BEGINNING

DOLMEN Consists of several large stones set on end with large covering slab
TUMULUS A mound of earth or stone protecting a tomb chamber or simple grave
MENHIRS Single great stones set on end and arranged in parallel rows, some of which run for
several miles and consists of thousands of stones purpose is of religious nature
EGYPTIAN
HIEROGLYPHICS Picture writings of primitive people
PYLON Monumental gateway to an Egyptian temple consisting with slanting walls
flanking the entrance portal

TOMBS
MASTABA Flat-top funerary mound, with battered sloping sides,
covering a burial chamber below ground
ROYAL PYRAMIDS Massive funerary structure of stone or brick with a square base and four
sloping triangular sides meeting at the apex
ROCK HEWN TOMBS A type serving for the nobility rather than royalty

TEMPLES
MORTUARY For ministrations to defied pharaoh
CULT For the popular worship of the ancient and mysterious gods
ANCIENT NEAR EAST
PORTICO A colonnaded space forming an entrance or vestibule, with a roof supported
on at least one side by columns
MEGARON Principal room of an anatolian house
PERSEPOLIS Hall of hundred columns
PRE-COLUMBIAN IN AMERICA
MAYA ARCH A corbelled arch of triangular shape common
on building of the Maya Indians of Yucatan
GREEK
ECHINUS The convex or projecting moulding, resembling the shell of sea urchin
which supports the abacus of the Greek Doric capital,
sometimes painted with egg and dart moulding
DADO The portion of the pedestal between its base and cornice. A term applied to
the lower portion of walls when decorated separately
COFFERS Sunk panels, caissons or lacunaria formed in ceilings vaults of domes
EXEDRA A recess or alcove with raised seat where the disputation of the learned took place
DORIC used chiefly in South Italy and Sicily on the Greek mainland
IONIC Asia minor
PROPYLAEA Or entrance gateways, marked the approach to the sacred enclosure in many
cities such as Athens, Epidauros, Eliusis and Prien
PINACOTHECA A picture gallery or a building to contain painted pictures
PEDIMENT A triangular piece of wall above the entablature enclosed by raking cornice
ANTELIXAE Ornamental blocks fixed vertically regular intervals along the lower edge of a
roof, to cover the ends of tiles
NAOS The principal chamber in the Greek temple containing the statue of the deity
MUTULES Projecting inclined blocks in Doric cornices, derived from the ends of wooden beams
PEDIMENT In classic architecture, a triangular piece of wall above the entablature
enclosed by raking cornices
ACROTERION Blocks resting on the vertex and lower extreminities of the pediment to
support statuary or ornaments
TYMPANUM The triangular surface bounded by the sloping and horizontal cornices of a pediment
CORNICE The crowning or upper portion of the entablature also used for any crowning projection
FRIEZE The middle division of the classic entablature

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ARCHITRAVE The beam or lowest division of the classic entablature, which extends from
column. Also a moulded frame around a door or window
CAPITAL The crowning feature of a column or a pilaster
SHAFT The portion of a column between base and capital
CREPIDOMA The steps forming the base of columnaded Greek temple (3steps)
STYLOBATE The upper step forming a platform on which a colonnade is placed
TRIGLYPH Blocks with vertical channels which form a distinguishing feature in the frieze
of the Doric entablature
METOPE The space between Doric triglyphs, sometimes left open in ancient examples,
afterwards applied to the carved slab
TENIA A flat projecting band capping the architrave of a Doric entablature
GUTTAE Small cones under the triglyphs and mutules of the Doric entablature
REGULA The short band under triglyphs, beneath the tenia of the Doric entablature and
to which the gutae are attached
ANNULETS A small flat fillet encircling a column. It is several times repeated under the
ovolo or enchinus of the Doric capital
TRACHELION The neck of a Greek Doric column, between the annulets and the gromes or hypotrachelon
HYPOTRACHELION The channels or grooves beneath the trachelion at the junction of
capital and shaft of a column
ENTABLATURE The upper part of an order of architecture, comprising architrave, frieze and
cornice, supported by a collonade
COLUMN A vertical support, generally consisting of base, circular shaft and spreading capital
ANTEFIXAE Ornamental blocks, fixed vertically at regular intervals along the lower edge of
a roof, to cover the ends of tiles
ARRIS The sharp edge formed by meeting of two surfaces
FLUTES The vertical channeling on the shaft of a column
ABACUS A slab forming the crowning member of a capital
PLINTH The lowest square member of the base of a column
FILLETS A small flat band between mouldings to separate them from each other
FLUTES The vertical channeling on the shaft of a column
DENTILS Tooth like blocks in Ionic end Corinthian cornices
CYMATIUM The crowning member of a cornice generally in the form of a cyma
VESTIBULE The ante room or small foyer leading into a larger space
CAUCOLI Anyone of the ornamental stalles rising between he leaves of a Corinthian
capital from which the volutes spring
ANCONES Consoles on either side of a doorway supporting a cornice
BAS-RELIEF Carving in low or shallow relief on a background
AGORA Or town square, was the center of social and business life, around or near
which were stoas or colonnaded porticoes, temples, administrative and public buildings
STOA A long colonnaded building; served many purposes. It is used around public
places and as shelters at religious shrines
PRYTANEION Served as a senate house for the chief dignitaries of the city and as a place
were distinguished visitors and citizens might be entertained
BOULEUTERION Or council house was a covered meeting place for the democratically-elected councils
ODEION A kindred type to the theater, was a building in which musician performed
their works for the approval of the public and competed prizes
STADIUM Was the foot race course in cities where games were celebrated
HIPPODROME Was a similar though longer type of building for horse and chariots racing and
was the prototype of the Roman circus
PALAESTRA Was a wrestling school or GYMNASIUM, a place for physical exercises of all kinds
NAVAL BUILDINGS including ship-sheds and stores (at this time, principle of roof truss not yet understood)
PODIUM A continous pedestal; also the enclosing platform of the arena of an amphitheater
SARCOPHAGUS, Taken from a tomb chamber, of the ornamental treatment given to a stone

