Persons'and'Family'Relations'2014'Primer' JENICA!EDLYN |1!

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PRELIMINARY'TITLE'
Chapter'1' Effect'and'Application'of'Laws'
Article'1! This!Act!shall!be!known!as!the!Civil!Code!of!the!Philippines.'
' RA!No.!386!prepared!by!the!Roxas!Code!Commission!(Executive!Order!48)!
Passed!on!January!26!1949!
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Article'2' Laws!shall!take!effect!after!fifteen!days!following!the!completion'of!their!publication!in!the!Official!Gazette,!unless!it!is!otherwise!provided.!This!Code!shall!take!effect!one!year!after!such!
publication.'
' Types!of!laws!that!have!a!general!application!for!the!public!concern!
Presidential!decrees,!executive!orders,!administrative!rules!and!regulations,!city!charters!
Official!Gazette!is!the!primary!record/source!
Effectivity!of!RA!No.!386!was!on!August!30,!1950!
Executive!Order!No.!200!–!providing!for!publication!in!a!newspaper!of!general!circulation!
Judicial!legislature!is!not!included!in!the!publication!necessitated!in!Article!2!
Spirit!of!the!law!is!in!the!debates!!!what!has!transpired;!able!to!see!the!unambiguous!ones!
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Article'3' Ignorance!of!the!law!excuses!no!one!from!compliance!therewith.'
' is!founded!not!only!on!expediency!and!policy!but!on!necessity!
the!public!is!always!put!on!constructive!notice!of!the!law’s!existence!and!effectivity!
applies!to!mandatory!and!prohibitory!laws!
ignorantia(legis(non(excusat!
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Article'4' Laws!shall!have!no!retroactive!effect,!unless!the!contrary!is!provided.'
' NON[RETROACTIVITY!OF!LAWS!–!unless!the!legislature!may!have!given!that!effect!to!some!legal!provisions,!expressly!declared!or!is!necessarily!implied!from!the!
language!used!
RETROACTIVE!APPLICATION!–!do!not!affect!obligations!of!contracts!or!vested!rights,!or!affect!pending!proceedings!
When!the!law!expressly!provides!for!retroactivity!
When!the!law!is!curative!or!remedial!
When!the!law!is!procedural!
When!the!law!is!penal!in!character!and!favorable!to!the!accused,!insofar!as!to!favor!the!person!guilty!of!a!felony,!and!the!same!is!not!a!habitual!criminal!
Note:(habitual(criminal/delinquent(is(one(who(performs(an(offense(within(a(period(of(ten(years(from(the(date(of(his(release(or(last(conviction(
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Article'5' Acts!executed!against!the!provisions!of!mandatory!or!prohibitory!laws!shall!be!void,!except!when!the!law!itself!authorizes!their!validity.'
' MANDATORY!LAWS!–!the!omission!of!which!renders!the!proceeding!or!acts!to!which!it!relates!generally!illegal!or!void!
PROHIBITORY!LAWS!–!contain!positive!prohibitions!and!are!couched!in!the!negative!terms!importing!that!the!act!required!shall!not!be!done!otherwise!than!
designated;!acts!in!violation!to!these!laws!are!void!
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Article'6' Rights!may!be!waived,!unless!the!waiver!is!contrary!to!law,!public!order,!public!policy,!morals,!or!good!customs,!or!prejudicial!to!a!third!person!with!a!right!recognized!by!law.'
' WAIVER!is!the!intentional!relinquishment!of!a!known!right,!such!as!legal!rights!found!in!the!Bill!of!Rights!
Waivers!must!be!clearly!and!convincingly!shown!
Ignorance!of!material!fact!negates!the!waiver!
PROHIBITION!AGAINST!WAIVER!if!they!are!contrary!to!law,!public!order/policy,!morals!or!good!customs,!or!prejudicial!to!a!third!person!with!a!right!recognized!by!
law.!Also!those!that!agree!to!less!compensation,!or!acceptance!of!benefits!such!as!separation!pay!and!terminal!leave!to!contest!one’s!illegal!dismissal!
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Article'7' Laws!are!repealed!only!by!subsequent!ones,!and!their!violation!or!non[observance!shall!not!be!excused!by!disuse,!or!custom!or!practice!to!the!contrary.!
When!the!courts!declared!a!law!to!be!inconsistent!with!the!Constitution,!the!former!shall!be!void!and!the!latter!shall!govern.!!
Administrative!or!executive!acts,!orders!and!regulations!shall!be!valid!only!when!they!are!not!contrary!to!the!laws!or!the!Constitution.!
' REPEAL!OF!A!LAW!–!is!the!legislative!act!of!abrogating!through!a!subsequent!law!the!effects!of!a!previous!statute!or!portions!thereof;!must!be!expressed!than!implied.!
Therefore,!it!must!distinctively!identify!or!designate!the!act/s!that!are!intended!to!be!repealed.!
