YOUR URINARY SYSTEM

Pee is one of the first body fluids a kid learns about. You probably learned about
pee (also called urine) when you were little and started using the toilet instead of
diapers. Now that you're older, you can understand much more about the amazing
yellow stuff called pee.

Parts of the Urinary Tract

You drink, you pee. But urine is more than just that drink you had a few hours ago.
The body produces pee as a way to get rid of waste and extra water that it doesn't
need. Before leaving your body, urine travels through the urinary tract.

The urinary tract is a pathway that includes the:

 kidneys: two bean-shaped organs that filter waste from the blood and produce
urine
 ureters: two thin tubes that take pee from the kidney to the bladder
 bladder: a sac that holds pee until it's time to go to the bathroom
 urethra: the tube that carries urine from the bladder out of the body when you
pee
The kidneys are key players in the urinary tract. They do two important jobs —
filter waste from the blood and produce pee to get rid of it. If they didn't do this,
toxins (bad stuff) would quickly build up in your body and make you sick. That's
why you hear about people getting kidney transplants sometimes. You need at least
one working kidney to be healthy.
You might wonder how your body ends up with waste it needs to get rid of.
Body processes such as digestion and metabolism (when the body turns food into
energy) produce wastes, or byproducts. The body takes what it needs, but the waste
has to go somewhere. Thanks to the kidneys and pee, it has a way to get out. When
you're asked to give a urine sample during a doctor's visit, the results reveal how
well your two kidneys are working. For example, white blood cells in the urine can
be a sign of an infection.
 Pee also is a way for your body to keep the right amount of water. Did you
ever notice that if you drink a lot, you pee more and the pee is pale yellow? That's
because your body is getting rid of extra water and your pee has more water in it
than usual.

What's Pee Made Of?

Let's talk more about how the kidneys filter blood. When blood goes through the
kidneys, water and some of the other stuff that is in blood (like protein, glucose,
and other nutrients) go back into the bloodstream, while the waste and excess stuff
is taken out. Urine is what is left behind. But what is it exactly?

Urine contains:
 water
 urea, a waste product that forms when proteins are broken down
 urochrome, a pigmented blood product that gives urine its yellowish color
 salts
 creatinine, a waste product that forms with the normal breakdown of muscle
 byproducts of bile from the liver
 ammonia

You've Got to Go!

Once pee is produced, it travels from the kidney to the bladder, where it's stored
until you need to go to the bathroom. The bladder expands as it fills; when it's full,
nerve endings in the bladder wall send a message to the brain that you need to pee.
When you're in the bathroom, ready to go, the bladder walls contract and the
sphincter (a ringlike muscle that guards the exit from the bladder to the urethra)
relaxes. The urine then flows from the bladder and out of the body through the
urethra. For boys, the urethra ends at the tip of the penis. For girls, it's in front of the
vaginal opening.
Urinary Tract Health
You might not think much about peeing or your urinary tract, but here's how
you can help keep everything flowing as it should:
 Drink enough fluids. There's no magic amount, but be sure to drink plenty of
water, especially when it's warm out or you're exercising and playing.
 For girls: Wipe from front to back, especially after going poop. Because of where
the urethra is for girls, it's easy for bacteria from poop to get in that area. If some
of those bacteria end up in the urinary tract, you could get an infection known
as a UTI (urinary tract infection).
 For everyone: Go to the bathroom when you need to go. Holding too long isn't
good for your urinary tract — and it can lead to accidents. Uh-oh!

Reviewed by: Rupal Christine Gupta, MD

Date reviewed: September 2014
 CONCLUSION OF YOUR URINARY SYSTEM

Pee is one of the first body fluids a kid learns about. You probably learned about
pee (also called urine).

Parts of the Urinary Tract

The body produces pee as a way to get rid of waste and extra water that it doesn't
need. Before leaving your body, urine travels through the urinary tract.

The urinary tract is a pathway that includes the:

 kidneys: two bean-shaped organs that filter waste from the blood and produce
urine
 ureters: two thin tubes that take pee from the kidney to the bladder
 bladder: a sac that holds pee until it's time to go to the bathroom
 urethra: the tube that carries urine from the bladder out of the body when you
pee
The kidneys are key players in the urinary tract. They do two important jobs —
filter waste from the blood and produce pee to get rid of it.

