to material principal axes along fibers and m2 n2 0 0 0 mn
transverse directions. The matrix component values can be calcu- 6 n 2
m 2
mn 7
0 0 0
6 7
lated from engineering constants, defined by 6 7
6 0 0 1 0 0 0 7
½T e  ¼ 6
6
7
7 ð19cÞ
S11 ¼ 1=Ex 6 0 0 0 m n 0 7
6 7
S22 ¼ 1=Ey 4 0 0 0 n m 0 5
S33 ¼ 1=Ez 2mn 2mn 0 0 2
0 m n 2

S12 ¼ mxy =Ex

where m = cos u and n = sin u, and / is the cylindrical angle of the
S13 ¼ mxz =Ex ð16bÞ filaments from the pipe axis.
S23 ¼ myz =Ey The laminate-oriented coefficients of thermal expansion, which
S44 ¼ 1=Gyz represent non-mechanical strains, can be obtained by
S55 ¼ 1=Gxz 2 3 2 3
az ðkÞ m2 n2 0 2 3ðkÞ
6a 7 6 n2 ax
S66 ¼ 1=Gxy
6 h7 6 m2 07
76 7
6 7 ¼6 74 ay 5 ð20Þ
For the most general case of orthotropic ply-oriented properties, 4 ar 5 4 0 0 15
az
these values would have to be experimentally measured or esti- azh mn mn 0
mated using micromechanics. For unidirectional orientation fiber
composites, the fiber distributions are very similar in the y and z
directions. Therefore, assuming transverse isotropy, and based on 4. Boundary conditions
equivalent properties in the y–z plane for unidirectional material,
we obtain Boundary conditions are imposed by geometric conditions of
the structure and the conditions of loading. It is assumed that there
Ey ¼ Ez ; Gxz ¼ Gxy ; mxz ¼ mxy ð17aÞ are no slips in the interfaces and that there is continuity in stresses
and and displacements. These boundary conditions allow determining
the integration constants.
Ey The traction condition (pressure p0) at the inner surface and the
Gyz ¼ ð17bÞ
2ð1 þ myz Þ traction-free condition at the outer surface are written as
thus rð1Þ
r ðr 0 Þ ¼ p0
S12 ¼ S13 ; S22 ¼ S33 ; S66 ¼ S55 ð17cÞ rðnÞ
r ðr a Þ ¼ 0 ð21aÞ
The conversion of engineering constants to modulus matrix ele- rð1Þ ð1Þ
hr ðr 0 Þ ¼ rzr ðr 0 Þ ¼ 0
ments are obtained from ðnÞ ðnÞ
rhr ðra Þ ¼ rzr ðra Þ ¼ 0 ð21bÞ
C ij ¼ S1
ij ð18Þ
Continuity conditions for the radial displacements and stresses in
The transformation of stiffness from on-axis coordinate system to the interfaces lead to
off-axis (cylindrical) one, shown in Fig. 3, can be obtained using a
stiffness transformation matrix written as uðkÞ ðkþ1Þ
r ðr k Þ ¼ ur ðr k Þ
rðkÞ
r ðr k Þ ¼ rr
ðkþ1Þ
ðr k Þ ð22aÞ
½C ¼ ½T r 1 ½C½T e  ð19aÞ ðkÞ ðkþ1Þ
rzr ðrk Þ ¼ rzr ðrk Þ
where T r and T e are matrixes of the base change of the stress and
the strain, respectively, and are expressed as follows: rðkÞ ðkþ1Þ
hr ðr k Þ ¼ rhr ðr k Þ ð22bÞ
2 3
m2 n2 0 0 0 2mn In addition, the two integral conditions can be expressed as:
6 n2
m 0 0 0 2mn 7
2
6 7 n Z
X rk
6 7 2
6 0 0 1 0 0 0 7 2p rðkÞ
z ðrÞr dr ¼ pr 0 p0 þ F ð23aÞ
½T r  ¼ 6
6
7
7 ð19bÞ k¼1 rk1
6 0 0 0 m n 0 7
6 7
4 0 0 0 n m 0 5 Torque balance is
mn mn 0 0 0 m2  n2 n Z
X rk
2p rðkÞ 2
zh ðrÞr dr ¼ M ð23bÞ
k¼1 rk1

