Mobil Egs 260 (1995) Tank Heating and Heat Loss

TANK HEATING AND HEAT LOSS
MAY 1995 PAGE 1 OF 40 EGS 260 — 1995
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Scope 5.2 Insulation

2. References 5.3 Heat Loss Calculation
3. Definitions 5.4 Economics
4. Considerations and Criteria Appendix A — Tank Heat Loss Work Sheet
4.1 General Appendix B — Sample Heat Loss Calculations
4.2 Safety Appendix C — Heat Loss Nomograms and
5. System Design Curves
5.1 Heaters History of Change
1. SCOPE
This Guide covers criteria for the selection and design of tank heaters and includes tank heat loss
calculation procedures for determining tank heating and insulation requirements. Refrigerated storage is
not within the scope of this Guide.
2. REFERENCES
The following publications form a part of this Guide. The references cited with dates in this Guide were used
in its development. For all references which have been superseded, revised, and/or corrected, the user of
this Guide is obligated to determine if the latest versions of the cited references have any impact on the
content of this Guide or its use. Mobil Research and Development Corporation (MRDC) Guide Sponsor
should be consulted if there are any concerns or questions.
Mobil Engineering Guides
EGE 34-B-10 (1991) Thermal Insulation — Hot Service

EGE 34-B-16 (1991) Thermal Insulation — Foamed Polyurethane
EGS 104 (1990) Meteorological Data for Plant Design
EGS 521 (1990) Steam Systems
EGS 626 (1986) Fire Protection — Storage Tanks
API (American Petroleum Institute) Publication
Publ 2023 (1988) Guide for Safe Storage and Handling of Heated Petroleum-Derived Asphalt Products and
Crude Oil Residue
3. DEFINITIONS
Unit Convective Heat Loss — The heat loss per hour per unit of tank surface area due to the movement of
air on the tank surface.
MOBIL ENGINEERING GUIDE
EGS 260 — 1995 PAGE 2 OF 40 MAY 1995
Unit Radiant Heat Loss — The heat loss per hour per unit of tank surface area due to radiation from the tank
surface.
Emissivity — The ratio of actual radiating power to that of a perfect radiator (black body) at the same
temperature.
4. CONSIDERATIONS AND CRITERIA
4.1 General
The following items shall be considered in determining tank heating and insulation requirements:
(a) Minimum storage temperature. Below this temperature, some liquids may be too viscous to flow
or may stratify or crystallize. Water entering with the product, or via tank vents, and condensing or
freezing may also cause problems.
(b) Maximum storage and heating surface temperature. Some liquids, such as lubricating oil (lube)
stocks, are subject to thermal degradation. Solvents, such as those in some grades of asphalts, may
be distilled out of the product.
(c) Selection of the proper ambient conditions. For year-round storage, the average annual
temperature and the mean wind velocity should be used for economic evaluations of insulation, and the
coldest-month average temperature and the mean wind velocity (cold season) should be used for tank
heater design. For seasonal storage, other realistic assumptions should be made. The lowest one-day
mean temperature should be used for tank heater design when this temperature occurs more than 5
percent of the total time in the four coldest winter months. Under no circumstances shall the extreme
low temperature be used, as this may occur once in 20 or once in 50 years. Refer to EGS 104 for
meteorological data for existing Mobil plants.
(d) Swing times between filling and emptying tanks. The frequency, duration, and time of year of unit
turn around shall also be considered.
(e) The self-insulating effect of waxy crudes and products.
(f) The length of time required for the mass in the tank to cool to its pour point. This can take weeks
or months for very large storage tanks.
(g) The effect of viscous liquids on heat loss. As viscosity increases, the heat loss decreases. This
is due to a decrease in the liquid film coefficients.
(h) The effect of tank mixing on heat loss. Continuous agitation nullifies the effect of viscosity, while
intermittent agitation does not.
4.2 Safety
For safety precautions, see EGS 626 and API Publ 2023 (EGS 626 takes precedence). The following
additional safety precautions apply to heated storage tanks.
(a) Where uninsulated tank surfaces can reach or exceed 77ºC (170ºF), insulation or guards should
be considered in personnel exposure areas (see EGE 34-B-10).
MAY 1995 PAGE 3 OF 40 EGS 260 — 1995
(b) Storage temperatures should be kept below 93ºC (200ºF) when the tank pad is flooded, and until
trapped moisture under the tank has escaped. Conversion of trapped moisture to steam can rupture
a tank bottom.
5. SYSTEM DESIGN
5.1 Heaters
5.1.1 Uses and Types of Heaters
Tank heaters heat the entire contents of the tank, while suction and line heaters heat only the liquid being
withdrawn from the tank. A combination of these types of heaters may be used to maintain the tank
contents at the optimum storage temperature and to raise the temperature during liquid withdrawal to the
optimum pumping or use temperature. While heating only the liquid to be withdrawn may be highly efficient,
the resulting high intermittent steam demand may cause problems.
Types of heaters are listed in Table 1, along with their uses, advantages, and disadvantages. External
heaters are those mounted on the outside of the tank shell or in external piping that may be isolated from
the tank. Internal heaters are placed inside the tank or project into the tank through nozzles.
5.1.2 Heater Description
Descriptions of the various types of heaters are as follows:
(a) Bare Pipe Coils — Bare pipes that are normally placed in horizontal banks inside the tank or
wrapped around the outside. Coils may be located near the floor or around the perimeter of an internal
tank duct leading to the tank suction to act as suction heating.
(b) Plate Coils — Formed double wall plates that are either a portion of the tank wall, bolted to the
external wall of the tank, or used as internal heaters.
(c) Finned Tube Heater — Consists of prefabricated sections of extended surface tubes that can be
internally mounted either vertically or horizontally. The effective surface of these sections is about five
to twelve times that of bare pipe.
(d) Immersion Heater — A finned surface U-tube or bayonet tube projecting horizontally through the
tank wall or vertically through the roof via a nozzle. Multiple units may be spaced around the suction
nozzle for use as suction heaters for high withdrawal rates. Steam or Mobiltherm is the common heating
medium. Alternate designs using electrical heaters are also available.
(e) Fired Immersion Heater — A burner firing inside a finned tube that projects horizontally into the
tank through a nozzle. The flue is usually run externally to the top of the tank.
(f) External Fired Heater — A burner firing inside a finned tube, with the liquid pumped between the
heater shell and the heated finned tube. The liquid is either the tank liquid (direct heater) or a heat
transfer liquid (indirect heating). In indirect heating, the heat transfer liquid circulates in coils inside the
tank.
(g) Recirculation System — A system that heats liquid pumped out of the tank and returns it to the
tank. Heating may be performed in the suction or line heater or in a separate heat exchanger in the
recirculating circuit.
EGS 260 — 1995 PAGE 4 OF 40 MAY 1995