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CNIDOS Coffin hewn out of one block of marble and with sculptures of a late period
MAUSOLEUM, The most famous of all tombs and one of the seven wonders of the world
HALICARNASSOS
CARYATID Sculptured female figures used as column or supports
CENEPHORA Sculptured culture figures bearing baskets on their heads
ROMAN
PODIUM a continous pedestal, also the enclosing platform of the arena of the amphitheater
OPUS QUADRATUM rectangular blocks or stone w or w/o mortar joints but frequently secured with dowels
OPUS INCERTUM stones became quite small, and on the wall faces appeared in a loose
pattern roughly resembling the polygonal work
OPUS RETICULATUM time of Augustus, net like effect with fine joints running diagonally, so that
each unit was precisely square though set lozenge fashion
OPUS TESTACEUM brick facing superceded reticulate work became the hallmark of the imperial period in Italy
OPUS MIXTUM final type, an alteration of course of brickwork and small, squared stone blocks
CONCRETE a composite material which consists essentially of binding medium within
which are embedded particles or fragments of aggregate
VAULT an arch covering in stone or brick over any building
GROINS are line or intersection of groin vaults
PINNACLE a turret part of a building elevated above the main building
TEPIDARIUM or warm room
FRIGIDARIUM containing an unheated swimming bath
LACONICUM or dry sweating room
VELARIUM a great awning drawn over Roman theaters and amphitheaters to protect
spectators against the sun
MAST a tall span or hollow metal structure rising vertically to support
the sails or awnings
QUADRIGA four-horsed chariot, in sculptured form, often surmounting a monument
ATRIUM an apartment in Roman house, forming an entrance hall or court, the roof
open to the sky in the center
COMPLUVIUM a quadrangular opening in the atrium of a Roman house towards which the
roof sloped so as to throw the rain water into a shallow cistern
PROTHYRUM a porch or vestibule in front of the door of a house
IMPLUVIUM a shallow tank under the compluvium, as opening in the roof of an atrium
LEAN a small extension to a building with a roof having but one slope whose support lean against a wall
TABLINUM a large open room or apartment for family records and hereditary statues
situated at the end of the atrium farthest from the main entrance
FAUCES the passageway from the street to the atrium, or from the atrium to the peristyle
TRICLINIUM a roman dining room with couches on three sides
CUBICULUM a bedroom, but sometimes used in a less specific sense to denote other rooms
OECUS the main room, the successor of the megaron
MOSACI decorative surfaces formed by small cubes of stone, glass and marble
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BALDACHINO A canopy supported by columns generally placed over an altar or tomb also known as ciborium
ARCADE A range of arches supported on piers or columns attached to or detached from the wall
BEMA A raised stage reserved for the clergy
FONT A basin usually of stone which holds the water for baptism
BYZANTINE
CENTERING A temporary structure upon which the material of a vault or arch are
supported position until the work becomes self-supporting
ST. SOPHIA Perfect expression of Byzantine style
ICONOSTASIS A screen in a Greek orthodox church on which icons (sacred image) are
placed, separating the chancel from the space. Open to the laity
GYMNACEUM A part of the greek house, or a Byzantine church reserved for women

