ENGINEERING DRAWING

AND TOLERANCING

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 GOAL

• Understand what an engineering drawing is.

• Understand why geometric tolerancing is
superior to Coordinate tolerancing.

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 ENGINEERING DRAWING
• Engineering drawing is a document that
communicates a precise description of a part.
This description consists of pictures, words,
numbers and symbols.
• Engineering drawing information includes
• Geometry
• Critical function relationship.
• Tolerance allowed for proper function.
• Material, heat treatment, surface coatings.
• Part documentation information (part number,
revision number) 3
 COMMUNICATION MODEL

Engineering drawings are legal documents.

They should be treated as formal, precise documents.
Each specification should be measurable.
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 CONSEQUENCE OF DRAWING
ERRORS
• Engineering drawing
should communicate
precisely, also need
to be correct.

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• Drawing error can be very costly to an
organization

• If a product liability lawsuit is involved, the costs

that result from the drawing error can run into
millions of dollars.

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 DIMENSION AND TOLERANCES
• Dimension is a numerical value expressed in
appropriate units of measure and used to
define size, location and orientation, form
and other geometrical characteristics.
• Tolerance is a total amount the feature of
part are permitted to vary from specified
dimension. The tolerance is a difference
between maximum and minimum limits.
• Types of tolerance
Limit tolerance.
Plus-minus tolerance.
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DIMENSION AND TOLERANCES
cond..
• Plus –Minus Tolerance
Equal bilateral tolerance.
Unequal bilateral tolerance.
Unilateral tolerance.

+0.5 +0.3

0 - 0.2

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 METRIC DIMENSION
SPECIFICATION

• Common unit of measurement millimeter.

• “UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECIFIED, ALL
DIMENSIONS ARE IN mm” should be added.
• When a metric dimension is a whole number, the
decimal point and zero are omitted.

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METRIC DIMENSION SPECIFICATION
(Contd..)

• When a metric dimension is less than one

millimeter, a zero precedes the decimal point.
For example dimension “0.3” has a zero to the
left of the decimal point.
• When a metric dimension is not a whole number,
a decimal point with a portion of millimeter(10ths
and 100ths) are specified.

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When limit tolerances are expressed in a single line,
the low limit is stated first, then a dash followed by the
high limit.

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 INTERPRETING DIMENSIONAL
LIMITS
• All dimension are absolute.
• Dimension are considered to be followed with
zeros after last specified digit.

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 HISTORY OF GD&T
• Drawings existed as far back as 6000 B.C.
• Unit of measurement at that time is royal cubit.
• During 4000 B.C standardized to 18.24 inches.
• Manufacturing started in 1800s .
• The total process was conducted under one roof,
communication among craftsmen was immediate
and constant.
• Nothing less than perfection was good enough.
• There were variation, but back then measuring
instruments were not precise enough to identify
them. 13
• Now Engineers understand the variation is
unavoidable.
• The variation acceptable without impairing the
function of assembly is identified as tolerance.
• This led to the development of Coordinate
dimensioning.

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 ENGINEERING DRAWING
STANDARDS
1935- American Standards Association
(ASA) published “American Drawing
and Drafting Room Practices”.
World war II- Stanley Parker of Royal Torpedo
Factory in Alexandria, Scotland
created positional tolerancing with
cylindrical tolerance zone rather than
square tolerance zone.
1940- Draftsmen’s handbook by
chevrolet, U.S.
1944 &1948- British published “Dimensional
Analysis of Engineering Design”. 15
1946- ASA published II edition of
“American Standard Drawing and
Drafting Room Practice”.
1946- SAE published “Aeronautical
Drafting Manual”
1949- U.S Military published MIL-STD-8
1952- “SAE Automotive Drafting Manual’
1953- MIL_STDA revised.
1982- American National Standards
Institute (ANSI) published ANSI Y14.5.
1994- ANSI Y14.5 Revised.
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 Fundamental Dimensional Rules
• ASME Y14.5M-1994 has defined 10 rules.
Regarding dimensioning convention
1. Each dimension shall have tolerance, except
those specifically identified as reference,
maximum, minimum, or stock size.
2. Dimensioning and Tolerancing shall be
complete so there is full definition of part feature.
3. Dimension shall be selected and arranged to
suit the function and mating relationship of a part
and not to be subject to more than one
interpretation.
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Regarding manufacturing method
specification
4. The drawing should specify a part without giving
manufacturing methods.