MAY 1995 PAGE 5 OF 40 EGS 260 — 1995

EGS 260 — 1995 PAGE 6 OF 40 MAY 1995
(h) Suction Heater — A shell and tube exchanger, with the shell open at the end that fits into a tank
nozzle. The suction nozzle is located on the shell of the heater.
(I) Line Heater — A shell and tube exchanger that may be between the tank and the suction pump,
or immediately or farther downstream of the suction pump.
5.1.3 Heater Design
The following are basic design criteria:
(a) The heater shall be of all-welded construction to minimize leakage of the heating medium into the
tank.
(b) The heater should be located a minimum of 460 mm (18 in.) above the tank bottom so that the
heater does not become buried in bottom sediments and water (BS&W).
(c) A heater in a floating roof tank shall be located to allow the roof to descend as far as possible to
maximize tank working capacity.
(d) Bare pipe coils shall be a minimum of Schedule 40, except that for carbon steel NPS 2 and smaller
in corrosive service [corrosion allowance >1.6 mm (0.063 in.)] a minimum of Schedule 80 shall be used.
(e) Heaters which require tank entry for repair shall have multiple circuits and isolation valves.
(f) Electric heaters shall be approved for the application by Underwriters Laboratory or another
nationally or internationally recognized testing laboratory.
Internal or external fired heaters shall be used only with written MRDC approval.
5.1.4 Heating Media
The heating medium and method should be selected to minimize the risk of overheating the stored liquid.
The preferred heating media are as follows:
(a) Low-pressure steam — 345 kPa gage (50 psig) or lower.
(b) Medium-pressure steam — 1,034 kPa gage (150 psig), provided that the saturation temperature
of 181ºC (358ºF) does not cause thermal degradation or excessive vaporization of the stored material.
(c) Mobiltherm for asphalt tanks or where the temperature of the available steam is too low.
(d) Hot water for those liquids that are subject to thermal degradation at higher heating surface
temperatures.
(e) Electric heating for services where steam is not available or where it may be economically
substituted for hot water heat. Heating surface temperature under abnormal and normal operating
conditions shall not exceed 80 percent of the autoignition temperature of the stored liquid or the vapor
space.
5.1.5 Temperature Sensors and Liquid Level
The location of temperature sensors is particularly critical when there is a possibility that the surface
temperature of the heater can exceed a safe temperature. In this situation, the sensors shall be located to
MAY 1995 PAGE 7 OF 40 EGS 260 — 1995
give fast response to temperature change. Sensors for fast response to maximum temperature should be
located immediately above internal heaters. For fired heaters, MRDC should review the instrument and
control system.
Temperature sensors specified for tank average liquid temperature should be located away from the heater
or heated liquid entrance, away from locations where a stream of heated liquid can impinge, and above
BS&W. Where BS&W is anticipated, the sensor should be located no closer to the tank floor than 900 mm
(3 ft). The normal projection of a sensor into a large vertical tank is 600 mm (2 ft).
The tank liquid level should not be drawn to the level of heat exchange surfaces or to the temperature
sensor used for heater control while heat is being applied.
For suction and line heaters, temperature sensors installed in horizontal downstream piping should enter
from the top or sides of the line to avoid being buried in sediment.
5.2 Insulation
5.2.1 Types
The most common types of hot tank insulation, in order of increasing cost from (a) to (e) [also refer to
Paragraph 5.4 (c)], are as follows:
(a) Sprayed-on polyurethane, spray coated for weather protection, with a maximum service
temperature of about 107ºC (225ºF).
(b) Fiberglass blanket or board covered by metal jacketing, with maximum service temperature
between 121ºC (250ºF) and 232ºC (450 ºF), depending on materials and design.
(c) Mineral wool blanket covered by metal jacketing, with maximum service temperature as high as
650ºC (1,200ºF).
(d) Panel systems of polyurethane or isocyanurate foam bonded to metal jacketing with a maximum
service temperature of 121ºC (250ºF), or 232ºC (450ºF) if faced with fiberglass. These systems are
available from Thermacon Industries or Insultherm.
(e) Calcium silicate or other block insulation covered by metal jacketing may be used. However, these
are usually so labor intensive as to be uneconomical.
(f) Cone roof insulation of fiberglass or mineral wool covered by metal jacketing with double-crimped,
watertight seams. The manufacturer will select the proper details for the specified temperature. This
system is available through Thermacon Industries or Insultherm. The system or its equal is the one
recommended for insulating tank cone roofs since other systems which depend on sealants deteriorate
rapidly and can result in destruction of the roof by corrosion.
5.2.2 Requirements
Sprayed-on polyurethane shall be in accordance with EGE 34-B-16. EGE 34-B-10 should be referred to in
developing and reviewing all other tank insulation specifications.
5.2.3 Extent and Minimum Thickness
Where insulation is required, 25 mm (1 in.) is the minimum thickness for practical installation. For liquid
temperatures below approximately 77ºC (170ºF), insulating the roof of cone roof tanks cannot normally be
EGS 260 — 1995 PAGE 8 OF 40 MAY 1995
justified economically. Insulating the roof of a floating roof tank is not usually done because of the difficulty
of preventing water ponding and leakage into the insulation.
5.3 Heat Loss Calculation
5.3.1 General
Hand calculations for tank heat loss are presented in this section, and a calculation form, sample problems,
and graphical material are included in Appendixes A, B, and C, respectively. (See page 13 for
Appendices — Table of Contents.) When the hand calculation is limited or time-consuming, Mobil Computer
Program TNKQLOS may be used.
There are many computer programs and empirical equations for the calculation of heat loss from storage
tanks. However, critical factors such as wind, viscosity, emissivity, and vapor space temperatures that are
lower than liquid temperatures are often neglected in such calculations. The calculation procedures included
herein, for both insulated and uninsulated tanks, incorporate the major factors that affect heat loss.
Two minor factors ignored in these calculations are solar heat input and heat loss through the tank bottom.
Solar heat input is normally only significant in refrigerated storage. Heat loss through the bottom is less than
5 percent of the total for a clean tank, and any sediments act as an insulation layer.
The effect of wind on heat loss of insulated surfaces has been ignored in the hand calculations included
herein but is included in the heat loss computer program. The increased unit heat loss due to a 16 km/h
(10 mph) wind on a 25 mm (1 in.) thick insulated surface varies from about 4 percent for polyurethane to
about 10 percent for calcium silicate.
5.3.2 High-Pour-Point Liquids
For liquids regarding which the only concern is high viscosity at ambient temperatures, a preliminary
evaluation should be made. Figure 18 (a and b) shows the time required for an unagitated liquid in an
uninsulated tank to cool to its pour point. Comparing this time with tank operations may indicate that no