Fig. 3. Coordinate relation between principal material axis and cylindrical axes.
where F is the applied axial load and M the applied torque. The
hypothesis of this study ignores torque and axial loads, where
F = 0 and M = 0. The first integral condition satisfies the equilibrium
of axial force due to internal pressure with the end loading effect for
a cylinder, and the second equation is the zero torsion condition.
Substituting Eqs. (21b) and (22b) into Eq. (13), the integration
constants, A(k) = B(k) = 0.
For N-layered composite pipe, there are 2N + 2 unknown con-
stants of integration, that is D(k), E(k) (k = 1, 2, . . . , N), and e0, c0.
Eq. (22a) can yield 2(N  1) equations and Eqs. (21a) and (23) four
equations, so there is a set of equations including
2(N  1)+4 = 2N + 2 to determine the unknown constants. Thus
one has 2(N + 1) equations to identify the whole integration
constants
536 H. Bakaiyan et al. / Composite Structures 88 (2009) 532–541

2 ð1Þ
3
2 31 2 3
D d11 0 0 0 e11 0 0 0 a11 a12 f1
6 ð2Þ 7 6
6 D 7 6 d21 d22 0 0 e21 e22 0 0 a21 a22 7
7
6 f2 7
6 7
6 7 7 6 7
6 Dð3Þ 7 6 a31 a32 7 6 f3 7
6 7 6 0 d32 d33 0 0 e32 e33 0
7 6 7
6 ð4Þ 7 6
6D 7 6 0 0 d43 d44 0 0 e43 e44 a41 a42 7
7
6f 7
6 47
6 7 6 7 6 7
6 Eð1Þ 7 6 a51 a52 7 6 f5 7
6 7 6 d51 d52 0 0 e51 e52 0 0 7 6 7
6 ð2Þ 7 ¼ 6
6E 7 6
6 7 6 0 d62 d63 0 0 e62 e63 0 a61 a62 7
7
6f 7
6 67
6 ð3Þ 7 6 7 6 7
6E 7 6 0 0 d73 d74 0 0 e73 e74 a71 a72 7
7
6 f7 7
6 7
6 ð4Þ 7 6
6E 7 6
6 7 6 0 0 0 d84 0 0 0 e84 a81 a82 7
7
6f 7
6 87
6 7 6 7 6 7
4 e0 5 4 d91 d92 d93 d94 e91 e92 e93 e94 a91 a92 5 4 f9 5
c0 d01 d02 d03 d04 e01 e02 e03 e04 a01 a02 f0
ð24Þ
where dij, eij, aij and fi are obtained after rearranging boundary equa-
Fig. 5. The distribution of hoop and shear stresses through the non-dimensional
tions in unknown constants. Once their values are determined, the radial distance for [+55/55/+30/30] lay-up.
displacements, strains and stresses are thus obtained from Eqs. (15),
(11) and (7), respectively.

5. Failure criterion

The Tsai–Hill theory is used to predict the strength of each FW

laminated pipe with different fiber orientation in layers. The failure
strengths in the principal material directions are represented by X,
Y, and Z and S is the shear failure strength. The tensor form of this
criterion is F ij ri rj ¼ 1, where Fij are anisotropic material strength
parameters. Assuming a state of plane stress and the strength
equality of y and z direction in a lamina (Y = Z), the failure theory
is written as

r2x rx ry r2y s2xy

2
 þ þ ¼1 ð25Þ
X X2 Y 2
S2
Fig. 6. The distribution of axial stress through the non-dimensional radial distance.
6. Results and discussion

Prior to the demonstration of the present study results, a com-

parison has been made between the present study, in the absence
of thermal variations, and the analytical solution given by Xia et al.
[14] as shown in Figs. 4–12. In this comparison two specific angle-
ply pipes with four plies, including [+55/55/+55/55] and [+55/
55/+30/30], are investigated. The pipes have an inner radius
of 50 mm and each ply thickness of 0.5 mm and it is assumed that
the pipes are subjected to the internal pressure of 10 MPa. The uni-
directional material properties of T300/934 using in this verifica-
tion, are Ex = 141.6 GPa, Ey = 10.7 GPa, Gxy = 3.88 GPa, mxy = 0.268
and myz = 0.495. Through Figs. 4–8 comparisons of hoop, shear, axial
and radial stresses, for each above-named lay-ups, are made. Sim-

Fig. 7. The distribution of axial stress through the non-dimensional radial distance.