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 ISLAMIC
MOSQUE A muslim house of worship
MINARET A tall tower in, or continous to a mosque arch stairs leading up to one or
more balconies from which the faithful are called to prayer
MIHRAB A niche where the leader of the congregation ( the Imam) makes his prayer
KIOSK A small pavilion, usually open, built in gardens and parks
CORBEL A block of stone, often elaborately carved or moulded projected from a wall,
supporting the beams of a roof floor or vault
CHAMFER A diagonal cutting of an arris formed by two surfaces meeting at an angle
KIBLA Axis oriented towards mecca
COLONETTE A small column usually decorative
VERANDAH A covered porch or balcony extending along the outside of a
building, planned for summer leisure
CENOTAPH A monument erected in memory of one not interred in or under it
PODIUM The high platform on which temples were generally placed
CHATTRIS An umbrella shaped cupola
ROMANESQUE
EUROPE (9TH-12TH CENTURY)
PILASTER STRIPS Is a rectangular feature in the shape of a pillar, but projecting only about 1/6 of its breath
NARTHEX A long arcaded entrance porch to Christian Basilican
PULPIT An elevated enclosed stand in a church in which the preacher stands
CLOISTERS A secluded place cover passages around an open space, connecting the church
to the chapter houses, refectory and other parts of the monastery
CRYPT A space entirely or partly under a building; in churches generally beneath the chancel
and used for burial in early times.
HELM ROOF Type of roof in which four faces rest diagonally between the
gables and converge at the top
SPAIN, PORTUGAL AND HOLY LAND
HORSESHOE ARCH Most important characteristic of mature Spanish Romanesque architecture in church design
DIACONICON The vestry of Early Christian church
PROTHESIS That part of a church where the credence table stands
APSIDOLES A small apsidal chapel one projecting from an apse
KEEP and DONJON The stronghold of the mediaeval usually in the form of a massive tower and a
place of residence, especially in times of siege
FOSSE-FOSS A moat or a ditch
TALUS The slope as inclination of any work, or a coarse rock fragments,
mixed with soil at the foot of a cliff
GLACIS A slope enbankment in front of a fortification so raised as to bring
an advancing enemy into the most direct line of fire
BENT ENTRANCE An entrance of two gateways not in line so that it is necessary to make a sharp turn to
pass through the second, for privacy in houses or temples. For security in fortification
ALLURE An alley, walk or passage. a gallery behind a parapet
PARAPET The portion of wall above the roof gutter or balconies sometimes battlemented
BATTLEMENT Parapet having a series of indentations or embrasures between
which are raised portions known as merlons.
MERLONS The upstanding part of embattled parapet, between two crenelles or embrasure openings.
MACHICOLATIONS A projecting wall or parapet allowing floor openings, through which molten
lead, pitch, stones, were dropped an enemy below.
MOAT A broad deep trench surrounding the ramparts of a town or fortress usually filled with water
DRAWBRIDGE At the entrance of fortifications, a bridge over the moat or a ditch, hinged and provided
with a raising and lowering mechanism so as to hinder or permit passage.
PORTCULLIS A defensive grating, of massive iron or timber movable, vertically in retaining grooves
cut in the jambs of a fortified gateway.

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LOGGIA Arcaded or colonnaded structure open on one or more sides, sometimes with an upper storey
BRITISH AISLE AND SCANDINAVIAN (1ST-12TH CENTURY)
HELM ROOF A roof having four faces, each of which is steeply pitched so that they form a spire,
the four ridges rise to the point of the spire from a base of four gables
MOTTE A step mound of earth surrounded by a ditch and surmounted by a timber stockade and tower;
A main feature of a Norman castle
BAILEY The open area with a mediaeval fortification; the outer wall of a feudal castle
RAMPART Earthen or masonry defense wall of a fortified site
PALISADE A series of stout poles, pointed on top and driven into the earth, used as a fence or fortification.
BAULKS Squared timber used in building, construction or a low ridge of earth that marks a boundary line
MANOR HOUSE The most important house in a country or village neighborhood
UNDERCROFT or CRYPT A vaulted basement of a church or secret passage, often wholly or partly below ground level
CELLAR A cellar having half or more of its clear height below grade
SOLAR A room or apartment of an upper floor, as in an Early English dwelling house
LAPPED A joint form by placing one piece partly over another and uniting the overlapped portions
STAVED CHURCH A Scandinavian wooden church with vertical planks forming the walls
GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE
FRANCE
VOUSSOIRS A trunicated wedge shape blocks forming an arch
BUTTRESS A mass of masonry built against a wall to resist the pressure of an arch or vault
FLYING BUTTRESS An arch starting from a detached pier and abutting against a wall to take the thrust of a vaulting
PINNACLES A small turrel like termination on the top of buttresses often ornamented with
bunches of foliage called crockets
CROCKET A projection block or spur of stone carved with foliage to decorate the raking
lines formed by angles of spires and canopies
FINIAL The upper portion of a pinnacle, bench end.
GARGOYLE A projecting water spout grotesquely curved to throw off water from the roof
CLEAR STOREY Above the triforium to light the nave composed of a range or windows
TRIFORIUM A blind story is the space beneath the sloping roof over the aisle vault and
enclosed on the nave side by a series of arches
TRACERY The ornamental patternwork in stone, filling the upper part of Gothic window
CHEVET A circular or polygonal apse when surrounded by an ambulatory of which are chapels
AMBULATORY The cloister or covered passage around the east end of a church, behind the altar
NAVE The central aisle of the church
CHAPELS Places for worship, in churches in honour of particular saints. Sometimes
erected as separate buildings
AISLE Lateral divisions parallel with the nave in a basilica of a church
TRANSEPT The part of a cruciform church, projecting at right angles to the main bulding
FLECHE A slender wooden spire rising from a roof
TURRET Small towers, often containing stairs and forming special features in mediaeval buildings
ORIEL WINDOWS A window corbelled out from the face of a wall by means of projecting stones
AMBRY A cupboard or recess in a church and contain sacred vessel
AMBO A raised pulpit from which the epistle of gospel were read
APSE The circular or multi-angular termination of church sanctuary
BOSS Plough share twist
BRTISH ISLE (12TH-16TH CENTURY)
SOFFITS The exposed undersurface of cury overhead components of a building, such
as an arch, ceiling, balcony, beam, cornice, lintel or vault
MULLIONS Vertical tracery members dividing windows into different numbers of light
BOSS (LUMP or KNOB) A projecting ornament at the intersection of the ribs of ceilings, whether vaulted or flat
PLOUGH Share twist, the irregular or winding surface in a vault, where the wall ribs, owing
to the position of the clear storey windows, start at a higher level than the other ribs.
LIERNE RIBS Short intermediate rib which does not rise from the impost and is not a ridge rib