Urine contains:
 water
 urea, a waste product that forms when proteins are broken down
 urochrome, a pigmented blood product that gives urine its yellowish color
 salts
 creatinine, a waste product that forms with the normal breakdown of muscle
 byproducts of bile from the liver
 ammonia

Urinary Tract Health

 Drink enough fluids.
 For girls: Wipe from front to back, especially after going poop.
 For everyone: Go to the bathroom when you need to go.
 DIFFICUIT WORDS

No Hard word That is

1. instead Sebagai gantinya
2. bladder Kandung kemih
3. toxins Racun
4. invection Infeksi
5. Results Hasil
6. Notice Melihat
7. More Lebih
8. Getting Mendapatkan
9. Bloodstream Aliran darah
10. Excess Kelebihan
11. kidney Ginjal
12. Muscle Otot
13. digestion pencernaan
14. peeing Buang air kecil
15. exercising berolahraga
A. Modal verbs

The modal verbs include can, must, may, might, will, would, should. They are
used with other verbs to express ability, obligation, possibility, and so on. Below
is a list showing the most useful modals and their most common meanings:

Modal Meaning Example

can to express ability I can speak a little Russian.

can to request permission Can I open the window?

may to express possibility I may be home late.

may to request permission May I sit down, please?

must to express obligation I must go now.

must to express strong belief She must be over 90 years old.

should to give advice You should stop smoking.

would to request or offer Would you like a cup of tea?

would in if-sentences If I were you, I would say sorry.

Modal verbs are unlike other verbs. They do not change their form (spelling) and
they have no infinitive or participle (past/present). The modals must and canneed
substitute verbs to express obligation or ability in the different tenses. Here are
some examples:

Past simple Sorry I'm late. I had to finish my math test.

Present perfect She's had to return to Korea at short notice.

Future You'll have to work hard if you want to pass the exams.

Infinitive I don't want to have to go.

Past simple I couldn't/wasn't able to walk until I was 3 years old.

Present perfect I haven't been able to solve this problem. Can you help?

Future I'm not sure if I will be able to come to your party.

Infinitive I would love to be able to play the piano.

Modals are auxiliary verbs. They do not need an additional auxiliary in negatives
or questions. For example: Must I come? (Do I must come?), or: He shouldn't
smoke (He doesn't should smoke)

B. CAUSATIVE VERB

1. Understanding Causative Verb

Causative verbs are verbs that ask people or other things to do. In English,
there are 5 causative verbs, make, get, have, let, and help.

2. Types of Causative Verbs

Below are the types of causative verbs and their formulas, examples and
explanations.

a) Causative Make

The first causative verbs are MAKE. Causative make is used to get people to do
things.

formula :
Subject + Make + Someone/Something + Verb 1

example :

 She made the baby take a nap.

 Professor Rogers didn't make us type up our lap reports.
 I made the machine work.
 I can't seem to make this dishwasher run.

b) Causative Get

The 2nd Casatuve verbs are GET. Causative get is used when we want to make
someone or something do action or action, just like causative MAKE. But the
difference, causative get is not too force seprtihlanya caustive make.
Formula:

Subject + Get + Someone + To Infinitive

atau
Subject + Get + Something + Verb 3 (Verb Participle)

Contoh:

 Let's get Ralph to go with us.

 Do you know that we can get Karen to take us to San Diego?
 I want to get the house painted before winter.
 Let's get our car fixed first.

c) Causative Have

The 3rd Causative verbs are HAVE. Just like causative make and causative get,
causative haves are also used to make people or objects perform an action but
rather not force like causative make and get.

Formula:
Subject + Have + Someone + Verb 1
atau
Subject + Have + Something + Verb 3 (Verb Participle)

example :

 They had their lawyer change their will.

 I like the way you had the beautician do you hair.
 Tom had a tooth filled.
 Have you had your temperature taken yet?

d) Causative let

LET is used as causative verbs by giving permission for other people or

objects to perform an action or action.

Formula:
Subject + Let + Someone/Something + Verb 1

Contoh:

 His mother let him go to school.

 Professor Baker let us write a paper instead of taking a final exam.
  Would you let us borrow your notes?
 Don't let it bother you.

e) Causative help

In addition to the 4 causative verbs above, HELP can also be used as a causative
verb. Unlike other causative (pelakunay not do the action / action), causative help
is more inclined to give help to others to do something.

Formula:
Subject + Help + Someone + Verb 1/To Infinitive

example :

 My husband always helps her do the laundry.

 My husband always helps her to do the laundry.
 My teacher helped me get this job.
 My teacher helped me to get this job.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Palmer, F. R., Mood and Modality, Cambridge University Presents, 2001, p. 33

A Short Overview of English Syntax (Rodney Huddleston), section 6.5d

Palmer, op. cit., p. 70. The subsequent text shows that the intended definitions were
transposed.

Bybee,Joan; Perkins, Revere; and Pagliuca, William. The Evolution of Grammar,

Univ. of Chicago Press, 1994, pp.192-199

The forms are given as in §85 and in §84 2 of Dansk grammatik (in Danish) by Niels
Nielsen, Gleerups förlag, 1959, but with modernised orthography.