II.

Basic Grammar

1.6 Simple Present Tense (nominal pattern)

The patterns of the sentences are:

1. Positive sentence (+)

Subject+ am/is/are + not + nouns/adjectives/adverbs of place.

 I am a doctor.
 He is hungry.
 They are at Speak English.

2. Negative sentences (-)

Subject + am/is/are + not + nouns +/adjectives/adverbs of place.

 I am not a doctor.
 He is not hungry.
 They are not at Easy Speak.

3. Yes/No Question

Am/is/Are + Subject + nouns/adjectives/adverbs of place?

Yes, Subject + to be. / No, Subject + to be + not.

 Are you a doctor? Yes, I am. / No, I am not.

 Is he hungry? Yes, he is. / No, they are not.
 Are they at Easy Speak? Yes, they are. / No, they are not.

We use:

 Am if the subject is I.
 Is if the subject are He, She, It or those that can be replaced by He, She, It.

He  Names of man (Tom, Jake, Anton, Joko, etc.)

My father, His brother, Her husband, That man, A boy, etc.

She  Names of woman (Anna, Kate, Putri, Tia, etc.)

My mother, His sister, Her wife, This girl, A woman, etc.

It  Singular thing (chair, this house, the shop, etc.)

Singular animal (This dog, My cat, A horse, etc.)

  Are if the subjects are They, We or those that can be replaced by They and We.
They  Plural thing or animal (My dogs, Cats, His horses, These chairs, The shops, etc.)
Anton and Tia, My parents, Hi brothers, The men, Those woman, These children ,etc.
We  You and I, my father and I, etc. (informal situations: You and me, My father and me,
etc.)

In conversation and informal writing we usually use contractions like the sentences below

 I’m a doctor. / I’m not a doctor.

 He’s sad. / He’s not a doctor. / He isn’t a doctor.
 They’re at Easy Speak. / They aren’t at Easy Speak.

A. EXERCISES

I. Rewrite these statements based on the forms instructed by using (to be) !

1. (This job/interesting)
2. (These letters/ not/bad)
3. (Jenny/a doctor?)
4. (The airport/near here?)
5. (I and he/not/happy/?)
6. (His children/at home)
7. (Our son/handsome)
8. (Her sons/not/in the hospital)
9. (I/not/a manager)
10. (Your book/cheap/?)
 1.7 Simple Present Tense ( verbal pattern)

 To say when things happen if they take place regularly:

They eat lunch at two o’clock.
 To talk about permanent situations:
I work at easy speak.
She is a doctor.
 To state general truth:
Popular CDs sells fast.
The moon goes round the earth.
Cheetahs are fast runners.
 To talk about habits and how often they happen:
She buys new clothes every Saturday.
 To describe the plot of books and films:
The story begins and ends in Spain. The year is 1973.

Here are the patterns for this tense:

Affirmative (+) sentence

s V1(s/es) Object / Complement

i go To school every day.
you play Football every afternoon.
they read Books every evening.
we drink A bottle of juice every morning.
she studies Math every day.
he has Much money.
it takes My ball.

Negative (-) Sentence

s Do / does + not V1 O/C

I go To school every day
you Do not play Football every afternoon
We (don’t) read Books every evening
they drink A bottle of juice every morning
he study Math every day
Does not
she have Much money
(doesn’t)
it take My ball
Yes / No Question

Do /
S V1 O/C Answer
does
i go To school every day? (+) yes, you do
(-) no, you don’t
you play Football every afternoon? (+) yes, I do
(-) no, I don’t
do
we read Books every morning? (+) yes, we do
(-) no, we don’t
they drink A bottle of juice every morning? (+) yes, they do
(-) no, they don’t
he study Math every day? (+) yes, he does
(-) no, he doesn’t
she have Much money? (+) yes, she do
does
(-) no, she doesn’t
it take My ball? (+) yes, it does
(-) no, it doesn’t

A. EXERCISE

1. Change the forms into correct forms based on the subject written in parentheses!

Example: they like you (she) ........she likes you.

