Sala al aia ie ated et hd Types of Solids ‘What are some common categories of solids, and their properties? Why? Nor al solids are the same, Solid substances have a tremendously wide range of melting point. Helium salsa 772°C wetland eee, Some readily dissolve in wates, others do not. In this activity, you'l look at solids, che types of eubetancer hat ae typically in each category and some of he properties type fr each, Model 1.— Arrangements of Atoms in Solids ‘ Z sen Platinum (Pt) Nickel (Ni) ‘Types of Solids 89L 2 5. Lie the four types of solids illustrated in Model 1. Tonis, molecular, nework covalent and mesa CCompleee columns A-C in the mble below by referring to the examples in Model 1. Place a check in the box chat appropriately describes the types of atoms that are usuelly seen in each type solid. ry B c D E F All toms are| All atoms | #9988 85 | Molecalar | Formula ; Tnoumaals | are meals 22054 arucre | unika | Ate foese t : Tonic , Tonle x xX | tonic bonds ‘Molecalar [ Covalens bonds Solids x x Intermolecular fers | | ‘Network Covalent x X | Content bonds Solide Metalic Mant x X | Meal bonds ‘Complete columns D and B in the table ebove by referring to the examples in Model 1. Place an X in the box that appropriately describes the arrangement of atoms ar molecules in the solid (Cither molecalar—dirtinct molecules, or formula unite—tepeating units in three dimensions vwith no distinet molecules). See table in Qustion 2. ‘There are four possible forces of atraction that hold atoms or molecules rogether in a solid: covalent bonds, ionic bonds, metallic bonds and intermolecular forces. These depend on the type of asoms in the solid and whether the connections are between ions, ams or molecules, Wichin ‘your group, discuss the type of axractive forces that are moet likely holding the atoms or mol- ‘cules together in each type of solid. List your answers in column F in the table above. See sable in Question 2. Read This! “When a solid substance is eased, che weakest aturaccve force in the solid structure are overcome, and the solid melts, In some cases, this results in individual atoms or ions, and in othes came, this results in individual molecules. Regardless, melting is « physical change and does not ater the chemical formula of POGIL™ Activities for AP* Chemistry Laaaanaaaanaanaaeecaeererereeeeeaenataeegers5. For each type of solid in Model 1, indicare the type of attractive forces that are broken upon rmelting, and describe the individual particles that malee up the etulting liquid. si “aaa | SE Tonic onic bonds Tons ‘Network covalent Covalent bonds Atoms Metallic Metallic bonds Atoms 6. Match the following descriptions with one of the four types of solids, . ‘Metallic atoms with very loose electrons for & lattice of nuclei held Mellie _ togpthex by a.20a of electrons, or metallic bonds. ‘with covalent bonds, The molecules ‘intermolecular forces of attraction, - scion odes aoe fenwork covalent fa pirical oid ba wry song seas fore ould you expec the aking pola of at __ Belid to be relatively high or relatively low? Explain your reasoning, Tha els would be higher because the strong bonds would requir y (ig ) Ceara mtn mets Model 2 ~ Melting Points and Enthalpies of Fusion aq ‘Type of Solid Substance Rae | Matiog Point ea Tron(ft) sulfide BS 1195 51.0 Tonic Calcium bromide | CaBr 730 175; Sodium chloride [NaCl 804 303 ‘Nitrogen’ N 210 0.72 Molecular ‘Water 7,0 0.0 6.02 Carbon dioxide CO; 78 8.10 Diamond: c 3550 117.0 ‘Network covalent Silica SIO, 1650 "25 Silicon Si 1687 50.0 ~|___ Platinum Pe 1770. 24.0 Metallic ‘Brass (Cx and Za ~930 Varies [7 Nickel Ni 1453 710 o18, Notice that the substances lised in Model 2 are the same as those in Model 1. 