UNCONSTITUTIONAL!STATUTES!–!no!ordinary!statute!can!override!a!Constitutional!provision,!but!when!a!portion!is!deemed!valid,!the!parts!will!be!separated!and!the!
constitutional!portion!would!be!upheld,!by!the!qualifications!that!it!could!stand!in!its!own!without!the!rest!of!the!parts.!
Rules!and!regulations!as!well!as!administrative!or!executive!acts!violative!of!the!law!and!the!constitution!are!invalid!
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Article'8' Judicial!decisions!applying!or!interpreting!the!laws!or!the!Constitution!shall!form!a!part!of!the!legal!system!of!the!Philippines.'
' JUDICIAL!CONSTRUCTION!AND!INTERPRETATION!–!Courts!resolve!and!interpret!vague!provisions!of!the!law!
Construction!is!the!art!or!process!of!discovering!or!expounding!the!meaning!and!intention!of!the!provisions!
EFFECT!OF!JUDICIAL!DECISION!(case!laws)!–!not!laws!but!assume!the!same!authority!as!the!statute!itself,!lower!courts!and!the!Court!of!Appeals!are!duty!bound!to!
enforce!obedience,!as!of!the!date!of!the!enactment!(prospectively),!thereto!as!it!constitute!evidence!of!what!the!law!actually!means;!legis(interpretatio(legis(vim(obtinet((force!of!
the!law)!
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6Article'9' No!judge!or!court!shall!decline!to!render!judgment!by!reason!of!the!silence,!obscurity!or!insufficiency!of!the!laws.'
' DUTY!OF!THE!JUDGE!–!constitutional!precept!that!no!person!shall!be!deprived!of!life,!liberty,!and!property!without!due!process!of!law;!guided!by!equity,!fairness,!and!a!
sense!of!justice!in!these!situations!
JUDICIAL!LEGISLATION!–!may!fill!in!the!gaps!only,!as!the!power!to!legislate!officially!rests!on!the!Congress!(acquittal!of!the!case)!
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Article'10' In!case!of!doubt!in!the!interpretation!or!application!of!laws,!it!is!presumed!that!the!lawmaking!body!intended!right!and!justice!to!prevail.'
' DOUBTFUL!STATUTES!–!need!for!construction!and!interpretation!only!when!it!has!been!demonstrated!that!mere!application!is!impossible!or!inadequate!without!these!
processes!
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Article'11' Customs!which!are!contrary!to!law,!public!order!or!public!policy!shall!not!be!countenanced.!
Article'12' A!custom!must!be!proved!as!a!fact,!according!to!the!rules!of!evidence.'
' CUSTOMS!–!a!rule!of!conduct!formed!by!repetition!of!acts,!proven!as!fact,!and!uniformly!observed!(practiced)!as!a!social!rule,!legally!binding!and!obligatory;!a!juridical!
custom!can!supplement!statutory!law!or!applied!in!the!absence!thereof!as!compared!to!social!customs.!However,!it!cannot!prevail!over!a!statutory!rule!or!a!legal!rule!enunciated!
by!the!Supreme!Court!
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Article'13' When!the!laws!speak!of!years,!months,!days!or!nights,!it!shall!be!understood!that!years!are!of!three!hundred!sixty[five!days!each;!months,!of!thirty!days;!days,!of!twenty[four!hours;!and!
nights!from!sunset!to!sunrise.!
If!months!are!designated!by!their!name,!they!shall!be!computed!by!the!number!of!days!which!they!respectively!have.!!
In!computing!a!period,!the!first!day!shall!be!excluded,!and!the!last!day!included.!
' Strictly!apply!Calendar!Year,!unless!expressly!mentioned!to!do!otherwise!
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Article'14' Penal!laws!and!those!of!public!security!and!safety!shall!be!obligatory!upon!all!who!live!or!sojourn!in!the!Philippine!territory,!subject!to!the!principles!of!public!international!law!and!to!
treaty!stipulations.!
' OBLIGATORY!FORCE!OF!PENAL!LAWS!–!anyone!is!liable!for!any!violation!of!the!said!laws!
EXCEPTION!TO!THE!FORCE!–!DARTH!VADER!(joke).!Immunity!to!criminal!jurisdiction!includes!diplomatic!agents!and!head!of!states!
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Article'15' Laws!relating!to!family!rights!and!duties,!or!to!the!status,!condition!and!legal!capacity!of!persons!are!binding!upon!citizens'of!the'Philippines,!even!though!living!abroad.'
' NATIONALITY!RULE!–!I!know!where!you!areeeee.!"!I!will!find!you!and!I!will!kill!you.!
Bigamy!–!married!in!a!foreign!country!and!married!again!in!the!Philippines!
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Article'16' Real!property!as!well!as!personal!property!is!subject!to!the!law!of!the!country!where!it!is!stipulated.!!
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However,!intestate!and!testamentary!successions,!both!with!respect!to!the!order!of!succession!and!to!the!amount!of!successional!rights!and!to!the!intrinsic!validity!of!testamentary!
provisions,!shall!be!regulated!by!the!national!law!of!the!person!whose!succession!is!under!consideration,!whatever!may!be!the!nature!of!the!property!and!regardless!of!the!country!wherein!
said!property!may!be!found.'