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CONOID having a form of a cone. The term applied to the lower part of a vault where
the ribs converge against the outer wall and form an approximation of an
inverted half-cone or half pyramid
STELLAR VAULT A vault in which the ribs compose a star-shaped pattern
BAULK TIE A tie beam joining the wall posts of a timber roof and serving also to prevent
walls from spreading
CAMBER A slight convex curvature built into a truss or beam to compensate for any
anticipated deflection so that it will have no sag when under load
CRUCKS Pairs of timbers, arched together and based near the ground, erected to form principals
for the support of the roof and walls of timber framed small houses.
CLOISTERS Covered passages around an open space or garth, connecting the church to
the chapter house or refectory
REFECTORY The dining hall in the monastery, convent or college.
PRESBYTERY The actual sanctuary of a church beyond the choir and occupied only by the officiating clergy
SPIRE The tapering termination of a tower in a Gothic churches
BROACH SPIRE An octagonal spire rising above a square tower without a parapet, with
pyramidal forms at the angles of a tower
SQUINCH ARCH A small bracket or similar device built across each angle of a square or
polygonal structure to form an octagon or other appropriate base for a dome or spire
SPAIN AND PORTUGAL
CIMBORIO A special term for a lantern or raised structure above a roof admitting light into the interior
CORO Special for choir usually occupied two or more bays of the nave.
RETABLO Is a sumptuously ornate form of reredos
REREDOS The screen or ornamental work rising behind the altar
RETABLE A ledge or shelf behind an altar for holding bases or candles
STEEPLE The term applied to a tower crowned by a spire
SPIRE The tapering termination of a tower
REJA An ornate iron grille or screen, a chracteristic feature of Spanish church interiors.
LATE MEDIAEVAL
ITALY
BELFRY A tower not connected with bell, a term applied to the upper room in a tower
in which the bells are hung
CRYPT A space entirely or partly under a building; in churches generally beneath the
chancel and used for burial in earlier times.
RENNAISANCE ARCHITECTURE
EUROPE (15TH-19TH CENTURY)
FAMOUS ARCHITECTS
EARLY RENNAISANCE Filippo Brunelleschi
HIGH RENNAISANCE Bartolomeo Ammanati
AND PROTO BAROQUE
BAROQUE Bartolome Bianco
EARLY RENNAISANCE Luciano Laurana
ST. PETER, ROME
BRAMANTE Original Greek cross plan with peristle and lantern
GUILLANO da SANGALLO
FRA GIACONDO
RAPHAEL proposed a plan in the shape of a Latin cross
BALDASSARRE PERUZZI reverted to the Greek cross plan
ANTONIO de SANGALLO add an extended vestibule, lofty campanile and elaborated central dome
MICHAELANGELO An outstanding feature with Greek cross plan, strengthened the piers of the
dome and redesigned the surrounding chapels and apses
GIACOMO della PORTA
and DOMENICO FONTANA completed the plan