1. We don’t go there by car (He)………………………………………………………………………………………………………

2. He flies a kite and plays there (They) ……………………………………………………………………………………………
3. They have some cases (She) ………………………………………………………………………………………...................
4. Does your mother arrive early? (You) …………………………………………………………………………………………..
5. These shoes cost a lot of money (It) …………………………………………………………………………………………….
6. I watch action movies every time (Adi) …………………………………………………………………………………………
7. Do my brothers wear nice clothes? (Nita) …………………………………………………………………………………….
8. The food court opens at 08.00 AM (Those hotels) ………………………………………………………………………..
9. Monica usually likes chocolate (children) …………………………………………………………………………………….
10. His mates wash the clothes in washing machine (My mother) ……………………………………………………..
 1.8 WH Questions

Who (variations: whom and whose)

We use to ask about people who (in subject), whom (in object), whose (possession)

- Who are you? I am Nita’s husband, Armand.

- Who is that young girl? She is my boss’ daughter.
- With whom you will go? I will go with my colleagues.
- Whose car is that? That is my car.

Where

We use to ask about place

- Where do you come from? I come from Samarinda.

- Where did you put the broom behind the door.
- Where will you bring the money? I’ll bring the money to bank.

When

We use when to ask about time

- When will your guest arrive? He will arrive at 7.30.

- When did you buy that car? I bought that on Wednesday.
- When is your birthday? It is on February 12th.

Why

We use why to ask about reason

- Why did you resign from your job? (Because) the salary is not satisfactory.
- Why will she stop going to the club? (Because) she wants to spend her time with her family.
- Why does your father sleep early? (Because) he likes wake up early in the morning.

What

We use what to ask about verbs, things or objects

- What is that animal hanging on your tree? Oh, that is just a bat.
- What does she do every day? She works as civil servant.
- What are the ingredients of this juice? Apple, orange, and broccoli.
- What was that sound? It was just a cat.

How

We use how to ask about method and condition

- How did you manage that work? I finished that little by little.
- How will you go to Singapore? By plane, of course.
- How did she make that giant painting? She has worked on that since two month ago.
 - How is your mother? She is fine.

Which

We use which to ask about choice

- Which do you like, Honda or Yamaha? I like both of them, actually.

- Which skirt will you wear? The red one or the blue one? I will wear the blue one.
- Which one of my friend did you ask about? Jenna or Mary? It was Jenna.

Special case: how + adjective (how long/far/big/small/strong/…)

- How long will you stay? Three months and a half.

- How far can you go on foot? Only about five kilometers.
- How big is your house? Big enough to hold a New Year party.

Compose the question with “how + adjective/adverb’ from the following information!

1. How … is Mount Jaya Wijaya? Nearly 8000 meters

2. How … are you? I’m 150 cm tall.
3. How … is this box? 30 kilogram
4. How … did you spend for food? Rp. 190.000
5. How … do you go to cinema? Twice a month.
6. How … is it to your school? 200 kilometers
7. How … is the water in the tub? 1 meter.
8. How … is from Pinrang to Makassar? 4 hours.
9. How … is your sister? 3 years old.
10. How … have you lived in Makassar? 8 years.

Adverbs of Frequency are Adverbs of Time that answer the question ‘’How frequently?’’ or “How
often?” They tell us how often something happens. Here are some examples:

a) Daily, weekly, yearly

b) Often, sometimes, rarely

You probably see a difference between a) and b) above. With words like daily we know exactly how
often. The words in a) describe definite frequency. On the other hand, words like often give us an idea
about frequency but they don’t tell us exactly. The words in b) describe indefinite frequency. We
separate them into two groups because they normally go in different positions in the sentence.
Adverbs of definite frequency

Examples:

 Hourly, daily, weekly, monthly, yearly

 Every, second, once a minute, twice a year
 Once, twice, once or twice, three times

Adverbs of definite frequency, like all adverbs of definite time, typically go in END position. Look at these
examples:

 Most companies pay taxes yearly.

 The manager checks the toilets every hour.
 The directors meet weekly to review progress.

Sometimes, usually for reasons of emphasis or style, some adverbs of definite frequency may go at the
FRONT, for example:

 Every day, more than five thousand people die on our roads.

Adverbs of indefinite frequency

Examples:

 Never, seldom, sometimes, often, always

Adverbs of indefinite frequency mainly go in MID-position in the sentence. They go before the main
verb (except the main verb “to be”):

 We usually go shopping on Saturday.

 I have often done that.
 She is always late.

Occasionally, sometimes, often, frequently and usually can also go at the beginning or end of a sentence:

 Sometimes they come and stay with us.