' Subject!is!registered!to!the!successor!
Philippines!follows!the!process!of!compulsory!inheritance!using!the!notarial!or!holographic!will!
LAW!GOVERNING!REAL!PROPERTIES!–!the!country!where!the!real!property!is!will!be!the!governing!law!over!the!said!property!
Order!of!succession!and!the!amount!of!successional!rights!are!regulated!by!the!national!law!of!the!deceased!regardless!of!the!nature!of!the!property!
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Article'17' The!forms!and!solemnities!of!contracts,!wills,!and!other!public!instruments!shall!be!governed!by!the!laws!of!the!country!in!which!they!are!executed.!!
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When!the!acts!referred!to!are!executed!before!the!diplomatic!or!consular!officials!of!the!Republic!of!the!Philippines!in!a!foreign!country,!the!solemnities!established!by!Philippine!laws!shall!

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be!observed!in!their!execution.!!
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Prohibitive!laws!concerning!persons,!their!acts!or!property,!and!those!which!have!for!their!object!public!order,!public!policy!and!good!customs!shall!not!be!rendered!ineffective!by!laws!or!
judgments!promulgated,!or!by!determinations!or!conventions!agreed!upon!in!a!foreign!country.!
' EXTRINSIC!VALIDITY!–!contracts!shall!be!governed!by!the!laws!of!the!country!by!which!they!were!executed!
ACTS!BEFORE!DIPLOMATIC!AND!CONSULAR!OFFICIALS!–!representatives!of!the!state,!therefore!they!would!conform!with!the!solemnities!under!Philippine!law!(i.e.,!
marriage)!
PROHIBITIVE!LAWS!–!shall!not!be!rendered!ineffective!by!laws!or!agreements!in!a!foreign!country!
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Article'18' In!matters!which!are!governed!by!the!Code!of!Commerce!and!special!laws,!their!deficiency!shall!be!supplied!by!the!provisions!of!this!Code.!
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Chapter'2' Human'Relations'
Article'19' Every!person!must,!in!the!exercise!of!his!rights!and!in!the!performance!of!his!duties,!act!with!justice,!give!everyone!his!due,!and!observe!honesty!and!good!faith.!
' Bad!faith!–!did!not!assume!it!would!happen,!ill[will!against!duty,!intended!harm!(i.e.!Katrina!Halili!on!sex!video)!
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Article'20' Every!person!who,!contrary!to!law,!wilfully!or!negligently!causes!damage!to!another,!shall!indemnify!the!latter!for!the!same.'
' In!violation!of!the!coded!law!and!accordance!to!Article!3!(Ignorance!of!law!excuses!no!one!of!compliance!therewith)!
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Article'21' Any!person!who!wilfully!causes!loss!or!injury!to!another!in!manner!that!is!contrary!to!morals,!good!customs!or!public!policy!shall!compensate!the!latter!for!the!damage.'
' In!violation!with!the!“uncoded”!customs!and!whatnot;!this!act!is!intentional!
Fills!in!the!countless!gaps!in!statutes!
Acts!that!are!contra(bonus(mores:!
Legal!(not!in!violation!of!the!Code),!
but!which!is!contrary!to!morals,!good!customs,!public!order/policy,!
with!an!intent!to!injure!
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Article'22' Every!person!who!through!an!act!of!performance!by!another,!or!any!other!means,!acquires!or!comes!into!possession!of!something!at!the!expense!of!the!latter!without!just!or!legal!ground,!
shall!return!the!same!to!him.'
' UNJUST!ENRICHMENT!–!a!person!cannot!profit!on!something!that!does!not!legally!and!meritiously!belong!to!him/her,!wherein!it!causes!damage!
Call!for!compensation!of!the!person’s!gain!(not!his!intent)!
Force!majeure!–!both!parties!suffered!damages!and!no!enrichment!
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Article'23' Even!when!an!act!or!event!causing!damage!to!another's!property!was!not!due!to!the!fault!or!negligence!of!the!defendant,!the!latter!shall!be!liable!for!indemnity!if!through!the!act!or!event!he!
was!benefited.!
' Call!for!compensation!of!the!person’s!gain!(his!intent!to!injure)!
There!is!still!unjust!enrichment!
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Article'24' In!all!contractual,!property!or!other!relations,!when!one!of!the!parties!is!at!a!disadvantage!on!account!of!his!moral!dependence,!ignorance,!indigence,!mental!weakness,!tender!age!or!other!
handicap,!the!courts!must!be!vigilant!for!his!protection.!
' Exclusive!to!contracts!on!property!and!other!relations!
EQUITY!RULE!–!special!consideration!for!the!incapacitated!(tempers!Article!3)!
COURT!VIGILANCE!–!in!protecting!the!rights!of!the!disadvantaged!for!the!decision!that!embodies!right!and!legal!