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VIGNOLA added sided cupolas
CARLO MADERNA lengthened the nave to form a Latin cross and added a gigantic façade
BERNINI erected the noble entrance piazza, 198 m wide, surrounded by 284 columns
forming the imposing Fourfould Tuscan colonnades.
BALUSTER One of a number of short vertical members often circular in section used to
support a stair handrail or a coping
BALUSTRADES A series of balusters
ROCOCO (rock work). A type applied to a rennaisance ornament in which rock-like forms, fantastics
scrolls, and crimped shells are worked up together in a profusion and confusion of detail,
often without organic coherence, but presenting a lavish display of decoration
ITALY
CORTILE The Italian name for internal court, surrounded by an arcade, in a palace or edifice
ANTIQUARIAN The phase of western European Rennaisance architecture, when renewed inspiration
was sought from ancient Greek and Roman architecture
MANNERISTS A term coined to describe the characteristics of the output of Italian Rennaisance architects
of the period 1530-1600. This is characterized by unconventional use of classical elements
RUSTICATION A method of forming stonework with roughened surfaces and recessed joints,
principally employed in Rennaisance buildings.
ASTYLAR A treatment of facade without columns
PILASTER 1/3 or 1/6 of the column is shown from the wall
CANTORIA ‘Singers gallery’ often elaborately carved in a major church
TABERNACLE A recess or receptacle for usually above an altar, to contain encharistic Host
RELIQUARY A light portable receptacle for sacred relics
PULPIT An elevated closed stand in a church in which the preacher stand
HOLY WATER STOUP A basin for holy water, sometimes free standing but more often affixed to or
carved out of a wall or pillar near the entrance of a church
CASINO A summer or garden house of ornamental character
PALAZZO A palace or a terms applied to any public building or private residence which is impressive
PIANO NOBILE OR NOBLE The principal floor of an Italian palace, raised one floor above ground level and
FLOOR containing the principal social apartments.
LOGGIA A gallery behind an open arcade or collonade
FENESTRATION The arrangement in design or window of a building
MODILLIONS Also called brackets or consoles, a projecting member to support a weight
generally formed with scrolls or volutes which carry the upper member of a cornice
PEDESTAL A support for a column statue or vase, it usually consists of a base, die and cornice, cap or mold
PERISTYLE A range of column surrounding a court or temples
LANTERN A construction, such as a tower at the crossing of a church rising above the
neighbouring roofs and glazed at the sides
PIAZZA A public open place, surrounded by buildings, may vary in shape and in civic purpose
COUPLED COLUMNS Couples set as close pairs with a wider intercolumnation between the pairs.
TABERNACLE A decorative niche often topped with a canopy and housing a statue
SPANDREL The triangular space enclosed by the curve of an arch, a vertical line from its
springing, and a horizontal line through its apex
KEYSTONE The central stone of semi-circular arch
FRANCE
QUOINS In masonry, a hard stone or brick used, with similar ones to reinforce an external corner or edge
of a wall or the like, often distinguished decoratively from adjacent masonry,
maybe imitated in non-load bearing materials
CHAINES Vertical strips of rusticated masonry rising between the horizontal moulding
and cornice of a building and so dividing the facade into bays or panels
DORMER A window in a sloping roof usually that of a sleeping apartment
MULLION Vertical members dividing windows into different numbers of lights
TRANSOMS The horizontal divisions of crossbars of windows

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MANSARD A roof having a double slope of all four sides; the lower slope being much
steeper, and flatter upper portion named after mansart, also a GAMBREL
SCROLL An ornament consisting of a spirally wound band, either as a running ornament or as a terminal,
like he volutes of the ionic capital or the scrolls on consoles and modillions
NYMPHAEUM A room decorated with plants, sculpture and fountains
(often decorated with nymphs) and intended for relaxation
NYMPHS Any group of minor nature goddesses represented as beautiful maidens
living in rivers, mountains and trees
WREATH A twisted band garland or chaplet representing flowers, fruits, leaves often used in decoration
PAPIER MACHE A material composed principally of paper, prepared by pulping mass of paper
EMPIRE STYLE The elaborate Neo classic style of the French first empire
BOSS A projecting ornaments at the intersection of the ribs of ceilings whether vaulted or flat
DONJON The inner great tower or a keep
LANTERN A construction such as tower at the crossing of a church, rising above the
neighbouring roofs and glazed at the sides
VESTIBULE An ante-room to a larger apartment of a bulding
SALON A room used primarily for exhibition of art, objects or a drawing room
HERMES A bust on a square pedestal instead of a human body, used in classic times
to mark boundaries on highways and used decoratively in Rennaisance times
AMBULATORY (to walk) The cloister or covered passage around the east end of a church behind the altar
CONSOLE or BRACKET Is a projecting member support a weight generally formed with scrolls or
volute when carrying the upper member of a cornice or MODILLIONS
SPAIN AND PORTUGAL (16TH-19TH CENTURY)
PATIO A Spanish arcaded or colonnaded courtyard
PLATERESQUE An intricate style named after its likeness to silverwork, a phase of early Spanish architecture
CHURRIGUERESQUE Expression of Spanish baroque architecture and sculpture associated with churrigea family
of artists and architects, but not inharmonious, decorative exuberance. In
architecture a recurrent feature was the richly garlanded spiral column.
MANUELINE ARCHITECTURE The last phase of Gothic architecture in Portugal, so named after King Manuel I
CANDELABRA A movable candle lampstand with central shaft and often branches or a
decorative representation thereof
BRITAIN
SHEATING The covering usually of wood boards or plywood placed over exterior studding
or rafters of a building, provides a base for the application of wall or roof cladding.
ENGLISH BOND Brickwork with alternate courses, of stretchers and headers
HEADER A masonry unit laid so that its ends are exposed, overlapping two or more
adjacent wythes of masonry and tying them together; a bonder
STRETCHER Vertical joints of one course falling midway between those of adjacent course
FLEMISH BOND A bond in which each course consist of headers and stretchers laid
alternately, each header is centered with respect to the stretcher above and stretcher below it.
STACK BOND A pattern bond facing brick is laid with all vertical joints continuously aligned
SOLDIER A masonry unit which is set on end, with each phase showing on the wall surface
TERRA COTTA Earth baked (unglazed) or burnt in moulds. For use in construction and
decoration, harder in quality than brick
CHERUBS One of the winged heavenly beings that support the throne of God or act as
guardian spirits, or rosy chubby faced child with wings.
HERALDIC A coat of arms
BAY WINDOW The window of a protruded bay or the window bay itself
DAIS A raised platform for the seating of speakers or dignitaries
LONG GALLERY Most striking feature of an Elizabethan mansion.
ORIEL A bay window corbeled out from the upper wall of upper storey, a bay projecting inside or out,
extending a room. Or a windowed bay or porch at the top of exterior stairs.
NEWEL The central shaft of a circular staircase, also applied to the post in which the handrail is framed