heating or insulation is required, or that only suction or line heating is required. This calculation is the last
item of the Work Sheet, Appendix A. In specifying maximum storage time, turnarounds must be considered.
In the case of waxy liquids, where a buildup of wax on the tank surface occurs, the buildup will act as
insulation and further extend the time required for the contents to cool to the pour point. Consult MRDC
where the decision to heat or insulate is marginal.
5.3.3 Computer Program
Mobil Computer Program TNKQLOS calculates heat losses of uninsulated and insulated tanks. This
computer program was used to develop the nomograms and curves used in the hand calculations
incorporated in this Guide. The computer program, rather than the hand calculations, may be used for
greater accuracy for insulated surfaces where the specified wind velocity exceeds 16 km/h (10 mph); see
Paragraph 5.3.1. For liquids with viscosities above 21,500 mm/s (100,000 SUS) at 50ºC (122ºF), use the
computer program because of the limits of the hand calculations.
5.3.4 Data Required
To calculate heat loss, the following data shall be determined and entered in the appropriate spaces on the
Work Sheet, Appendix A. Separate calculations are normally required for insulation economics (yearly basis)
and heater sizing (winter conditions) to account for innage and air temperature differences.
MAY 1995 PAGE 9 OF 40 EGS 260 — 1995
(a) Tank capacity, diameter, and height, as well as height of liquid. Assume the tank is 55 percent full
for economics and 75 percent full for heater sizing unless other levels apply.
(b) Type of roof — cone, floating, or internal floating.
(c) Agitators: Are there any? If so, specify continuous or intermittent operation.
(d) Minimum required liquid temperature and viscosity at 50ºC (122ºF).
(e) Type and thickness of insulation.
(f) Surface finish on tank or insulation.
(g) Design air temperatures and wind velocity; see Paragraph 4.1(c).
5.3.5 Hand Calculations
Enter on the Work Sheet, or perform the calculations indicated on the Work Sheet, as follows:
(a) Enter emissivity correction factors from Table 2.
(b) Enter, for uninsulated surfaces only, wind correction factors from Figure 1, Appendix C. Do not
apply a wind correction factor to insulated surfaces, to roofs of covered floating roof tanks, or to
double-deck floating roofs.
(c) Enter unit convection heat losses (Qcl-liquid, Qcv-vapor) and unit radiant heat losses (Qrl-liquid,
Qrv-vapor) from Figures 2 to 16, Appendix C. Note that the liquid temperature, and not the vapor
temperature, is used to enter all curves. The effect of lower film coefficients and temperatures of the
vapor is included in the vapor heat loss curves. Above a viscosity of 21,500 mm/s (100,000 SUS) at
50ºC (122ºF), use the computer program.
For thickness of insulation greater than 25 mm (1 in.), multiply Q from the appropriate insulation curve
by the percentages given in Figure 17. For other than listed types of insulation, multiply Q for a listed
insulation by the ratio of the thermal conductivity, K, of the proposed insulation to that of the listed
insulation. See Figures 5, 9, and 13 for the equations of thermal conductivity, as a function of average
insulation temperature, for the listed insulations. Average insulation temperature may be taken as the
average of the liquid and air temperatures.
(d) Calculate the liquid and vapor areas and total heat losses as indicated on the Work Sheet.
Floating roof tanks have no vapor area, only shell and roof liquid areas. Cone roof tanks without internal
floaters have a shell liquid and vapor area and a roof vapor area. Cone roof tanks with internal floaters
have a shell liquid area and a roof liquid or vapor area, depending on whether the floater rests on the
liquid or is supported above the liquid on pontoons.
The wind correction factors, as may be seen from the Work Sheet formulas, are applied to 60 percent
of the shell area and to all of the roof area, with the exceptions noted in Paragraph 5.3.5(b). When the
shell is insulated, no wind correction factors apply, and Equations 4 through 11 reduce to Equation 12.
5.3.6 Examples
Sample uninsulated and insulated cone roof tank heat loss calculations are included in Appendix B.
Tables 3, 4, and 5 give examples of the effects of selected variables on heat loss.
EGS 260 — 1995 PAGE 10 OF 40 MAY 1995
(a) Viscosity — Viscosity has a major effect on heat losses of tanks that are both unagitated and
uninsulated and a minor effect on agitated or insulated tanks, as shown in Table 3.
(b) Vapor Versus Liquid — Unit heat loss from the vapor within a tank is always lower than unit heat
loss from the liquid. This is due to the lower heat transfer film coefficients and lower temperatures of
the vapor relative to the liquid. The vapor temperature is controlled by the liquid temperature and the
vapor heat loss through the shell and roof. When the shell and roof are insulated, the vapor temperature
is higher and the vapor heat loss is a higher percentage of total heat loss than for an uninsulated tank
with the same liquid temperature. Table 4 shows the vapor temperatures and ratios of vapor to liquid
unit heat losses for various liquid temperatures for both insulated and uninsulated tanks. The viscosity
of the oil in the tanks is 2.7 mm/s (35 SUS); other conditions are the same as those of Table 3.
(c) Insulation — The greatest reduction in heat loss occurs with the first 25 mm (1 in.) of insulation.
Each additional increment of insulation thickness has a lesser effect on heat loss. This sequence is
shown in Table 5, under conditions similar to those of Tables 3 and 4.
5.4 Economics
The following factors, as applicable, should be included in an economic evaluation of heating or insulation:
(a) Energy Cost — The cost of fuel, electricity (including peak load costs), or steam for heating and,
where applicable, for pumping heating media. Steam cost should preferably be based on the "Keenan
Availability Method" given in an Appendix of EGS 521. Any other method, such as the use of unit steam
costs, can lead to an erroneous conclusion.
(b) Heating Equipment Cost — Installed cost, replacement of any heating media, and maintenance.
(c) Insulation Cost — Installed cost and differential maintenance costs relative to tank painting. Obtain
costs for the first 25 mm (1 in.) of insulation and weather protection and for 12.5 mm (½ in.) thickness
increments. Where roof insulation is considered, obtain separate costs for shell and roof insulation.
Assume no more than a 12-year life for a high-quality, sprayed-on polyurethane insulation with sprayed
weather protection and about 20 years for insulation systems with metal jacketing. Calculation should
be done by discounted cash flow taking into consideration tax rate, tax credit, method of depreciation,
equipment and insulation life, and the number of years that an insulated or heated tank will be needed.
MAY 1995 PAGE 11 OF 40 EGS 260 — 1995
TABLE 2
EMISSIVITY CORRECTION FACTORS
Correction Factors
Type of Surface Emissivity
Uninsulated Insulated*
Steel plate 0.96 – 1.0 1.04 – 1.09 –
Mobil Beige 0.92 1.0 (Base) 1.46
White paint 0.91 0.99 1.45
Black paint 0.96 1.04 1.47
Aluminum paint 0.39 0.51 1.16
Aluminum jacket 0.20 – 1.0 (Base)
*For painted or coated jacketing or polyurethane insulation, use factor for paint or coating color.
TABLE 3
EFFECT OF VISCOSITY ON UNIT HEAT LOSS FROM LIQUID*
Viscosity @ Convective Radiant Total

