HEALTH AND ILLNESS

Asst. Prof. Leila A. de Villa - Masajo

What is health?
Health status?
Health
- “State of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing, not
only the absence of disease or infirmity”. (WHO).

– Is a state of being that people define in relation to their own

values, personality and lifestyle.

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Health
• Health is individually defined by each person
• On a personal level, individuals define health according to
how they feel
absence or presence of symptoms of illness
and ability to carry out activities

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Health Status

– “Is a description of health that can be measured by birth

rates and death rates, life expectancy, quality of life,
morbidity from specific diseases, risk factors, and other
factors.

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 Health (Claude Bernard)
• Is the ability to maintain
internal milieu.
• Illness is the result of failure
to maintain the internal
environment
Health (Nightingale)
• Is being well and using one’s power to the full extent.
• Is maintained through prevention of disease via
ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH FACTORS.
Health (Henderson)
• is viewed in terms of the individual’s ability to perform
14 components of nursing care unaided.
Health (Rogers)
• Positive health symbolizes WELLNESS.
• it is a value term defined by the culture or individual.
Health (Orem)
• Is a state that is characterized by SOUNDNESS OR
WHOLENESS OF DEVELOPED HUMAN STRUCTURES and
of bodily and mental functioning
Health (Roy)
• Is a state and a process of being and becoming an
INTEGRATED AND WHOLE PERSON.
Health (King)
• Is a DYNAMIC STATE IN THE LIFE CYCLE
• illness is an interference in the life cycle
What is wellness?
Well-Being?
• Wellness
- an active state, oriented toward maximizing the
potential of the individual; physical health
• Well-being
- refers to a more holistic, whole of life
experience
Basic Aspect of
Wellness Self
responsibility

Daily decision
making in the
areas of: nutrition,
stress
management,
Ultimate
physical fitness, goal
preventive health
care and emotional
health
Wellness

A dynamic Whole
growing being of the
process individual
to Get Your Well-Being Back

1. Work out
2. Calm the chaos
3. Eat and drink good stuff
4. Enjoy quality “Me” time
5. Enjoy quality “We” time
6. Love where you live
7. Love where you work
8. Look good
9. Be happy
• A healthy body maintained by good nutrition, regular exercise,
the avoidance of harmful habits, informed and responsible
decisions about health, and medical assistance when
necessary.
• Physical wellness requires a well-balanced diet, plenty of
physical activity and exercise, proper weight maintenance,
sleep, avoidance of risky sexual behavior, limited exposure to
environmental contaminants, and restricted intake of harmful
substances.
• A state in which your mind is engaged in lively interaction
with the world around you.
• Intellectual wellness involves unbridled curiosity and
ongoing learning. This dimension of wellness implies that
you can apply the things you have learned and create
opportunities to learn more. You engage your mind in
lively interaction with the world around you
• The ability to understand your own feelings, accept your
limitations, achieve emotional stability, and become
comfortable with your emotions.
• Emotional wellness relates to the ability to express
emotions appropriately, adjust to change, cope with
stress in a healthy way, and enjoy life despite its
occasional disappointments and frustrations.
• The ability to relate well to others, both within and
outside the family unit.
• Social wellness gives us the ease and confidence to be
outgoing, friendly, and affectionate toward others. Social
wellness involves not only a concern for the individual,
but also an interest in humanity and the environment.
• The sense that life is meaningful and has a purpose; the
ethics, values, and morals that guide us and give
meaning and direction to life.
• Spiritual wellness implies a search for meaning and
purpose in human existence, leading you to strive for a
state of harmony while working to balance your inner
needs with the rest of the world.
• Preparing and making use of your gifts, skills and talents
in order to gain purpose, happiness, and enrichment in
your life.
• Occupational wellness means successfully integrating a
commitment to your occupation into a satisfying and
rewarding lifestyle. The development of occupational
satisfaction and wellness is strongly related to your
attitude about your work.
• The capability to live in a clean and safe environment
that is not detrimental to health. The quality of our
environment has a direct effect on personal wellness.
• To enjoy environmental wellness we require clean air,
pure water, quality food, adequate shelter, satisfactory
work conditions, personal safety, and healthy
relationships.
 Models of Health and Wellness
1. Smith’s Model of Health
– Clinical Model
– Role Performance Model
– Adaptive Model
– Eudemonistic Model
2. Leavell and Clark’s Agent: Agent- Host Environment
Model (Ecological Model)
3. Health Illness –Continuum
4. Health Belief Model(HBM)
5. Health Promotional Model
 Clinical Model