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Article'25' Thoughtless!extravagance!in!expenses!for!pleasure!or!display!during!a!period!of!acute!public!want!or!emergency!may!be!stopped!by!order!of!the!courts!at!the!instance!of!any!government!
or!private!charitable!institution.!
' thoughtless!extravagance!of!expenses!–!What!is!thoughtless!may!be!the!norm!for!higher!social!class!
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Article'26' Every!person!shall!respect!the!dignity,!personality,!privacy!and!peace!of!mind!of!his!neighbors!and!other!persons.!The!following!and'similar!acts,!though!they!may!not!constitute!a!criminal!
offense,!shall!produce!a!cause!of!action!for!damages,!prevention!and!other!relief:!'
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(1)!Prying!into!the!privacy!of!another's!residence;!!
(2)!Meddling!with!or!disturbing!the!private!life!or!family!relations!of!another;!!
(3)!Intriguing!to!cause!another!to!be!alienated!from!his!friends;!!
(4)!Vexing!or!humiliating!another!on!account!of!his!religious!beliefs,!lowly!station!in!life,!place!of!birth,!physical!defect,!or!other!personal!condition.!!
' PROVING!BAD!FAITH!–!especially!on!the!right!to!privacy!
Human!dignity!imbibed!in!the!system!of!laws!
SOCIAL!EQUITY!sought!for!decency!and!propriety!
Alienation!of!spouse,!unless!through!adultery!is!not!a!violation!of!(2)!
RCPI!v.!Verchez!
failed!to!issue!telegram!and!the!non[performance!of!the!RCPI!caused!filial!problems!and!intrigued!of!blame!(2),!(3)!
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Article'27' Any!person!suffering!material!or!moral!loss!because!a!public!servant!or!employee!refuses!or!neglects,!without!just!cause,!to!perform!his!official!duty!may!file!an!action!for!damages!and!
other!relief!against!the!latter,!without!prejudice!to!any!disciplinary!administrative!action!that!may!be!taken.!
' DUTY!OF!PUBLIC!OFFICER!
Must!uphold!the!duty/honor!of!the!government!for!the!national!interest!
PUBLIC!SERVANT!–!elected!in!a!high!ranking!position!
PUBLIC!EMPLOYEE!–!hired!by!merit,!functions!under!a!government!agency!or!office!
JUST!CAUSE!–!reasonable!excuse!(absence!alone!is!not!a!just!cause!but!a!form!of!negligence)!
OUTSIDE!THE!SCOPE!OF!DUTY!–!a!public!officer!is!unexcused!for!any!tort/act!like!any!private!individual!
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Article'28' Unfair!competition!in!agricultural,!commercial!or!industrial!enterprises!or!in!labor!through!the!use!of!force,!intimidation,!deceit,!machination!or!any!other!unjust,!oppressive!or!highhanded!
method!shall!give!rise!to!a!right!of!action!by!the!person!who!thereby'suffers!damage.!
' SYSTEM!OF!FREE!ENTERPRISE!–!no!deprivation!of!others'!fair!chance!to!engage!in!business!
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Article'29' When!the!accused!in!a!criminal!prosecution!is!acquitted!on!the!ground!that!his!guilt!has!not!been!proved!beyond!reasonable!doubt,!a!civil!action!for!damages!for!the!same!act!or!omission!
may!be!instituted.!Such!action!requires!only!a!preponderance!of!evidence.'Upon!motion!of!the!defendant,!the!court!may!require!the!plaintiff!to!file!a!bond!to!answer!for!damages!in!case!the!
complaint!should!be!found!to!be!malicious.!!
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If!in!a!criminal!case!the!judgment!of!the!acquittal!is!based!upon!reasonable!doubt,!the!court!shall!so!declare.!In!the!absence!of!any!declaration!to!that!effect,!it!may!be!inferred!from!the!text!
of!the!decision!whether!or!not!the!acquittal!is!due!to!that!ground.'
' DEMAND!FOR!PREPONDERANCE!OF!EVIDENCE!(weight!of!the!evidences)!
No!substantial!proof!beyond!reasonable!doubt!=!Court!must!acquit!
The!amount!of!proof!is!never!absolute!
Note:(Administrative!cases!=!substantial!evidences;!Criminal!cases!=!evidences!beyond!reasonable!doubt;!Civil!Cases!=!preponderance!of!evidences!
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Article'30' When!a!separate!civil!action!is!brought!to!demand!civil!liability!arising!from!a!criminal!offense,!and!no!criminal!proceedings!are!instituted!during!the!pendency!of!the!civil!case,!a!
preponderance!of!evidence!shall!likewise!be!sufficient!to!prove!the!act!complained!of.!!
! CIVIL!OBLIGATION!ARISING!FROM!A!CRIMINAL!OFFENSE!
No!criminal!proceedings!filed!at!the!moment!
To!claim!such!civil!obligation!is!merely!preponderance!of!evidence!