ilar comparisons for strains are indicated in graphs 9 and 10. In

Fig. 4. The distribution of hoop and shear stresses through the non-dimensional
radial distance for [+55/55/+55/55] lay-up.
Figs. 11 and 12 radial displacement and the twist are compared,
respectively. From the illustrations it is clear that all the results,
based on the present study coincide exactly with corresponding re-
sults which belong to the reference. This agreement supports the
present study and reveals it as capable of developing to accommo-
date thermal loading condition.
In this study, an exact elastic solution of the laminated pipes
under internal pressure and temperature gradient is carried out,
using three-dimensional anisotropic elasticity. The unidirectional
material properties of T300/LY5052 are given in Table 1. In this
investigation pipes with only four plies are considered, two specific
stacking sequences noticed in this paper are listed in Table 2. Type
 H. Bakaiyan et al. / Composite Structures 88 (2009) 532–541 537

Fig. 8. The distribution of radial stress through the non-dimensional radial

Fig. 11. Radial displacement variations in thickness.
distance.

Fig. 12. The twist in the hoop direction.

Fig. 9. Hoop, axial and radial strains variations versus the non-dimensional radial
distance for [+55/55/+55/55] lay-up.

Table 1
Properties of carbon/epoxy (T300/ LY5052)

Ex (GPa) 135
Ey (GPa) 8
Gxy (GPa) 3.8
mxy 0.27
myz 0.49
ax (106 °C1) 0.6
ay (106 °C1) 32
Thermal conductivity through the thickness (W/m °C) 0.41
Tensile strength (MPa) 1860
Transverse tensile strength (MPa) 76
Compressive strength (MPa) 1470
Transverse compressive strength (MPa) 85
Shear strength (MPa) 98

Fig. 10. Hoop, axial and radial strains variations versus the non-dimensional radial
distance for [+55/55/+30/30] lay-up.
Table 2
Stacking sequence of pipes
A has a property of the opposite fiber orientations while type B is a Type Sequence lay-up
laminated pipe with two opposite fiber orientations and two hoop
A [+55/55/+55/55]
layers. The stacking sequences are ordered from the inner to outer B [+35/35/90/90]
layers. The multi-layered FW pipes have an inner radius of 50 mm,
each with ply thickness of 0.3 mm. It is assumed that all pipes are
subjected to the internal pressure of 10 MPa and the initial temper-
r  r0
ature (Tref) of 25 °C. The ambient temperature is T1 = 25 °C and the R¼ ð26Þ
ra  r0
fluid temperature is Tf = 100 °C. The inner and outer average con-
vective heat transfer coefficients are assumed to be 50 W/m2 °C As mentioned earlier, the temperature distribution has been
and 20 W/m2 °C, respectively. In order to show the results, the achieved by solving conduction equation by taking into consider-
non-dimensional radial coordinate is defined as ation the free convection at the outer surface and forced convection
538 H. Bakaiyan et al. / Composite Structures 88 (2009) 532–541
Fig. 13. The distribution of temperature through the non-dimensional radial
distance.
Fig. 14. Variation of failure criterion coefficient in mid-plane versus different
winding angles.
Fig. 15. Variation of failure criterion coefficient in mid-plane versus different
winding angles.
at the inner surface of pipe. This distribution is shown in Fig. 13,
which indicates that the temperature is just under 150 °C at the in-
ner radius and decreases slowly as radius increases. The tempera-
ture varies linearly with the small thickness of the wall.
Fig. 16. Variation of failure criterion coefficient through the non-dimensional radial
distance.
In Fig. 14, variation of Tsai–Hill failure criteria in the mid-plane
depending on the different winding angles is depicted for four
types of stacking sequence. As can be seen for the first type, [+//
//90/90] is in a safe region for the winding angles between zero
to approximately 50°. The second type, that is [+//+//90/90] is in
safe for angles ranging from zero to nearly 10°, for the third type
of stacking sequences the winding angles for safety assurance
range roughly from 50° to 60°. The last is unsafe for all ply angles.
In Fig. 15, failure criteria curves of the first and third types are fo-
cused where failure criteria are in the safe region. As remained in
the first paragraph, from this point onward we consider only two
stacking sequences, mentioned on Table 2. As can be seen, types
A and B are derived from the third type with / = 55 and the first
type with / = 35, respectively. Fig. 16 represents failure criteria
through wall thickness for selected stacking sequences which re-
veals that all layers are safe under operating conditions.
The distribution of hoop, axial, radial and shear stresses through
the wall of the pipe are observed in Figs. 17–20, respectively. The
results obtained show that stresses rh, rz and rr exhibit a discon-
tinuous variation for type B, where first 90° ply arises. While for
two adjacent plies which have antisymmetric winding angles, the
stress variation is continuous. As can be seen in Fig. 20, the behav-
ior of shear stress does not follow the same pattern. Simply stated,
shear stress changes from positive to negative depending on the
winding angle. Fig. 17 shows that the hoop stresses will increase
Fig. 17. The distribution of hoop stress through the non-dimensional radial
distance.
 H. Bakaiyan et al. / Composite Structures 88 (2009) 532–541 539