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CROISEE (from crossing) transept; the French term for casement window preferred for
the last three centuries of France.
BELVEDERE A roofed but open-sided structure affording an extensive view, usually located
at the roof top of a dwelling.
GERMANY AND CENTRAL EUROPE
GALLERY A communicating passage or wide corridor for pictures and statues. An upper
storey for seats in a church.
PILASTER A rectangular feature in the shape of a pillar projecting only about 1/6 of its breadth from the wall
HALF COLUMN An engaged column projecting approximately ½ of its diameter
NICHE A recess in a wall, hollowed like a shell, for a statue in ornament.
STRAPWORK A type of relief ornament or cresting resembling studded leather straps,
arranged in geometrical and sometimes interlaced patterns.
FENESTRATION The arrangement and design of windows in building.
INTERCOLUMNATION The space between the columns.
PALLADIAN MOTIF An arched opening planked by two smaller, square headed openings.
HELM Bulbous termination to the top of tower.
CHANCEL The space for clergy and choir, separated by the screen from the body of the
church, or more usually referred as ‘choir’
FRETWORK (grating) An ornament in classic or Rennaisance architecture consisting of an assemblage
of staright lines intersecting at right angles, and of various patterns ‘KEY PATTERN’
CUPOLA A spherical roof, placed like an inverted cup over a circular, square or multi-angular apartment
TURRET small towers, often containing stairs
PAVILLION (little house for pleasure or recreation). A prominent structure generally, distinctive in character
marking the ends and center of the façade of a major building.
FINIAL The upper portion of a pinnacle
SPIRE A tapering termination of a tower which was the result of elongating on
ordinary pyramidal or conical roof
PULPITUM A stone gallery over the entrance to the choir of a cathedral or church.
PULPIT An elevated enclosed stand in a church in which the preachers stand.
CORO The choir usually occupied two or more bays of the nave
BRITAIN (1830-1914)
PICTURESQUE One of the attitudes of taste towards architecture and landscape gardening; buildings
and landscape were to have the controlled informality of a picture
POLYCHROMY Art of decorative painting in many colors extended to the colouring of sculpture to enhance
naturalism, or application of variegated materials to achieve brilliant or striking effects
ECCLESIASTISM The selection of elements from diverse styles for architectural decorative designs.
SASH WINDOW Double-hung usually wooden, glazed frame or sash, designed to side up and
down in grooves with the aid of pulleys.
EYEBROW A low dormer on the slope of the roof, it has no sides, the roof being carried
over it in the nave line.
CONTINENTAL EUROPE
EYE The central rounded of a pattern or ornament, an OCULUS, one at the summit of a dome
ARCHITECTONIC Related or conforming to technical architectural principles.
STANCHION A vertical steel support, cast iron was used until relatively cheap steel became available
CELLA The sanctuary of a classical temple
INDIA AND PAKISTAN
TORUS A large convex moulding used principally in the bases of columns
STAMBAS or LATHS Monumental pillar standing free without any structural function, wit circular or octagonal shafts.
VIHARAS Monasteries consists of quadrangle surrounded by a verandah on to which
open simple square cells.
TIBET
PLINTH Lowest square member of the base of a column, also applied to the projecting
stepped or moulded based of any column.