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Article'31' When!the!civil!action!is!based!on!an!obligation!not!arising!from!the!act!or!omission!complained!of!as!a!felony,!such!civil!action!may!proceed!independently!of!the!criminal!proceedings!and!
' regardless!of!the!result!of!the!latter.!
' CIVIL!OBLIGATION!NOT!ARISING!FROM!FELONY!
Estafa!with!sufficient!notice!
Injuries!not!from!commission!of!a!crime!
Art!2176!of!the!Civil!Code!
Quasidelict!(no!preexisting!contractual!relation)!–!culpaaquiliana!by!civil!negligence!
Delict!–!separate!from!negligence!
Acquittal!of!criminal!negligence!–!damages!due!to!a!quasidelict!
Culpa!contractual!–!criminal!case!can!be!filed!again!in!a!civil!case,!separately!and!independently!
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Article'32' Any!public!officer!or!employee,!or!any!private!individual,!who!directly!or!indirectly!obstructs,!defeats,!violates!or!in!any!manner!impedes!or!impairs!any!of!the!following!rights!and!liberties!
' of!another!person!shall!be!liable!to!the!latter!for!damages:!!
(1)!Freedom!of!religion;!!
(2)!Freedom!of!speech;!!
(3)!Freedom!to!write!for!the!press!or!to!maintain!a!periodical!publication;!!
(4)!Freedom!from!arbitrary!or!illegal!detention;!!
(5)!Freedom!of!suffrage;!!
(6)!The!right!against!deprivation!of!property!without!due!process!of!law;!!
(7)!The!right!to!a!just!compensation!when!private!property!is!taken!for!public!use;!!
(8)!The!right!to!the!equal!protection!of!the!laws;!!
(9)!The!right!to!be!secure!in!one's!person,!house,!papers,!and!effects!against!unreasonable!searches!and!seizures;!!
(10)!The!liberty!of!abode!and!of!changing!the!same;!!
(11)!The!privacy!of!communication!and!correspondence;!!
(12)!The!right!to!become!a!member!of!associations!or!societies!for!purposes!not!contrary!to!law;!!
(13)!The!right!to!take!part!in!a!peaceable!assembly!to!petition!the!Government!for!redress!of!grievances;!!
(14)!The!right!to!be!a!free!from!involuntary!servitude!in!any!form;!!
(15)!The!right!of!the!accused!against!excessive!bail;!!
(16)!The!right!of!the!accused!to!be!heard!by!himself!and!counsel,!to!be!informed!of!the!nature!and!cause!of!the!accusation!against!him,!to!have!a!speedy!and!public!trial,!to!meet!the!
witnesses!face!to!face,!and!to!have!compulsory!process!to!secure!the!attendance!of!witness!in!his!behalf;!!
(17)!Freedom!from!being!compelled!to!be!a!witness!against!one's!self,!or!from!being!forced!to!confess!guilt,!or!from!being!induced!by!a!promise!of!immunity!or!reward!to!make!such!
confession,!except!when!the!person!confessing!becomes!a!State!witness;!!
(18)!Freedom!from!excessive!fines,!or!cruel!and!unusual!punishment,!unless!the!same!is!imposed!or!inflicted!in!accordance!with!a!statute!which!has!not!been!judicially!declared!
unconstitutional;!and!!
(19)!Freedom!of!access!to!the!courts.!!
In!any!of!the!cases!referred!to!in!this!article,!whether!or!not!the!defendant's!act!or!omission!constitutes!a!criminal!offense,!the!aggrieved!party!has!a!right!to!commence!an!entirely!separate!
and!distinct!civil!action!for!damages,!and!for!other!relief.!Such!civil!action!shall!proceed!independently!of!any!criminal!prosecution!(if!the!latter!be!instituted),!and!may!be!proved!by!a!
preponderance!of!evidence.!!
!
The!indemnity!shall!include!moral!damages.!Exemplary!damages!may!also!be!adjudicated.!!
!
The!responsibility!herein!set!forth!is!not!demandable!from!a!judge!unless!his!act!or!omission!constitutes!a!violation!of!the!Penal!Code!or!other!penal!statute.!!
' Constitutional!rights!are!inviolable!
WN!it!may!be!a!criminal!offense,!aggrieved!party!may!file!for!a!civil!action!for!damages!and!relief!
Indemnity!shall!include!moral!and!exemplary!damages!for!civil!cases!
DUTIES!OF!THE!PUBLIC!OFFICERS!TO!ALL!
Of!Duties!to!Public:!owe!a!duty!to!public!
Of!Duties!to!Individuals:!serve!and!receive!compensation!
Cause!of!Action!
Right!in!favor!of!plaintiff,!
Obligation!of!the!defendant!to!respect!other’s!rights,!
An!act/omission!on!the!part!of!the!defendant,!to!which!defendant!may!order!for!an!action!for!recovery!of!damages!
SEPARATE!CIVIL!ACTION!
Effective!maintenance!of!democracy!
to!stop!the!instances!of!aggrieved!citizens!left!without!redress!
to!afford!proper!remedy!by!preponderance!of!evidence!
civil!remedies!available!in!the!project!of!Civil!Code!