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Regarding implied 90º angles
5. A 90° angle applies where centerlines and lines
depicting features are shown at right angles, no
dimension is shown.
6. A 90° basic angle applies where center lines of
feature in a pattern-or surfaces shown at right
angles are located and defined by basic
dimension and no angle is specified.

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Default condition for dimensions and tolerance
zones.
7. Unless otherwise specified ,all dimensions are
specified at 20°C (68°F).
8. All dimension and tolerances apply in free-state
condition.
This rule does not applies to non-rigid parts.
9. Unless otherwise specified, all geometric
tolerances apply to full depth, length and width
of the feature.

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Convention for which drawing level dimensions
and tolerance
10.Dimensions and tolerances apply only at the
drawing level where they are specified. A
dimension specified on the detail drawing is not
mandatory for that feature on the assembly
drawing.

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 COORDINATE TOLERACING
SYSTEM
• Part feature is located (or defined) by means of
rectangular dimensions with given tolerances.

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 THREE MAJOR SHORTCOMING
OF COORDINATE DIMENSIONING

1. Square or rectangular tolerance zones.

2. Fixed-size tolerance zones.
3. Ambiguous instruction for inspection.

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1.Square (or illogical )Tolerance Zones.
• Diagonally more tolerance (0.707) than vertical and
horizontal direction (0.5)
• More logical and functional approach is to allow
same tolerance on all sides, creating cylindrical
tolerance zone.

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 2.Fixed-Size Tolerance zones

Function of a hole in assembly is , hole location is

critical when the hole is at minimum limit (MMC).

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• If hole size is larger than its minimum size limit,
its location tolerance can be correspondingly
larger without affecting the part function.

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• Co-ordinate tolerancing does not allow
for cylindrical tolerance zones and
tolerance hole that increase with the
hole size, lengthy notes have to be
added.
LMC
MMC

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3.AMBIGUOUS INSTRUCTION FOR
INSPECTORS

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Different ways to hold the part for inspection,
confusion for the inspector which surface to
touch the gage equipment first, second and
third.
Consequence:
Good parts could be rejected or,
Bad parts could be accepted.

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 COORDINATE DIMENSIONING USAGE
Type of dimension Appropriate Poor use
use
Size √

Chamfer √

Radius √

Locating part √
feature
Controlling angular √
relationships
Defining the form of √
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part feature
GEOMENTRIC DIMENSIONING AND
TOLERANCING.

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 COMPARISION BETWEEN GD&T
AND COORDINATE TOLERANCING.

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• Sometimes designers wrongly think it is faster to
dimension a part with coordinate tolerancing
than by using geometric tolerancing.

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GREAT MYTH OF GD&T

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 REVIEW OF FEW FACTS ABOUT
GD&T
• Increases tolerances with cylindrical tolerance
zones.
• Allows additional (Bonus) tolerances.
• Allows the designer to communicate more
clearly.
• Eliminates confusion at inspection.

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Questions & Answers

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• Dimension A contains a tolerance
(limit/plus minus)
• Dimension B contains a tolerance
(limit/plus minus)
• Dimension C contains a tolerance
(limit/plus minus)
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• Dimension D contains a tolerance (limit/
plus minus)
• Dimension B contains an bilateral tolerance
(equal/unequal)
• Dimension C contains a tolerance
(unilateral/bilateral)
• Dimension E contain an bilateral tolerance
(equal/unequal)
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• What is the convention for a whole number
metric dimension?
• What is a convention for a metric dimension less
than one millimeter?
• What does ASME Y 14.5M-1994 stand for ?
ASME _____________
Y 14.5 _____________
M _____________
1994 _____________
• What is coordinate tolerancing?
• The three major shortcomings of coordinate
tolerancing are:_____________
• The “Great Myth of GD&T” is __________

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Fill in the chart using the drawing

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