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FRESCO A painting on a wall while the plaster is wet
CHINA
PAI-LOU Ceremonial gateway erected in memory of eminent person
PAGODA Most typical Chinese building usually octagonal in plan, odd number of stories usually 9 to 13.
JAPAN
TRABEATED the beam forms the constructive features
CAMBER slight rise or upward curve of an otherwise horizontal structure
ENTASIS a swelling or curving outward along the outline of a column shaft designed to
. counteract the optical illusion which give a shaft bounded by straight lines
ADDITIONAL NOTES
CYMATIUM crowning moulding of cornice
DRUM round wall below a dome
CONOID lower part of a vault; form a cone
CUPOLA spherical roof place like inverted cup over circular multi-angular apartment

MASTABA OF THI Not Egyptian architecture

WINCHESTER CATHEDRAL Not Italian Romanesque architecture

describes ATO in Bontoc House

OLOG in Bontoc Village
No facet of any structure is left unadorned
MALAY, THAILAND, JAPAN, FILIPINO
First project of M.Graves
WHO, PHILTRADE, WORLD TRADE ORG. BLDG. WORLD TRADE EXCHANGE BLDG.
Tonnies; Community life, impersonal, superficial, business
RURAL, GEMEINSCHAFT, GESSELSCHAFT, DAMAY
Possible kinship between God and Muslim architecture
HOBAN, JEFFERSON, LATROBE, WREN
Less is a more
M.GRAVES, L.KHAN, P.RUDOLF, P.JOHNSON
Form is what; Design is how
M.GRAVES, L.KHAN, P.RUDOLF, P.JOHNSON
Philippine Savings Bank, Buendia, Makati
P.RECTO, P.VILLAROSA, F.PALAFOX, W.COSCULLUELA
Traditional Modernist
P.JOHNSON, L.SULLIVAN, LE CORBUSIER, M.BREUER
1950-Go to rural areas and keep the pioneering spirit of there
CONCIO, RIVERA, ARGUELLES, NAKPIL
Development Bank of the Philippines
RODRIGO PEREZ Filipino architecture; results of migration, importation and derivation
COSCULLUELA Essenza; Fort Bonifacio
LEANDRO LOCSIN Istana Nurul Iman
ANTONIO TOLEDO Manila City Hall
CESAR CONCIO UP Engineering and Liberal Arts
COSCULLUELA Robinson's Galleria
FEDERICO ILUSTRE Asian Institute of Technology

WALTER GROPIUS Facade be a free composition

LUDWIG MIER VAN DE ROHE Less is more
ROBERT VENTURI Unity disguised chaos, complexity and contradiction are often
MOSHE SAFDIE Habitat
ALEXANDER GUSTAVE EIFFEL Salle de Machines
BUCKMINISTER FULLER Dymaxion House, first machine for living

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A. WATERKEYN Atomium in Brussels
LOUIS KAHN Create buildings and environment; automobile-servant of man
LEON AZEMA, LUIS HYPPOLIT Palais de Chaillot
BOILEAU, JACQUES CARLU
BENJAMIN LATROBE United States Capitol
PIER LUIGI NERVI Ferro-cement construction
JOSEPH PAXTON Crystal Palace
ADOLF LOOSE Ornament is a crime
BUCKMINISTER FULLER 1967 Montreal US Exhibition
ROBERT VENTURI Less is bore
PHILIP JOHNSON Computers magic housing machine
ANDREA PALLADIO Palladian motif
PETER BEHRENS No formal training; Naked metal skeleton
PIER LUIGI NERVI Lamella construction space frame system
FRET OTTO Coated Tension
CLARENCE PERRY Neighborhood Planning

JOHN UTZON Opera House

MICHAEL GRAVES Design as if you were a child

HAUSMANN City Planner Lawyer; Design City of Paris

HIPPODAMUS Grid iron system
EUGENE FREYSSINET Folded slab technique
FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT Imperial Hotel Tokyo
LOUIS SULLIVAN FORMS FOLLOW FUNCTIONS
BUCKMINISTER FULLER GEODESIC DOME
FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT ORGANIC ARCHITECTURE
DOXIADIS EKISTICS
THOMAS JEFFERSON STATE CAPITOL RICHMOND; USA
GIACOMO DA VIGNOLA FIVE ORDERS OF ARCHITECTURE
EBENEZER HOWARD GARDEN CITY
SORIA Y MATA LINEAR CITY
BUCKMINISTER FULLER SATTELITE
FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT BROAD ACRE CITY
ANTONIO GAUDI PARABOLOIDS
INIGO JONES ITALY
CHRISTOPHER WREN FRENCH
LE CORBUSIER VILLA SOVORJE
5 POINTS OF CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE by LE CORBUSIER
STRUCTURALLY INDEPENDENT WALLS
CUBE FORM ELEVATED ON STILTS
ROOF GARDEN
OPEN PLAN
FREE STANDING FACADE
URBAN CONCEPTS
CITY OF TOMORROW Function of a spinal rapid transit system; urban belt
LINEAR CITY No distinction between country and city
GARDEN CITY City surrounded by agricultural greenbelt
BROAD ACRE CITY 10,000 population town with farm and factory work outside town proper
RADIANT CITY Continous rows of tall building woven zigzag across landscape space
3 CONCEPTS OF TERRITORIALITY
provision of safe home base
protection/evolution of species

