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Arteries vs Capillaries
1. Arteries have thick walls; capillary walls one cell thick
2. Arteries - lots of collagen; capillaries - no collagen
3. Arteries - muscle cells; capillaries - no muscle cells
4. Arteries - elastic tissue (allows for recoil); collagen - none
5. Arteries - narrow lumen; capillaries - even narrower
Atherosclerosis
1. Damage to endothelial cells/rupture
2. Triggers an inflammatory response
3. WBC accumulate in the area; build up of choles./platelets
5. Harden to form plaque (atheroma) (build up of fibres/Ca2+)
6. Narrowing of lumen/ less elasticity/high b.p less blood flow
7. Process is self perpetuating (high bp leads to more damage)
Active Transport
1. Active transport uses ATP (requires energy)
2. Uses only carrier proteins; bind to molecule & change shape
3. Transports molecules against the conc. gradient
Facilitated Diffusion
1. Uses protein channels (open/close) and carriers (change shape)
Can carry large/polar molecules down concentration gradient
DNA Replication
1. DNA Helicase [named enzyme] unravels the DNA strand
2. Replication is semiconservative; one new strand made
3. Mononucleotides line up along the strand
4. Via complementary base pairing; form H bonds between them
5. Phosphodiester bonds form between mononucleotides
6. Via condensation reaction
DNA Polymerase attaches nucleotides; DNA Ligase connects fragments
Role of mRNA and tRNA in protein synthesis (4)
mRNA:- 1. mRNA transcribe DNA template; is copy of genetic code
2. mRNA is made up of codons that code for specific amino acids
3. the mRNA contains the code for the new protein/polypeptide
3. the mRNA moves out of the nucleus, & binds to the ribosomes
5. and is used in translation [acts as template for translation]
Gene Therapy
1. Use named vector (e.g. liposome or altered virus or plasmid)
2. Introduce healthy gene into body cells (name,e.g. cells in lung)
3. Normal gene is transcribed & translated; healthy protein made
4. Instead of faulty protein
3. Suitable delivery method (e.g. injection or nebuliser)
4. Treatment needs to be repeated (due to cell replacement)
1. idea that the primary structure determines the {positioning / type} of the {bonds / folding / eq} ;
2. AND 3. credit any two correctly named {bond / interaction} e.g. disul{ph / f}ide bond, hydrogen, ionic
bonds, hydrophobic interactions (between R groups) ;;
4. idea of {polar / hydrophilic} on the outside of enzymes / {non polar / hydrophobic} on the inside / eq ;
5. globular / soluble / eq ; 6. determining the {shape / properties} of the active site / eq ;
7. idea of interaction of active sites and substrates e.g. enzyme substrate complex forms ;
8. idea of enzyme specificity