50ºC (122ºF) Heat Loss Heat Loss Heat Loss
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
mm /s SUS Kw/m Btu/h-ft kW/m Btu/h-ft kW/m Btu/h-ft
UNINSULATED TANK†
2.7‡ 35.‡ 0.350 111 0.363 115 0.713 226

21 100 0.323 102 0.334 106 0.657 208
215 1,000 0.279 89 0.288 91 0.567 180
2,150 10,000 0.218 69 0.224 71 0.442 140
21,500 100,000 0.139 44 0.146 46 0.285 90
INSULATED TANK§
2.7‡ 35.‡ 0.047 14.9 0.012 3.8 0.059 18.7

21 100 0.046 14.7 0.012 3.8 0.058 18.5
215 1,000 0.046 14.5 0.012 3.7 0.058 18.2
2,150 10,000 0.044 14.0 0.011 3.6 0.055 17.6
21,500 100,000 0.042 13.3 0.011 3.5 0.053 16.8
* These data are for oil at 66ºC (150ºF), !4ºC (25ºF) air, and no wind; they are not for general application.
† Mobil Beige painted.
‡ Assume this viscosity for continuously agitated tank.
§ 25 mm (1 in.) polyurethane insulation with aluminum jacket.
EGS 260 — 1995 PAGE 12 OF 40 MAY 1995
TABLE 4
LIQUID VERSUS VAPOR TEMPERATURES AND UNIT HEAT LOSSES*
Vapor Temperature Ratio of

Liquid Unit Vapor Heat Loss to
Temperature Uninsulated Insulated Unit Liquid Heat Loss
ºC ºF ºC ºF ºC ºF Uninsulated Insulated
38 100 23 73 30 86 0.12 0.56