Respondeat!superior!–!let(the(master(answer;!directly!and!indirectly(
GOOD!FAITH!IS!NOT!A!DEFENSE(
Immaterial!because!civil!or!criminal,!with!or!without!malice!or!bad!faith(
Unless!the!lack!of!freedom!inhibits!someone!from!doing!the!act(
JUDGES!cannot!be!subjected!to!liability!as!long!as!GOOD!FAITH!is!rendered!in!their!decisions!
' '
Article'33' In!cases!of!defamation,!fraud,!and!physical!injuries!a!civil!action!for!damages,!entirely!separate!and!distinct!from!the!criminal!action,!may!be!brought!by!the!injured!party.!Such!civil!action!
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Persons'and'Family'Relations'2014'Primer' JENICA!EDLYN |6!
'
shall!proceed!independently!of!the!criminal!prosecution,!and!shall!require!only!a!preponderance!of!evidence.!!
' FILING!OF!SEPARATE!CIVIL!ACTION!when!there!is!DEFAMATION,!FRAUD,!PHYSICAL!INJURIES!
' Defamation!–!libel!and!false!statements!
Fraud!–!estafa!and!deceit!
Physical!injuries!–!reckless!homicide!
Ruling!determines!and!takes!into!account!the!penalty!
' '
Article'34' When!a!member!of!a!city!or!municipal!police!force!refuses!or!fails!to!render!aid!or!protection!to!any!person!in!case!of!danger!to!life!or!property,!such!peace!officer!shall!be!primarily!liable!
for!damages,!and!the!city!or!municipality!shall!be!subsidiarily!responsible!therefor.!The!civil!action!herein!recognized!shall!be!independent!of!any!criminal!proceedings,!and!a!
preponderance!of!evidence!shall!suffice!to!support!such!action.!!
' MAGNITUDE!OF!DANGER!must!be!considered!
' '
Article'35' When!a!person,!claiming!to!be!injured!by!a!criminal!offense,!charges!another!with!the!same,!for!which!no!independent!civil!action!is!granted!in!this!Code!or!any!special!law,!but!the!justice!
of!the!peace!finds!no!reasonable!grounds!to!believe!that!a!crime!has!been!committed,!or!the!prosecuting!attorney!refuses!or!fails!to!institute!criminal!proceedings,!the!complaint!may!bring!
a!civil!action!for!damages!against!the!alleged!offender.!Such!civil!action!may!be!supported!by!a!preponderance!of!evidence.!Upon!the!defendant's!motion,!the!court!may!require!the!plaintiff!
to!file!a!bond!to!indemnify!the!defendant!in!case!the!complaint!should!be!found!to!be!malicious.!!
!
If!during!the!pendency!of!the!civil!action,!an!information!should!be!presented!by!the!prosecuting!attorney,!the!civil!action!shall!be!suspended!until!the!termination!of!the!criminal!
proceedings.!!
' RESERVATION!OF!CIVIL!ACTIONS!
Rule!111!of!the!Rules!of!Court!
Amount!of!damages!shall!base!the!filing!fees!
Only!when!final!judgment!for!criminal!case,!can!one!file!for!a!civil!case!
however,!when!a!civil!case!is!under!suspension,!it!is!tolled!
civil!case!extinguishes!when,!upon!final!judgment!for,!criminal!case!result!to!a!non[existence!of!civil!liability!
independent!civil!cases!due!preponderance!of!evidence!may!not!recover!the!same!damages!twice!for!the!same!charges!in!the!criminal!case!
Death!of!accused!after!an!arraignment!extinguishes!the!civil!liability,!however!independent!civil!action!may!enforce!liability!from!other!related!sources!of!obligation!or!
proper!substitutions;!and!must!appear!in!Court!within!30!days!from!notice!
Judgment!in!civil!action!is!not!a!bar!to!a!criminal!action!against!the!same!charges!
' !
Article'36' Prejudicial!questions,!which!must!be!decided!before!any!criminal!prosecution!may!be!instituted!or!may!proceed,!shall!be!governed!by!rules!of!court!which!the!Supreme!Court!shall!
promulgate!and!which!shall!not!be!in!conflict!with!the!provisions!of!this!Code.!!
! CRIMINAL!AND!CIVIL!ACTIONS!–!Criminal!takes!precedence!unless!there!are!prejudicial!questions!
Prejudicial!questions!are!one!that!arises!in!a!case,!the!resolution!of!which!is!a!logical!antecedent!of!the!issue!involved!therein,!and!the!cognizance!of!which!pertains!to!
another!tribunal!
Essential!elements!of!prejudicial!question:!
the!previously!instituted!civil!action!involves!an!issue!similar!or!intimately!related!to!the!issue!raised!in!the!subsequent!criminal!action;!and!
the!resolution!of!such!issue!determines!whether!or!not!the!criminal!action!may!proceed!