4 Which type of solid has the lowest melting points? Moleculer slide have she lowest melting points 4, Is your answer in part « consistent with your answer to Question 7? Yo. 9. The enthalpy of fusion given in Mode! 2 for each substance ia a measure of the energy (in kJ) needed to mel a mole of that substance. ‘a. Which type of solid has the lowest enthalpies of fusion? Molecular solids have she lowest enthalpies of fusion. . {s Isyour answer in part « consistent with what you know to be the relative strength of the four types of attractive forces? Explain why or why not. -Yos when a molecular olid mets, the intermolecelar forces are broken, Thete are the weakest forces 10 very little energy should be needed to melt these substances 10. Using both melcing point data and enthalpy of fusion dara, rank the remaining three types of solids from weakest artactive forces to strongest attractive forces, Make sure there is consensus in yout group before moving on. @ Molecular < Ionic = Metallic < Network covalent Read This! ‘Js you may have found in answering the previous question, there is lot of overlap in properties Ae ye acres sadam ec hs ehight racing pin than sore of the network covalent solids, but the majority of metallic solids heve a much lower melting point than neewouk covalent solids, The cazegoris for slide are not as clearcut at we would like them to be; never- theless, chey are useful for predicting relative properties. R11, Use the concepts you have eared in this acvity to predic the type of eolid for each ofthe fal- lowing substances. Anyone in your group should be able to juntify your group's answers, 5 Chemical [Meking Point [thal pa ype of Solid Chlorine cl, 102 641 | Molecular ‘Hydrogen bromide | HBr -87 241 ‘Molecular Tania Ey 1668 209 Metalic Sodium bromide | NaBr 747 261 | —_donie Boron B 2076 50.2 Network covalent Mercury Hg 7383 229) Mealic 2 POGIL™ Activities for AP* Chemistry RRAAADALAATATUTATTATATTTLLALATTTTLAGIITT EEE, ) j y ’ , 5 ' ' y ‘ , ) » ’ , a , y , ' , , ) ' , ’ ’ ) ’ ) ’ ) ' ) ’ ) ' , ' ) ‘ or: “like dissolves like.”) For a substance to be conductive, in any stare, there must be icles ina mobile sate 9 that they can complete a circuit. ase pecs Model 3 ~ Solubility and Conductivity of Solids T ‘in! netive re Conductive in simu | Somat | Same |Sicr| crtets| cte Tron(it) sulfide | FS Insoluble No Yes NIA Calcium bromide | CaBr, | Very soluble No Yes Yea Sodium chloride | NaCl | _Vecy soluble No Yes Yes Nitrogen |. Nz | Slightlysoluble | No No No ‘Warer H,0 NA ‘No ‘Slightly N/A Carbon dioxide | CO, | Slightiysoluble | No “No No Diamond c Insoluble No No NA Silica SiO; Tasoluble No ‘No __ NIA" Platinum Pe Insoluble ‘Yes Yes N/A Brass Cuand Zo Insoluble Yes Yes NA Nickel Ni Tngoluble | Yea Yes NA . ‘N/A= not applicable 12, Refer to Model 3, 4 Which type(s) of solid is generally very soluble in wares? Tonic substances are most soluble i wnat, 4 Which type(s) of solid is least soluble in water? Metallic and network covalent substances are least soluble in water, 13, Refer to Model 3. 4 Which type of solid is most conductive in the solid sate? Mevallic substances are most conductive as solide, 4, Use the concepts you have learned about the type of solid in part a to explain why itis con- ductive in the solid stae. : Metals contain very mobile valence electrons that cam move in the solid to conduct an electric current. 14, Explain why ionic substances would be conductive after they are melted, even though they are not conductive as solids. As solids, the ions in an ionic solid are seuch in a crystal lastice—they are not mobile. Once the solid is melted however, she ions become mobile and can move in she Hguid state +0 conduct an electric current. “Types of Solids 93Extension Questions 15, The last column in Model 3 (Condiictive in Aqueous Solutions) has several N/A entries, Give ‘two reasons why conductivity data for thoie substances would not exist. Fthe substance is insoluble, i would be impossible to measure conductivity data for an aqueous solution. 16, Engineers use marerials to perform different functions based on the properties of the materials, For centuries we have used metas for tools and more recently for electrical circuits. What proper- ties of metallic solids make them well suited for this purpose? Metals are strong, insoluble and conductive as a solid. You would not want our electrical cirewits to break eaxily, dissolve om a rainy day or be resistant to electrical current,