66 150 41 106 54 129 0.12 0.58
93 200 59 139 78 172 0.12 0.58
121 250 78 172 101 214 0.11 0.58
2
* Oil viscosity is 2.7 mm /s (35 SUS); other conditions are given in Table 3. These data are not for
general application.
TABLE 5
REDUCTION IN UNIT HEAT LOSS FROM LIQUID
AS A RESULT OF INSULATION*
Insulation
Thickness Percent Reduction in Heat Loss
mm in. Convection Radiation Total
25 1 86.5 96.7 91.7

38 11/2 90.8 97.6 94.2
51 2 92.8 98.1 95.5
64 21/2 94.2 98.4 96.3
76 3 95.2 98.6 96.9
* Relative to an uninsulated tank. Conditions are given in Tables 3 and 4; not for
general application.
MAY 1995 PAGE 13 OF 40 EGS 260 — 1995
APPENDICES
Table of Contents
APPENDIX A — Tank Heat Loss Work Sheet

APPENDIX B — Sample Heat Loss Calculations
I. Cone Roof Tank — 25 mm (1 in.) Polyurethane Insulation
II. Cone Roof Tank — Uninsulated
APPENDIX C — Heat Loss Nomograms and Curves
Figure No. Title or Use
1 Wind Correction Factors
Unit Heat Loss Curves, Figures 2 to 16:
2A Uninsulated — Liquid — Convective/Radiant — SI (Metric) Units

2B — Liquid — Convective/Radiant — Customary Units
3 — Vapor — Convective
4 — Vapor — Radiant
5 Polyurethane Insulated — Liquid — Convective
6 — Liquid — Radiant
9 Fiberglass/Mineral Wool Insulated — Liquid — Convective
13 Calcium Silicate Insulated — Liquid — Convective
17 Heat Loss of Thicker Insulation Relative to 25 mm (1 in.)
Thick Insulation
18A Time to Reach Pour Point — SI (Metric) Units
18B — Customary Units
EGS 260 — 1995 PAGE 14 OF 40 MAY 1995
APPENDIX A
TANK HEAT LOSS WORK SHEET
Tank: No. Location Service
Diameter (D) m (ft) Tank Height m (ft)

3
Capacity m (bbl) Height of Liquid (HR) m (ft)
Type of Roof: Cone/Floater/Internal Floater
Agitator: Yes/No If yes: Intermittent/Continuous
Tank Contents: Minimum Required Liquid Temperature ºC (ºF)

2
Viscosity at 50ºC (122ºF) mm /s (SUS)
Tank Insulation: Yes/No If yes: Type of Insulation
Thickness of Insulation: Shell Roof mm (in.)
Finish of Tank: Shell Roof
Ambient Conditions: Design ºC (ºF) Average Annual ºC (ºF)
Wind Velocity * km/h (mph)
Correction Factors: Emissivity Correction Factor: Shell Roof
Wind Correction Factors: Wcl Wcv
Wrl Wrv
Unit Heat Loss Factors:

2 2
Liquid: Qcl Qrl kW/m (Btu/h-ft )
2 2
Vapor: Qcv Qrv kW/m (Btu/h-ft )
*Not required for insulated tank.

MAY 1995 PAGE 15 OF 40 EGS 260 — 1995
APPENDIX A — Contd
Surface Areas:
Shell Liquid Area (SLA) = BDHR =

2 2
1. m (ft ) 0.4 SLA =
0.6 SLA =
Shell Vapor Area (SVA) = BDHv =
2 2
2. m (ft ) 0.4 SVA =
0.6 SVA =
3. Roof Area (RA) =

BD 2
=
2 2
m (ft )
4
Total Heat Loss, kW (Btu/h):
SHELL LIQUID AREA
4. Qcl x 0.4 SLA = x =

5. Qcl x 0.6 SLA x Wcl = x x =
6. Qrl x 0.4 SLA x Emissivity Factor = x x =
7. Qrl x 0.6 SLA x Wrl X Emissivity Factor = x x x =
SHELL VAPOR AREA (CONE ROOF TANK ONLY)
8. Qcv x 0.4 SVA = x =
9. Qcv x 0.6 SVA x Wcv = x. x =
10. Qrv x 0.4 SVA x Emissivity Factor = x x =
11. Qrv x 0.6 SVA x Wrv x Emissivity Factor = x x x =
If shell is insulated, replace equations No. 4 through 11 with the following:

12. [Qcl + (Qrl x Em. Factor)] SLA + [Qcv + (Qrv x Em. Factor)] SVA
[ +( x )] +[ +( x )]
Total: Shell =
ROOF AREA
13. Qcl or Qcv x RA x Wcl or Wcv = x x =
14. Qrl or Qrv x RA x Wrl or Wrv x Em. Factor = x x x =
Total: Roof =
Total: Shell + Roof =
To obtain kJ/h from kW, multiply by 3,600
To obtain kJ/h from Btu/h, multiply by 1.055
EGS 260 — 1995 PAGE 16 OF 40 MAY 1995
APPENDIX A — Contd
Time to Reach Pour Point:
Tank Fill Time hours Tank Empty Time hours
Maximum Storage Time Hours During Season
Average Ambient Temperature During Maximum Storage Time ºC (ºF)

3
Mass in Tank = m x 1,000 x Sp Gr = kg
= (bbl x 50 x SpGr = lb)

2 2
Total Area = m (ft )
2 2
Mass/Area = kg/m (lb/ft )
Time to Reach Pour Point hours