Criminal!cases!are!suspended!because!the!issues!in!the!civil!is!determinative!of!the!outcome!of!the!criminal!case!
! !
!
BOOK'I:'PERSONS'
TITLE'I' CIVIL'PERSONALITY'
Chapter'1' General'Provisions'
Article'37' Juridical!capacity,!which!is!the!fitness!to!be!the!subject!of!legal!relations,!is!inherent!in!every!natural!person!and!is!lost!only!through!death.!Capacity!to!act,!which!is!the!power!to!do!acts!
' with!legal!effect,!is!acquired!and!may!be!lost.!!
' SUBJECT!to!legal!relations!(i.e.,!custody,!donations,!etc.);!passive!
Capacity!to!Act!–!what!you!can!do;!limited!
' '
Article'38'' Minority,!insanity!or!imbecility,!the!state!of!being!a!deaf[mute,!prodigality!and!civil!interdiction!are!mere!restrictions!on!capacity!to!act,!and!do!not!exempt!the!incapacitated!person!from!
' certain!obligations,!as!when!the!latter!arise!from!his!acts!or!from!property!relations,!such!as!easements.!
' !

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Persons'and'Family'Relations'2014'Primer' JENICA!EDLYN |7!
'
' The!following!circumstances,!among!others,!modify!or!limit!capacity!to!act:!age,!insanity,!imbecility,!the!state!of!being!a!deaf[mute,!penalty,!prodigality,!family!relations,!alienage,!absence,!
Article'39' insolvency!and!trusteeship.!The!consequences!of!these!circumstances!are!governed!in!this!Code,!other!codes,!the!Rules!of!Court,!and!in!special!laws.!Capacity!to!act!is!not!limited!on!account!
of!religious!belief!or!political!opinion.!!
!
A!married!woman,!twenty[one!years!of!age!or!over,!is!qualified!for!all!acts!of!civil!life,!except!in!cases!specified!by!law.!
' LIMITATIONS!AND!SCOPE!OF!CAPACITY!TO!ACT!
' '
Chapter'2' Natural'Persons'
Article'40' Birth!determines!personality;!but!the!conceived!child!shall!be!considered!born!for!all!purposes!that!are!favorable!to!it,!provided!it!be!born!later!with!the!conditions!specified!in!the!
' following!article.!
' !
Article'41' For!civil!purposes,!the!foetus!is!considered!born!if!it!is!alive!at!the!time!it!is!completely!delivered!from!the!mother's!womb.!However,!if!the!foetus!had!an!intra[uterine!life!of!less!than!seven!
' months,!it!is!not!deemed!born!if!it!dies!within!twenty[four!hours!after!its!complete!delivery!from!the!maternal!womb.!
' Civil!personality!–!by!conception!
Cannot!invoke!of!provisional!personality!of!a!conceived!child!to!receive!damages!for!and!on!behalf!of!an!aborted!child,!unless!if!it!was!against!the!development!of!the!
foetus!(malpractice!of!doctor),!given!that!it!became!a!loss!to!parental!expectations,!and!not!a!consented!agreement!between!the!doctor!and!the!parents!
Birth!certificate!–!best!evidence!of!the!fact!of!birth!
Confidentiality!of!birth!records!–!cannot!be!revealed!unless!in!cases!provided!by!law;!however!they!still!maintain!their!nature!as!public!documents!
' '
Article'42' Civil!personality!is!extinguished!by!death.!!
' !
The!effect!of!death!upon!the!rights!and!obligations!of!the!deceased!is!determined!by!law,!by!contract!and!by!will.!!
' Nobody!shall!be!buried!unless!the!proper!death!certificate!has!been!presented!and!registered!in!the!Local!Civil!Registrar!
Contract,!Will!and!the!Law!–!able!to!control!the!disposition!of!his!properties!beyond!the!grave;!those!who!shows!disrespect!to!the!dead,!or!wrongfully!interferes!with!
the!funeral,!shall!be!liable!to!the!family!of!the!deceased!in!a!civil!case!
' '
Article'43' If!there!is!a!doubt,!as!between!two!or!more!persons!who!are!called!to!succeed!each!other,!as!to!which!of!them!died!first,!whoever!alleges!the!death!of!one!prior!to!the!other,!shall!prove!the!
' same;!in!the!absence!of!proof,!it!is!presumed!that!they!died!at!the!same!time!and!there!shall!be!no!transmission!of!rights!from!one!to!the!other.!!
' applies!only!to!succeeding!rights!and!deaths,!if!not!proven!with!substantial!proof,!will!result!to!Sec!3!of!Rule!131!
presumption!of!strength,!age,!sexes,!probabiliies!
Males!over!females!
Young!(>15)!over!old!(<50)!
Adult!(30’s)!over!young!and!old!
' '
Chapter'3' Juridical'Persons'
Article'44' The!following!are!juridical!persons:!!
' (1)!The!State!and!its!political!subdivisions;!!