Health is identified by the

absence of signs and symptoms
of disease and injury

Views people as physiologic system

with related functions
Role Performance Model

People who can fulfill their

roles are healthy even if
they have clinical illness.
 Adaptive Model

Health is a creative process;

disease is a failure in adaptation, or
mal-adaptation
Eudemonistic Model
Health is seen as a
condition of
actualization or
realization of a
person’s potential
Leavell and Clark’s Agent-Host-Environment
Model (Ecological Model)
Three interactive factors that affect health and
illness
1. Agent
- any factor or stressor that can lead to illness
or disease
2. Host
- persons who may or may not be affected by
a disease.
3. Environment
- any factor external to the host that may or
may not predispose the person to a certain
disease.
 Health Illness Continuum (Dunn)
ENVIRONMENT

Protected poor health in HLW in favorable

HLW is an integrated favorable environment environment
method of functioning
that is oriented
towards maximizing ILLNESS HEALTH
one’s potentialities
within the limitations
of his environment

Precursor of Good Health High Level

illness Wellness

Poor health in unfavorable Emergent HLW in

environment unfavorable environment
Precursors of Illness
1. Hereditary
2. Behavioral Factors
3. Environmental Factors
 Health Belief Model (HBM), Becker
Perceived susceptibility to an illness
Individual
Perception Perceived seriousness of an illness

Perceived threat to an illness

HBM

Demographic Variables
Modifying Sociopsychological variables
Factors
Structural variables

Cues to action (interl/external)

Health Promotion Model (Pender)
Individual
Perception

Health
Promotion
Model

Modifying Participation
Factors in Health
What is illness?
• Illness
- the unique response of a
person to a disease
DISEASE
• An alteration in body
functions resulting in
reduction of capacities or a
shortening of the normal life
span.
Common Causes of Disease
1. Biological agents
2. Inherited genetic defects
3. Developmental defects
4. Physical agents
5. Chemical agents
6. Tissue response to irritation/injury
7. Faulty chemical/ metabolic process
8. Emotional/ physical reaction to stress
Stages of Illness
1. Symptom Experience
2. Assumption of sick role
3. Medical care contact
4. Dependent patient role
5. Recovery/
rehabilitation
• Any situation, habit, social or
environmental condition,
developmental or intellectual
condition, or spiritual or other
variable that increases the
vulnerability of an individual
or group to an illness or
accident.
Disease
1. Genetic and physiological
factors
2. Age
3. Environment
4. Lifestyle
 Classification of Diseases
According to Etiologic Factor
1. Hereditary 6. Allergic
2. Congenital 7. Neoplastic
3. Metabolic 8. Idiopathic
4. Deficiency 9. Degenerative
5. Traumatic 10. Iatrogenic
CLASSIFICATION OF DISEASES
ACCORDING TO DURATION OR ONSET
Acute Illness
• Rapid onset of symptoms
• Short duration and is severe
• Some are life threatening
• Many do not require medical
treatment
Chronic illness
• Broad term that encompasses many
different physical and mental alterations
in health
• It is a permanent change
• Requires special patient education for
rehabilitation
• Requires long term of care and support
• It is characterized by:
- remission
- exacerbation
Sub-acute
• Symptoms are pronounced
but more prolonged than in
acute
CLASSIFICATION OF DISEASES
OTHER DESCRIPTION
 Classification of Diseases
other description