MAY 1995 PAGE 17 OF 40 EGS 260 — 1995
APPENDIX B
SAMPLE CALCULATION I
INSULATED CONE ROOF TANK — TANK HEAT LOSS FOR INSULATION ECONOMICS
II Buffalo Soft asphalt flux
18.6 (61) 14.6 (48)
Diameter m (ft) Tank Height m (ft)
3,970 (25,000) 3 8 (26.4)
Capacity m (bbl) Height of Liquid m (ft)
(55% full)
93 (200)
20.000 (93,000) 2
Urethane
25 (1) 25 (1)
and Aluminum jacket

8 (47) 8 (47)
Wind Velocity * km/h (mph)
1.0 1.0
Correction Factors: Emissivity Correction Factor: Shell Roof
1.0 1.0
1.0 1.0
Wrl Wrv

0.06 (19) 0.017 (5.3) 2 2
Liquid: Qcl Qrl kW/m (Btu/h-ft ) [From Figures 5 and 6, respectively]
0.034 (10.7) 0.01 (3.2) 2 2
Vapor: Qcv Qrv kW/m (Btu/h-ft ) [From Figures 5 and 6, respectively]

EGS 260 — 1995 PAGE 18 OF 40 MAY 1995
SAMPLE CALCULATION I — Contd
SI (METRIC UNITS)
Surface Areas:
Shell Liquid Area (SLA) = BDHR = B(18.6)8

467 2 2
1. = m (ft ) 0.4 SLA =
0.6 SLA =
Shell Vapor Area (SVA) = BDHv = B(18.6)(6.6) =
386 2 2
2. m (ft ) 0.4 SVA =
0.6 SVA =
3. Roof Area (RA) =

BD2 = B(18.6)2 =
272 2
m (ft )
2
4 4
SHELL LIQUID AREA
4. Qcl x 0.4 SLA = x =

8. Qcv x 0.4 SVA = x =

0.06 0.017 1.0 467 0.034 0.01 1.0 386
[ +( x )] +[ +( x )]
53
Total: Shell =
ROOF AREA
0.034 272 1.0 9
0.01 272 1.0 1.0 3
12
Total: Roof =
65
MAY 1995 PAGE 19 OF 40 EGS 260 — 1995
CUSTOMARY UNITS
Surface Areas:
Shell Liquid Area (SLA) = BDHR = B(61)(26.4) =

5,060 2 2
1. m (ft ) 0.4 SLA =
0.6 SLA =
Shell Vapor Area (SVA) = BDHv = B(61)(21.6) =
4,140 2 2
2. m (ft ) 0.4 SVA =
0.6 SVA =
3. Roof Area (RA) =

BD = B(61)2
2
=
2,923 2
m (ft )
2
4 4
SHELL LIQUID AREA
4. Qcl x 0.4 SLA = x =

8. Qcv x 0.4 SVA = x =

19 5.3 1.0 5,060 10.7 3.2 1.0 4,140
[ +( x )] +[ +( x )]
181,000
Total: Shell =
ROOF AREA
10.7 2,923 1.0 31,000
3.2 2,293 1.0 1.0 9,000
40,000
Total: Roof =
221,000
EGS 260 — 1995 PAGE 20 OF 40 MAY 1995
SAMPLE CALCULATION II
UNINSULATED CONE ROOF TANK — TANK HEAT LOSS FOR HEATER DESIGN
I Buffalo No. 6 fuel oil

36.6 (120) 14.6 (48)
Diameter m (ft) Tank Height m (ft)
15,370 (96,700) 3 11 (36)
Capacity m (bbl) Height of Liquid m (ft)
(75% full)
38 (100)
138 (630) 2
and Aluminum paint

!4 (24) 8 (47)
22.5 (14)
Wind Velocity km/h (mph)
0.51 0.51
Correction Factors: Emissivity Correction Factor: Shell Roof (From Table 2)
3.25 1.95
(From Figure 1)
0.74 0.5
Wrl Wrv

0.14 (44) 0.15 (49) 2 2
Liquid: Qcl Qrl kW/m (Btu/h-ft ) [From Figure 2]
0.019 (6) 0.028 (9) 2 2
Vapor: Qcv Qrv kW/m (Btu/h-ft ) [From Figures 3 and 4, respectively]

MAY 1995 PAGE 21 OF 40 EGS 260 — 1995
SAMPLE CALCULATION II — Contd
SI (METRIC UNITS)
Surface Areas:
Shell Liquid Area (SLA) = BDHR = B(36.6)11

1,265 2 2 506
1. = m (ft ) 0.4 SLA =
759
0.6 SLA =
Shell Vapor Area (SVA) = BDHv = B(36.6)(3.6) =
414 2 2 166
2. m (ft ) 0.4 SVA =
248
0.6 SVA =
3. Roof Area (RA) =

BD2 = B(36.6)2 =
1,052 2
m (ft )
2
4 4
SHELL LIQUID AREA

0.14 506 71
4. Qcl x 0.4 SLA = x =
0.14 759 3.25 345
0.15 506 0.51 38
0.15 759 0.74 0.51 42
0.019 166 3
8. Qcv x 0.4 SVA = x =
0.019 248 1.95 9
0.028 166 0.51 2
0.028 248 0.5 0.51 2

[ +( x )] +[ +( x )]
512
Total: Shell =
ROOF AREA
0.019 1,052 1.95 39
0.028 1,052 0.5 0.52 7
46
Total: Roof =
558
EGS 260 — 1995 PAGE 22 OF 40 MAY 1995
CUSTOMARY UNITS
Surface Areas:
Shell Liquid Area (SLA) = BDHR = B(120)(36.) =

13,570 2 2 5,428
1. m (ft ) 0.4 SLA =
8,142
0.6 SLA =
Shell Vapor Area (SVA) = BDHv = B(120)(12)
4,520 2 2 1,808
2. = m (ft ) 0.4 SVA =
2,162
0.6 SVA =
3. Roof Area (RA) =