is approximately 420 MPa. Fig. 18 indicates the inverse relation be-

tween the absolute value of ply angle and axial stress. That is to
say, as fiber orientation tends to circumferential direction, the
amount of axial stress decreases. In type B, where inner layers have
winding angles of ±35°, the axial stress is 400 MPa and it slumps to
almost 10 MPa in 90° layers. For type A the amount of axial stress is
just above 200 MPa. Fig. 19 reveals that radial stress is 10 MPa at
inner radius and increases linearly until it vanishes on the outer
surface. On the other hand, the amounts of radial stresses are much
less than axial or hoop stresses owing to the small wall thickness.
As can be seen in Fig. 20, except for 90° plies in which shear stress
vanish, for layers with +55° or +35°, shear stress is approximately
280 MPa and layers with 55° or 35° have a shear stress of
roughly 280 MPa. This shows that in this range of ply angles,
the shear stress does not vary significantly.
Figs. 21–24 show the variation of hoop, axial, radial and shear
strain through the wall thickness, respectively. By comparing the
Fig. 18. The distribution of axial stress through the non-dimensional radial
distance.
pattern of change in strains with the corresponding stresses (Figs.
17–20), it can be seen that they follow the same variation depend-
ing on the radius. For example, discontinuity in hoop and axial
strains like stresses are due to a change in the absolute magnitude
of ply angles, whereas in shear strain discontinuity occurs as a the
sign of ply angles change.
Radial displacement appears to level off and remains constant
through layers at around 0.24 mm for both types, as is illustrated
in Fig. 25. The twist of pipe in hoop direction which is the result
of shear stress szh has been shown in Fig. 26. Hoop rotation in type

Fig. 19. The distribution of radial stress through the non-dimensional radial
distance.

Fig. 21. Hoop strain variations versus the non-dimensional radial distance.

Fig. 20. The distribution of shear stress through the non-dimensional radial
distance.

when the winding angle tends toward circumferential direction

and their variation with respect to radius is quite small. For layers
with ±35° winding angle, the hoop stress is 200 MPa, this figure
remains constant until 90° ply arises which jump to nearly
650 MPa. For type A with winding angles of ±50° the hoop stress Fig. 22. Axial strain variations versus the non-dimensional radial distance.
540 H. Bakaiyan et al. / Composite Structures 88 (2009) 532–541

Fig. 23. Radial strain variations versus the non-dimensional radial distance. Fig. 26. The twist in the hoop direction.

Fig. 24. Shear strain variations versus the non-dimensional radial distance.
Fig. 27. Failure criterion coefficient in mid-plane versus inner radius for type A.

B decreased by approximately four times in comparison with that

in type A. Figs. 27 and 28 illustrate changes in failure criteria in the
mid-plane depending on the different inner radius and wall thick-
nesses for types A and B, respectively. As can be seen, both types
follow the same trend. In a constant inner radius, the failure crite-
ria coefficient decreases as wall thickness increases. On the other
hand, when the wall thickness remains unchanged, the failure cri-
teria coefficient increases with the inner radius.

Fig. 28. Failure criterion coefficient in mid-plane versus inner radius for type B.

7. Conclusions

Due to their better corrosion resistance, thermal insulation and

high specific stiffness and strength composite pipes are increas-
ingly used in the oil and gas industry, replacing of conventional
carbon steel pipes. An analysis of a laminated pipe subjected to
Fig. 25. Radial displacement variations in thickness. internal pressure and temperature gradient has been studied on
 H. Bakaiyan et al. / Composite Structures 88 (2009) 532–541
the basis of three-dimensional anisotropic elasticity. Two stacking
sequences known as ideal arrangements owing to their low failure
criteria coefficients focused in this research are [+55/55/+55/
55] and [+35/35/90/90], also the dependency of failure criteria
coefficient to inner radius and wall thickness has been indicated.
It has been shown that the hoop-to-axial stress or strain ratio in-
creases as fiber orientation tends to circumferential direction and
decreases when fiber orientation tends to the axial one. The varia-
tion of shear stress or strain strongly depends on the stacking se-
quence. Also the radial displacements and twists have been
compared.
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