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 prevention of parasites
TERRITORIALITY OPERATES IN ANIMALS
Insures propagation of species by controlling density
Provides a frame in which things are done, learn and play
Coordinates individual activities and seperates them in groups
Prevents communication which each other
DISTANCES
PERSONAL Normal spacing seperating members of non-contact species like bubble
FLIGHT Larger animal, greater distance
SOCIAL Hidden band begins to feel anxious when he exceeds limits
CRITICAL Present whenever and wherever there is a flight reaction
TYPES OF STRUCTURE
ADEQUATE Materials not necessary efficient and utilized below maximum load bearing
PRETENTIOUS Exaggerated elements
MINIMAL Uses least amount of material
FORMAL or SCULPTURED Focuses on novelty of form
SOCIAL DISTANCES
INTIMATE 1/2 - 1 1/2 FT
PERSONAL 1 1/2- 2 1/2 FT. (CLOSE PHASE)
2 1/2 - 4 FT. (FAR PHASE)
SOCIAL 4 - 7 FT.
7 - 12 FT.
PUBLIC 12 - 25 FT
25 FT-MORE
THEORY OF ARCHITECTURE
HUE Brightness or dullness of color
BLUE Peaceful and tranquil
GREEN Cool and sedative
PURPLE Sedative and soothing
WHITE Cheerful, when mixed with warm colors
GRAY Suggest cold and is also depressing
BROWN Is restful and warming
ORANGE Has stimulating efect
YELLOW Denotes gaiety
RED Rage and passions
THEORY AND SCIENCE
MULTIPLE NUCLEI THEORY City growth not around a center but discrete nuclei
BREK OF BULK THEORY Cities performed allied services along transport routes
PROXEMICS Observations or theories of man's use of space; Study of socially conditioned spatial factors
in ordinary human relations
ERGONOMICS Study of efficiency of man's in their working environment
RECEPTORS
IMMEDIATE Skin and muscles receptors
DISTANCE Examination of distant objects
SOCIAL
PUBLIC

FORMS OF ART
ANGRY Songs of protest
POP Anything goes
DIRTY Filthy dustbins, mud, dirty works
PSYCHEDELIC Weird songs
HIERARCHY OF STREET TYPES

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LOCAL COLLECTOR STREET Pick-up traffic from local residential street in one neigborhood
CIRCUMFERENTIAL STREET Circumventing neighborhoods
MAJOR COLLECTOR STREET Major arteries and inter-neighborhood streets
LOCAL RESIDENTIAL STREET Solely for residential area served
URBAN PATTERNS
RADIOCENTRIC Large circle w/ radial corridors of dev't. emanating from center
RECTILINEAR Two corridors of intense development crossing at the center
RING Built around large open space
LINEAR Results of natural topography; restricts growth w/ results transportation spine
SATTELITE Constellation around main center
STAR Radiocentric form w/ open space
SHEET Vast urban area w/o or little articulation
ARTICULATED SHEET Sheet w/ clusters or subclusters
BRANCH Linear with connecting sheets
CONSTELLATION Equal size cities in close proximities
CITY SHAPES
DISTRICTS Components of neigborhood; at the center, uptown, in town residential areas
NODES Center of activities
LANDMARKS Prominent visual features
EDGES Termination of a city
PATHWAYS Major/minor circulation routes people used to move about
recreational area
URBAN ECOLOGICAL PROCESS
SUCCESSION Entrance of new populations or facilities in occupied area
CONCENTRATION Clustering of certain specialized institution, activities or facilities
CENTRALIZATION Increase of population at certain geographic center
INVASION Result of complete invasion and where the majority of population is replaced by the new type
DECENTRALIZATION Opposite tendency to follow outward growth of the city
BASIC DATA AND PLANNING STUDIES
HISTORY AND GEOGRAPHY Existing physical features and street system
POPULATION STUDY Population characteristic and distribution
ECONOMIC BASE STUDY Major businesses, industries and services as well as major occupation
MAN MADE Physical setting of the community or region
ECONOMIC BASE STUDY Housing and neighborhood environments in a community or region
COMPONENTS OF MASTER PLAN
CIRCULATION/TRANSPORTATI Delineates railroad lines and terminal
PUBLIC UTILITIES/SERVICES Flood control projects
COMMUNITY FACILITIES PLAN Hospital and clinic
LAND USE PLAN Industrial uses are included
PUBLIC UTILITIES/SERVICES Waterways, ports
SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN Living and working areas of the community or region

URBAN RENEWAL Clearing slum areas beyond repair

RELOCATION Given oppurtunity to move from sites

STUDIES
FORNICUBE
AZIMUTH
SLOPES
BUILDING NAMES
KITCHEN PLANS

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