BD2 =
B(120)2
=
11,310 2
m (ft )
2
4 4
SHELL LIQUID AREA

44 5,428 239,000
4. Qcl x 0.4 SLA = x =
44 8,142 3.25 1,164,000
49 5,248 0.51 136,000
49 8,142 0.74 0.51 150,000
6.0 1,808 11,000
8. Qcv x 0.4 SVA = x =
6.0 2,712 1.95 32,000
9.0 1,808 0.51 8,000
9.0 2,712 0.5 0.51 6,000

[ +( x )] +[ +( x )]
1,746,000
Total: Shell =
ROOF AREA
6.0 11,310 1.95 132,000
9.0 11,310 0.5 0.51 26,000
158,000
Total: Roof =
1,904,000
MAY 1995 PAGE 23 OF 40 EGS 260 — 1995
APPENDIX C
HEAT LOSS NOMOGRAMS AND CURVES
EGS 260 — 1995 PAGE 24 OF 40 MAY 1995
FIGURE 1
WIND CORRECTION FACTORS
MAY 1995 PAGE 25 OF 40 EGS 260 — 1995
UNINSULATED SURFACE
38 VISCOSITY, mm2/s (CENTISTOKES) AT 50ºC.

FOR CONTINUOUSLY AGITATED
TANKS, USE 2.7 mm2/s.

DIRECTIONS:
(1) RUN LINE FROM AIR TEMPERATURE TO LIQUID TEMPERATURE

AND VISCOSITY.
(2) CONTINUE LINE TO TANK WALL TEMPERATURE, IF DESIRED.
(3) READ Qcl and Qrl AT INTERSECTING LINES.
EXAMPLE:
10ºC AIR, 60ºC LIQUID, 1,080 mm2/s VISCOSITY

TANK WALL = 46.5ºC
Qcl = 0.175 kW/m 2
2
Qrl = 0.21 kW/m
FIGURE 2a
UNIT CONVECTIVE/RADIANT HEAT LOSS FROM LIQUID
SI (METRIC) UNITS
EGS 260 — 1995 PAGE 26 OF 40 MAY 1995
230
VISCOSITY, SUS AT 122ºF.

FOR CONTINUOUSLY AGITATED
TANKS, USE 35 SUS.
DIRECTIONS:
(1) RUN LINE FROM AIR TEMPERATURE TO LIQUID TEMPERATURE
AND VISCOSITY.
(2) CONTINUE LINE TO TANK WALL TEMPERATURE, IF DESIRED.
(3) READ Qcl AND Qrl AT INTERSECTING LINES.
EXAMPLE:
30ºF AIR, 125ºF LIQUID, 500 SUS
TANK WALL = 101ºF
Qcl = 60 Btu/h-ft2
2
Qrl = 70 Btu/h-ft
FIGURE 2b
UNIT CONVECTIVE/RADIANT HEAT LOSS FROM LIQUID
CUSTOMARY UNITS
MAY 1995 PAGE 27 OF 40 EGS 260 — 1995
UNINSULATED SURFACE
AIR TEMPERATURE, ºC
AIR TEMPERATURE, ºF
FIGURE 3
UNIT CONVECTIVE HEAT LOSS FROM VAPOR, Qcv
EGS 260 — 1995 PAGE 28 OF 40 MAY 1995
FIGURE 4
UNIT RADIANT HEAT LOSS FROM VAPOR, Qrv
MAY 1995 PAGE 29 OF 40 EGS 260 — 1995
FIGURE 5
UNIT CONVECTION HEAT LOSS FROM LIQUID, Qcl
[25 mm (1 in.) Polyurethane Insulation]
ºF
LIQUID TEMPERATURE ºC
FIGURE 6
UNIT RADIANT HEAT LOSS FROM LIQUID, Qrl
EGS 260 — 1995 PAGE 30 OF 40 MAY 1995
ºF
ºC
FIGURE 7
ºC
ºF LIQUID TEMPERATURE
FIGURE 8
MAY 1995 PAGE 31 OF 40 EGS 260 — 1995
ºF
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY (K)

= 0.029 + 0.00018 (ºC) W/m2 - ºC
= 0.18 + 0.0007 (ºF) Btu-in./h-ft2 - ºF
(ºC) (ºF) = AVERAGE INSULATION
TEMPERATURE
FIGURE 9
UNIT CONVECTIVE HEAT LOSS FROM LIQUID, Qcl
[25 mm (1 in.) Fiberglass or Mineral Wool Insulation]
EGS 260 — 1995 PAGE 32 OF 40 MAY 1995
ºF
ºC
FIGURE 10
MAY 1995 PAGE 33 OF 40 EGS 260 — 1995
ºC
ºF
FIGURE 11
ºC
ºF
FIGURE 12
EGS 260 — 1995 PAGE 34 OF 40 MAY 1995
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY (K)

= 0.053 + 0.00011 (ºC) W/m2 - ºC
= 0.35 + 0.00043 (ºF) Btu-in./h-ft2 - ºF
(ºC) (ºF) = AVERAGE INSULATION TEMPERATURE

ºF
ºC
FIGURE 13
UNIT CONVECTIVE HEAT LOSS FROM LIQUID, Qcl
[25 m (1 in.) Calcium Silicate Insulation]
MAY 1995 PAGE 35 OF 40 EGS 260 — 1995
FIGURE 14
[25 mm (1 in.) Calcium Silicate Insulation]
EGS 260 — 1995 PAGE 36 OF 40 MAY 1995
ºC
ºF
FIGURE 15
ºC
ºF
LIQUID TEMPERATURE
FIGURE 16
UNIT HEAT RADIANT HEAT LOSS FROM VAPOR, Qrv
MAY 1995 PAGE 37 OF 40 EGS 260 — 1995
DIRECTIONS: MULTIPLY APPROPRIATE