 I play tennis occasionally.

Rarely and seldom can also go at the end of a sentence (often with ‘’very’’):

 We see them rarely.

 John eats meat very seldom.

We put them in the sentence…

Before main verb

- I always come first to the classroom.

- She never submits her report on time.
After to be

- My supervisor is constantly bad-tempered whenever deadline is close.

- Toni and his brothers are rarely seen again.

After auxiliary verb and before main verb, if there are two verbs

- She will never come to that restaurant again.

- We should never smoke in public transportations.

Before main verb, if the sentence is negative…

- I don’t always stay at my parent’s house.

- She doesn’t often visit me.

…and also in interrogative sentence

- Will you sometimes clean your own room?

- Does she ever call her brother again?

Important case

- Do you ever get up at 5 o’clock?

- Does he/she ever eat in a restaurant?
Yes, always/usually/often/sometimes/occasionally.
Yes, but seldom/rarely/hardly ever.
No, not usually/never.

- I always get up at 5 o’clock.

- She hardly ever eats in a restaurant.
- They never celebrate their anniversary.
- How often do you go swimming?
I go swimming once a day/twice a week/ three times a month.

A. Exercises

I. Rewrite these sentences with the words in brackets!

1. My niece talks with him. (never) : my niece never talks with me

2. Helen was sick. (always)
3. I go to work at 08:00 AM. (usually)
4. George comes here. (seldom)
5. The rain isn’t late. (usually)
6. Mita doesn’t eat hamburger. (often)
7. Have you loved 2 people at once? (ever)
8. Is Didi here? (normally)
9. Does she study in this university? (frequently)
 10. I can remember her name. (never)

You many also ask and answer this way:

1. What time do you usually get up? I usually get up at 1).............................

2. Who cooks the breakfast every morning? My mother always 2)…………………………..
3. Does your father often read newspaper and drink a cup of coffee in the morning? Yes, he does.
No, he does not, he only drinks a cup of tea and reads newspaper in the evening.
4. Who sometimes take you to school? My father sometimes 3)………………………..
5. Do you often go to school by public car?
Yes, I do.
No, I do not. I always ride my motorbike.
6. Do you have your own motorbike/car?
Yes, I do
No, I do not.
7. What do you usually do in the afternoon? I usually 4)………………………
8. Who always does the housework/home chores at home? My 5)………………………..

Subject and object pronouns

We use subject pronouns as subjects of sentences and pronouns as objects.

Subject
Object pronouns
pronouns
1st person i I kicked the ball. me John kicked the ball to me
2nd person You You like to you John wants to talks you
study.
3rd person he He eats green him Mary doesn’t like him.
Singular (male) cheese.
3rd person she She likes ice her John kissed her.
(female) cream.
3rd person(non- it It bit John. it John smashed it.
person)
1st person we We enjoy going us The politician lied to us.
to the movies.
2nd person you You are the best you I wouldn’t lie to you.
Plural
students.
3rd person they They are not Them Mary didn’t invite them.
happy.

We use it to talks about times, dates, distance and weather.

It is 7 o’clock. It’s the 22nd of December.

It is five kilometers from my house to Kuta.

It is raining. It’s rainy and cold in London.

Write down correct prepositions for each statements!

1. The teachers are busy. Please don’t bother……………

2. Mr. Yoon is hungry. Please bring…………… a burrito.
3. The computers are slow…………… are old.
4. Where are the students? ...............are in the Multimedia Classroom.
5. Ana (a woman) forget her book. Please take it to…………..
6. That is my soda. Please bring it to……………
7. Please come back later to pick me up…………… am not ready.
8. The sun shining……………. is a nice day.
9. Subject and object pronouns aren’t easy. I don’t like……………
10. Subject and object pronouns aren’t easy. I have a hard time understanding them. They are
difficult to……………
11. Those are our books. Please bring them to…………….
12. We don’t like them. They are mean to……………
13. Ms. Biethan is a nice teacher. The students like…………..
14. You can’t bring your dog to school. Please take…………… home!
15. Where is Mr. Miller? …………… is in his office.
16. Where is Ms. Potter? …………… is in the writing center.
17. This is Ms. Randall’s book. Please take it to……………
18. This is my cat’s toy. Please give the toy to……………
19. Ms. Vivian is intelligent. Please ask …………… a question.
20. This quiz is over. You have finished……………

I. This is our classroom.

This classroom is ours.