1. Organic 6. Epidemic
2. Functional 7. Endemic
3. Occupational 8. Pandemic
4. Familial 9. Sporadic
5. Venereal
 Classification of Diseases
other description
1. Organic - Result from changes in the normal structure, from
recognizable anatomical changes in an organ or body tissue
2. Functional – no anatomical changes are observed to account
for the presence of symptoms, may result from abnormal
responses to stimuli
3. Occupational- result from factors associated with the
occupation engaged in by the patient.
4. Familial- occurs in several individuals of the same family.
5. Venereal- usually acquired through sexual relation.
 Classification of Diseases
other description
6. Epidemic – attacks a large number of individuals in the community at
the same time.
7. Endemic – present more or less continuously or recurs in a community.
8. Pandemic- An epidemic disease which is extremely widespread
involving an entire country or continent
9. Sporadic- a disease in which only occasional cases occur
What motivates YOU
to be healthy, strong
and active?
Is it INTRINSIC FORCES,
EXTRINSIC FORCES or both that
pushes you to make good choices
about your lifestyles?
How about your patient?
As nurses, it is our job to help
our patients find their
inspiration and what their
driving factor will be to put
them on the path to better
health.
• One tool that nurses can use to help
guide their patients in the right
direction is the
• health continuum
• illness-wellness continuum.
The illness-wellness continuum was first imagined by
Dr. John W. Travis in 1972.
The illness-wellness continuum is an illustration that draws a
connection between the treatment paradigm and the
wellness paradigm.
Where they meet in the middle is
considered the neutral point.
In this illustration, you can see that the wellness paradigm
spans the entire length of the continuum, since this is the
direction our patients must be facing in order to achieve high-
level wellness. The treatment paradigm, however, only leads
patients to the neutral point or, in other words, a non-illness
state.
• Our goal as nurses should be to move
our patients beyond that to a more
optimal level of health.
• Moreso, the way to achieve this is
through awareness, education and
individual growth.
 Leavell and Clark’s Three Level
Prevention
Primary • Health promotion
• Specific protection
prevention
Secondary • Early diagnosis
• Prompt treatment to limit disability
prevention
Tertiary • rehabilitation
prevention
Behaviors Associated with the Levels of
prevention
Primary • Complete immunization program
• Quit smoking
prevention

Secondary • Annual physical exam

• Monthly BSE for women who are 20 years
prevention old and above.

Tertiary • Self monitoring of blood glucose among

diabetics
prevention
 Types of Health Promotion Programs
Information • Use of variety of media to offer information to the public
about the particular lifestyle choices and personal behavior
Dissemination
Health Appraisal and Wellness • Wellness assessment programs are focused
Assessment Programs on more positive methods of enhancement
Lifestyle and Behavior • Geared toward enhancing the quality of life
Change Programs and extening the life span
Worksite wellness • Include programs that serve the needs of persons
programs in their workplace

Environmental control • Developed to address the growing problem of

programs environment pollution-air, land and water
• the process of enabling people to increase control over,
and to improve, their health.
• To reach a state of complete physical, mental and social
well-being, an individual or group must be able to
identify and to realize aspirations, to satisfy needs, and
to change or cope with the environment.

www.who.int/healthpromotion
• Concept of individuality
- to help clients attain, maintain and regain an optimal
level of health, nurses need to understand clients as
individual.
• Concept of Holism
- When applied in nursing, the concept of holism
emphasizes that nurses must keep the whole person in
mind and strive to understand how one area of concern
relates to the whole person.
• Concept of Homeostasis
- the tendency of the body to maintain a state of balance
or equilibrium while continually changing.
 Physiological Homeostasis
 Psychological Homeostasis
• Concept of Homeostasis
 Physiological Homeostasis
1. They Are Self Regulating
2. They Are Compensatory
3. They Tend To Be Regulated By Negative Feedback Systems
4. They May Require Several Feedback Mechanisms To
Correct Only One Physiological Balance.
• Concept of Homeostasis
- the tendency of the body to maintain a state of balance
or equilibrium while continually changing.
 Physiological Homeostasis
 Psychological Homeostasis
• Concept of individuality
• Concept of Holism
• Concept of Homeostasis
• Assessing the Health of Individual
 Levels of Care
• Health Promotion
• Disease Prevention
• Health Maintenance
• Curative
• Rehabilitative