Q FROM FIGURES 5 THROUGH
16 BY PERCENT TO OBTAIN
100
Q FOR ACTUAL INSULATION THICKNESS
mm
in.
THICKNESS OF INSULATION
FIGURE 17
HEAT LOSS OF THICKER INSULATION RELATIVE TO
25 mm (1 in.) THICK INSULATION
EGS 260 — 1995
PAGE 38 OF 40
FIGURE 18a
TIME REQUIRED TO REACH POUR POINT
SI (Metric) UNITS
MAY 1995
MAY 1995 PAGE 39 OF 40 EGS 260 — 1995
TIME REQUIRED TO REACH POUR POINT

CUSTOMARY UNITS
FIGURE 18b
EGS 260 — 1995 PAGE 40 OF 40 MAY 1995
HISTORY OF CHANGE
The history of change contained herein does not constitute a complete listing of revisions and changes
made to this document. Only revisions and changes of significant technical content (per sponsor and
Steering Committee) are listed.
EGS 260 — 1995
EGS 260 — 1995 (formerly EGS 565) supersedes the 1988 version with the following significant technical
changes:
1. Added heater multiple circuits and UL approval of electric heaters [Paragraph 5.1.3, Items (e) and (f)].
2. Added Mobiltherm use where steam temperatures are too low [Paragraph 5.1.4, Item (c)].
3. Defined heating surface temperature limit as 80 percent of the autoignition temperature [Paragraph 5.1.4, Item
(e)].
4. Added cost ranking statement (Paragraph 5.2.1).
5. Added Insultherm as a supplier of special tank systems and gave reason for roof insulation system
recommendation [Paragraph 5.2.1, Items (d) and (f)].
6. Appendix A sample calculations and worksheet — Items 6 and 7 have been revised from Qcl to Qrl.

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TANK HEATING AND HEAT LOSS

MAY 1995 PAGE 1 OF 40 EGS 260 — 1995

1. Scope 5.2 Insulation

Mobil Engineering Guides

EGE 34-B-10 (1991) Thermal Insulation — Hot Service

API (American Petroleum Institute) Publication

EGS 260 — 1995 PAGE 2 OF 40 MAY 1995

4. CONSIDERATIONS AND CRITERIA

(e) The self-insulating effect of waxy crudes and products.

MAY 1995 PAGE 3 OF 40 EGS 260 — 1995

5.1.1 Uses and Types of Heaters

5.1.2 Heater Description

Descriptions of the various types of heaters are as follows:

EGS 260 — 1995 PAGE 4 OF 40 MAY 1995

MAY 1995 PAGE 5 OF 40 EGS 260 — 1995

EGS 260 — 1995 PAGE 6 OF 40 MAY 1995

5.1.3 Heater Design

The following are basic design criteria:

5.1.4 Heating Media

(a) Low-pressure steam — 345 kPa gage (50 psig) or lower.

5.1.5 Temperature Sensors and Liquid Level

MAY 1995 PAGE 7 OF 40 EGS 260 — 1995

5.2.3 Extent and Minimum Thickness

EGS 260 — 1995 PAGE 8 OF 40 MAY 1995

5.3 Heat Loss Calculation

5.3.2 High-Pour-Point Liquids

5.3.3 Computer Program

5.3.4 Data Required

MAY 1995 PAGE 9 OF 40 EGS 260 — 1995

(b) Type of roof — cone, floating, or internal floating.

(d) Minimum required liquid temperature and viscosity at 50ºC (122ºF).

(e) Type and thickness of insulation.

(f) Surface finish on tank or insulation.

5.3.5 Hand Calculations

(a) Enter emissivity correction factors from Table 2.

EGS 260 — 1995 PAGE 10 OF 40 MAY 1995

MAY 1995 PAGE 11 OF 40 EGS 260 — 1995

Steel plate 0.96 – 1.0 1.04 – 1.09 –

Mobil Beige 0.92 1.0 (Base) 1.46

White paint 0.91 0.99 1.45

Black paint 0.96 1.04 1.47

Aluminum paint 0.39 0.51 1.16

Aluminum jacket 0.20 – 1.0 (Base)

Viscosity @ Convective Radiant Total

2.7‡ 35.‡ 0.350 111 0.363 115 0.713 226

2.7‡ 35.‡ 0.047 14.9 0.012 3.8 0.059 18.7

EGS 260 — 1995 PAGE 12 OF 40 MAY 1995

Vapor Temperature Ratio of

38 100 23 73 30 86 0.12 0.56

mm in. Convection Radiation Total

25 1 86.5 96.7 91.7

MAY 1995 PAGE 13 OF 40 EGS 260 — 1995

APPENDIX A — Tank Heat Loss Work Sheet

APPENDIX C — Heat Loss Nomograms and Curves

Figure No. Title or Use

1 Wind Correction Factors

Unit Heat Loss Curves, Figures 2 to 16:

2A Uninsulated — Liquid — Convective/Radiant — SI (Metric) Units

EGS 260 — 1995 PAGE 14 OF 40 MAY 1995

Tank: No. Location Service

Diameter (D) m (ft) Tank Height m (ft)

Type of Roof: Cone/Floater/Internal Floater

Agitator: Yes/No If yes: Intermittent/Continuous

Tank Contents: Minimum Required Liquid Temperature ºC (ºF)