Zacky and Zara are my classmates.

They have a wide backyard.

That wide backyard is theirs.

I have a kitty.

It has a beautiful fur.

Watch out its paws!

 And……… this is my family’s house.

Our house is very big!

GRAMMATICAL FEATURES

Person Pronoun Adjective

1st mine my
2nd yours your
3rd (female) hers her
3rd(male) his his
3rd (neutral) its its
1st plural ours our
3rd plural theirs their

Using Possessive Pronouns and Adjectives

 A possessive pronoun is used instead of a noun:

Julie’s car is read. Mine is blue.
 A possessive adjective is usually used to describe a noun, and it comes before it, like other
adjectives:
My car is bigger than her car.

Remember:

 There are no apostrophes in possessive pronouns and adjectives.

The dog wagged its tail.
 ‘’it’s’’ is not a possessive pronoun or adjective – it means ‘’it is’’:
It’s not my dog.

IMPORTANT:

 We use mine, yours, etc without nouns.

This is not my helmet. That one is mine.
Is that your motorcycle? I thought yours was a Yamaha.
His dog is bigger than mine.
 We can use whose with or without nouns

Whose car is that? Whose is that car?

More Examples:

Whose book is this? That’s her book. / That (book) is hers.

Whose shoes are these?

Those are my shoes. /those (shoes) are mine.

Which one is your laptop?

Which laptop is yours?

My laptop/Mine is read one. / The read one is my laptop/mine.

Which ones are her sunglasses?

Which sunglasses are hers?

Her sunglasses/Hers are the yellow ones.

The yellow ones are her sunglasses/hers.

Underline the right answer!

1. It’s hers/her bag, not him/his.

2. That is a good car. Is that yours/your?
3. Fina is going to pick hers/her sister
4. We play in the yard with ours/our brothers.
5. That is my/mine and this one is them/theirs.
6. She’s got two daughters but I don’t know theirs/their names.
7. Whose pen is this? His/him or yours/your?
8. Can we borrow your/yours mobile phone? Our/ours is lost.

Present Continuous Tense

Present participle form Base form Meaning

doing do Sedang melakukan
studying study Sedang belajar
reading read Sedang membaca
teaching teach Sedang mengajar
Grammatical Features

Form

[Am/ is/ are + present participle]

Structure
(+) S + to be + Ving + C
(+) S + to be + Not + Ving+ C
(Y/N?) To Be + S + Ving + C? Yes, S + to be.
No, S+ to be + not.

Example:

 You are watching TV.

 Are you watching TV?
 You are not watching TV.
Complete List of Present Continuous Forms
Use 1 now
Use the present continuous with Normal Verbs to express the idea that something is happening
now, at this very moment. It can also be used to show that something is not happening now.
Example:
1. You are learning English now.
Use 2 Longer Actions in Progress Now
In English, ‘’now’’ can mean: this second, today, this month, this year, this century, and so on.
Sometimes, we use the Present Continuous to say that we are in the process of doing a longer
action which is in progress; however, we might not be doing it at this exact second.
Example: (this sentence can be said while eating dinner in a restaurant.)
2. I am studying to become a doctor.
Use 3 Near Future
Sometimes, speakers use the Present Continuous to indicate that something will not happen in
the near future.
Example:
3. I am meeting some friends after work.

Stay watch swim cook

Wear sit have

Build knock buy

Use 4 Repetition and Irritation with ‘’Always’’

The Present Continuous with words such as ‘’always’’ or ‘’constantly’’ expresses the idea that something
irritating or shocking often happens. Notice that the meaning is like Simple Present, but with negative
emotion. Remember to put the words ‘’always’’ or ‘’constantly’’ between ‘’be’’ and ‘’verb’’+ing.’’

Example:

4. She is always coming to class late.

A. EXERCISES

I. Complete the sentences using verbs in the ribbon!

1. Look! Somebody……………………………………………..the door.

2. They’re on vacation. They……………………………………in the villa near by the beach.
3. She…………………………………….dinner with her family.
4. ‘Where’s your brother?’ He……………………..TV.
5. Mr. William……………………………………some fruits in the supermarket.
6. Henry’s mother……………………………….rice in the kitchen.
7. The teacher……………………………………..on his chair.
8. Mrs. Icha………………………………………..a purple dress and black shoes.
9. We……………………………………….in the river with a lot of children.
10. Those people…………………………………….a new office at present.
II. Write question by using the following incomplete sentences!