' (2)!Other!corporations,!institutions!and!entities!for!public!interest!or!purpose,!created!by!law;!their!personality!begins!as!soon!as!they!have!been!constituted!according!to!law;!!
' (3)!Corporations,!partnerships!and!associations!for!private!interest!or!purpose!to!which!the!law!grants!a!juridical!personality,!separate!and!distinct!from!that!of!each!shareholder,!partner!
' or!member.!
' !
' Juridical!persons!mentioned!in!Nos.!(1)!and!(2)!of!the!preceding!article!are!governed!by!the!laws!creating!or!recognizing!them.!!
Article'45' !
' Private!corporations!are!regulated!by!laws!of!general!application!on!the!subject.!!
' !
' Partnerships!and!associations!for!private!interest!or!purpose!are!governed!by!the!provisions!of!this!Code!concerning!partnerships.!
' !
' Juridical!persons!may!acquire!and!possess!property!of!all!kinds,!as!well!as!incur!obligations!and!bring!civil!or!criminal!actions,!in!conformity!with!the!laws!and!regulations!of!their!
Article'46' organization.!
! JURIDICAL!PERSON!–!is!a!being!of!legal!existence!susceptible!of!rights!and!obligations,!or!of!being!the!subject!of!juridical!relations!
STATE!–!is!a!sovereign!person!and!viewed!as!an!organized!corporate!society!under!a!government!with!!
the!legal!competence!to!exact!obedience!of!its!commands.!As!a!juridical!person,!it!can!enter!treatises!and!contracts,!and!can!even!inherit!deceased’s!estates!when!intestate.!

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Persons'and'Family'Relations'2014'Primer' JENICA!EDLYN |8!
'
POLITICAL!SUBDIVISIONS!–!are!municipal!corporations,!which!include!municipalities,!provinces!and!cities!–!a!dual!capacity:!(1)!political;!agencies!of!the!state,!and!(2)!
sovereignty;!private!individuals!
CORPORATION!–!an!artificial!being!created!by!operation!of!law,!having!the!right!of!succession!and!the!powers,!attributes,!and!properties!expressly!authorized!by!law!
or!incident!to!its!existence!(i.e.,!banks)!
PARTNERSHIP!–!two!or!more!persons!bind!themselves!to!contribute!property!to!a!common!fund,!with!the!intention!of!dividing!profits!among!themselves;!this!also!
applies!for!the!exercise!of!a!profession!
DISTINCT!PERSONALITY!AND!EXCEPTIONS!–!private!interests!!and!purpose!may!be!granted!by!law!as!a!juridical!personality!
' '
Article'47' Upon!the!dissolution!of!corporations,!institutions!and!other!entities!for!public!interest!or!purpose!mentioned!in!No.!2!of!Article!44,!their!property!and!other!assets!shall!be!disposed!of!in!
pursuance!of!law!or!the!charter!creating!them.!If!nothing!has!been!specified!on!this!point,!the!property!and!other!assets!shall!be!applied!to!similar!purposes!for!the!benefit!of!the!region,!
province,!city!or!municipality!which!during!the!existence!of!the!institution!derived!the!principal!benefits!from!the!same.!
' [!DISSOLUTION!–!governed!in!accordance!with!the!provisions!of!their!respective!charters!and!in!the!absence!of!any!such!provision,!by!the!provision!of!the!Corporation!Code!
' '
TITLE'II' CITIZENSHIP'AND'DOMICILE'
Article'48' The!following!are!citizens!of!the!Philippines:!!
' (1)!Those!who!were!citizens!of!the!Philippines!at!the!time!of!the!adoption!of!the!Constitution!of!the!Philippines;!!
' (2)!Those!born!in!the!Philippines!of!foreign!parents!who,!before!the!adoption!of!said!Constitution,!had!been!elected!to!public!office!in!the!Philippines;!!
' (3)!Those!whose!fathers!are!citizens!of!the!Philippines;!!
' (4)!Those!whose!mothers!are!citizens!of!the!Philippines!and,!upon!reaching!the!age!of!majority,!elect!Philippine!citizenship;!!
' (5)!Those!who!are!naturalized!in!accordance!with!law.!!
' !
Article'49' Naturalization!and!the!loss!and!reacquisition!of!citizenship!of!the!Philippines!are!governed!by!special!laws.!
' !
Article'50' For!the!exercise!of!civil!rights!and!the!fulfillment!of!civil!obligations,!the!domicile!of!natural!persons!is!the!place!of!their!habitual!residence.!
' !
' When!the!law!creating!or!recognizing!them,!or!any!other!provision!does!not!fix!the!domicile!of!juridical!persons,!the!same!shall!be!understood!to!be!the!place!where!their!legal!
Article'51' representation!is!established!or!where!they!exercise!their!principal!functions.!
! DOMICILE!–!fixed!permanent!residence!
JUS!SANGUINIS!as!opposed!to!jus!soli!
ACQUISITION!OF!CITIZENSHIP!–!governed!by!Commonwealth!Act!No.!473!(Naturalization)!
!
!