Example: {go shopping/Mr. Jack} = Is Mr. Jack going shopping?

1. {where/go/the children} =
2. {send/the man/his letter} =
3. {who/an apple/eat} =
4. {drink/those people/juice} =
5. {why/meet/Dennis /him} =
6. {take/Miranda/a photography} =
7. {laugh/the girl/at me} =
8. {drive/Joe/a bus =

III. Use the words in the brackets complete the text below with the present continuous tense.

1. Usually, I work as a secretary at ABT, but this summer I (study) French at

a language school in Paris. That is why I am in Paris.
2. Shhhhh! Be quiet! John (sleep) .
3. Don’t forget to take your umbrella. It (rain) .
4. I hate living in Seattle because it (rain, always) .
5. I’m sorry I can’t hear what you said because everybody (talk) so
loudly.
6. Justin (write, currently) a book about his adventures in Tibet. I
hope he can find a good publisher when he is finished.
7. Jim: do you want to come over for dinner tonight?
Denise: oh, I’m sorry, I can’t. I (go) to a movie tonight with some
friends.

Describing objects

Illustration

This is my bicycle. It’s an antiques, bicycle. My grandfather gave it to me for my 17th birthday present its
original shape makes it unique. Even the saddle looks old but fashionable.

This is Mrs. Kent’s precious washing machine. Its exclusive color shows how expensive it is. She puts the
machine in her basement so she can do her laundry with no interference.

ADJECTIVE NOUN

 It is big.  He has a big house

 The house is beautiful.  They have big a washing
 The car is black. machine
 The bike is unique.  We’ve built a unique dog house
 His hat is round.  The bike is unique.
 I have small closet.  His hat is round
 It is a short dog.  I have small closet
 It is a short dog.
USEFUL EXPRESSIONS

- What is the color of your bicycle?

It’s red/blue/brown.
- How big is your house?
It has five bedrooms, three bathrooms, and one garage.
- What is the capacity of you washing machine?
It can contain up to 5 kilos.
- What is the shape of your table?
It’s round/square.

A. EXERCISES

I. Classify these words in the table based on their group of words!

Big white table round long

Cone small fat dress green

High square circle thin

Purple tall

Pentagon pin red pink

Sign cake silver triangle

Brown rectangle magazine laptop

 QUALITY (size) SHAPE COLOUR NOUN

II. Arrange these words in a correct order as the column order above!

Example: blue/ chair/ small/ round = this is a small round blue chair.

1. Rectangle/ box/ long/ yellow

2. Silver/ ring/ big/ star- shaped
3. Eraser/ triangle/ green/ tiny
4. High/ pole/ cylinder/ grey
5. Circle/ white/ clock/ huge
6. Violet/ pack/ medium/ square
7. Pillow/ small/ heart- shaped/ pink

B. PRACTICES

I. Describe some objects that you have. Write down it in a piece of paper. Don’t let your

teacher know what you wrote. Explain it your tutor and let her/ him guess it. Take in turn

with your tutor!

Example:

You : This is my favorite thing. It’s medium, oval, and the wood is brown. It is made of a glass.
The glass is flat and it is inside the oval wood. I put it on the wall. I use it to see my father my body and
my clothes. What is that?

Tutor : Hmm….. I guess it is a mirror. I think you also have the small one. So you can bring it
everywhere you go.

You : Correct. Now let me guess yours!

II. Mention one place where you usually find many objects to use or wear. Tell about

- The function
- Why do the people use or wear it?
- Do you have any experience related to that object?
- Has there anyone ever given you this object (i.e. on your birthday)?
- The advantage and disadvantage of it.
- Is there any special moment when you use or wear this object? , and so on
Simple Past Tense with to be

Grammatical Features

Simple past tense with to be is used to explain the reality or situation that happened in the past and no
longer exist in the present time.

(+) S + to be (was/were) + O/C

S TO BE O/C
I A smart student.
He A handsome man.
was
She My teacher in high school.
It His car.
They Very funny.
We were Friends.
You In Jakarta last month.

(-) S + to be + not + O/C

S TO BE + NOT O/C
I A smart student.
He Was not A handsome man.
She (wasn’t) My teacher in high school.
It His car.
They Very funny.
Were not
We Friends.
(weren’t)
You In Jakarta last month.

(Y/N?) To be + S + O/C

TO BE S O/C
I A smart student.
He A handsome man
Was
She My teacher in high school.
?
It His car.
They Very funny.
Were We Friends.
You In Jakarta last month.
Were you ill yesterday? Yes, I was.

No, I wasn’t.

Was he your teacher? Yes, he was.

No, he wasn’t.

Was she Easy Speak two hours ago? Yes, she was.

No, she wasn’t.

Was Cadillac famous in the 70’s? Yes, it was.

No, it wasn’t.

Were they at the party last night? Yes, they were.

No, they weren’t.

A. EXERCISES

I. Complete the sentences with was or were.

1. Ten years ago, I only a baby.

2. My friend ill yesterday.
3. Mom angry when she saw the broken vase.
4. It very wet on Monday.
5. It six o’clock when we got home.
6. We away on vacation last month.
7. John and I in the garden.
8. You nasty to me.
9. Dinosaurs prehistoric animals.
10. Those my best jeans.

Simple Past Tense with Verbs

ILLUSTRATION

Read about Annie’s journey to Madrid.

Last Tuesday, Annie flew from London to Madrid. She got up at six o’clock in the morning and
drank a cup of coffee. At 6.30 she left home and drove to the airport. When she arrived, she parked the
car and went to the airport café where she had breakfast. Then she went through the passport control
and waited for her flight. The plane departed on time and arrived in Madrid two hours later. Finally she
took a taxi from the airport to her hotel in the Centre of Madrid.
 V1 V2 MEANING
Fly Flew Terbang
Get up Got up Bangun
Drink Drank Minum
Left Leave Meninggalkan
Drive Drove Mengemudi
Arrive Arrived Tiba
Park Parked Parkir
Go Went Pergi
Have breakfast Had breakfast Makan pagi
Wait Waited Menunggu
Depart Departed Berangkat
Take a taxi Took a taxi Naik taksi

Grammatical Features

We use this tense in English to talk about events or situations that are finished. Normally we use a time
reference.

Pattern of Sentences

(+) S +V2 +O/C

(-) S + did not + V1 + O/C

(Y/N?) Did + S + V1 + O/C? Yes, S + did. / No, S + did not (didn’t)

Example:

Last year I went to Spain.

In 1997, my father changed his job.

She called my sister an hour ago.

We also use the simple past tense with verbs in English:

 For completed actions and events in the past:

We had an exam on Thursday.
 For sequence of actions or events in the past:
I went round the shops, then I went to the cinema.
 For permanent or long-tern situations in the past:
I really enjoyed visiting my grandparents when was a teenager.
 For repeated events in the past:
She went to lots of concerts.
She always asked for an autograph when she met someone famous.
A. EXERCISE

I. Complete the sentences with the simple past tense of the verbs in parentheses. Write based on

the patterns asked at the of sentences

1. The boys (whisper) secrets to each other. (+)

2. Uncle ben (hurry) catch his bus. (-)
3. We (return) our book to library. (+)
4. She (kiss) the frog and it (change) into a prince. (-)
5. Someone (tap) me on the shoulder. (-)
6. The baby (cry) when I took her toy away. (+)
7. John (pin) the badge onto his jacket. (?)
8. Two doctors (rush) into the room. (?)
9. This is the house that we (live) when I was young. (-)
10. Grandpa (lower) himself into the chair. (?)

II. Draw a circle around the correct past tense verb in each sentence below.

1. We had a garage where we (kept /keeped) our car.

2. Ali (shew /showed) me the cut on his knee.
3. We (selled/sold) our old car and (buyed/ bought) a new one.
4. The bell (ringed/ rang) and we all (goed/ went) into school.
5. The dog (catched/ caught) the ball in its mouth.
6. The men (kneeled/ knelt) down to talk to the little boy.
7. I (meeted/ met) my friend in the park.
8. Our cat (runned/ ran) onto the road in front of a car.
9. Jane (writed/ wrote) a letter to her best friend.
10. David (hurt/ hurted) his knee when he (falled/ fell).