ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING WORKSHOP LABORATORY MANUAL

EXPERIMENT NO. 1

FAMILIARIZATION / IDENTIFICATION OF COMPONENTS WITH SPECIFICATION

Aim
To familiarize and identify Active, Passive, Electronics, Electrical, Electromechanical, Wires, Ca-
bles, Connectors, Fuses, Switches, Relays, Crystals, Displays, Fasteners and Heat sink.
Active components
Active components increase the power of a signal and must be supplied with the signal and a
source of power. The signal is fed into one connection of the active device and the amplified version tak-
en from another connection.
Example: Diodes, Transistors, Integrated circuits.
Passive components
Passive components do not increase the power of the signal. They often cause power to be lost.
Some can increase the voltage at the expense of current, so overall there is a loss of power.

Example: Resistors, Capacitors, Inductors.

Electronics components and symbols

Component Circuit Symbol Function of the component

Passive Components

A resistor resists the flow of current, exam-

Resistor ple is to limit the current passing through an
LED.

This type of variable resistor with 3 contacts

Variable Resistor (potentiometer) is usually used to control
Potentiometer voltage. It can be used like this as a trans-
ducer converting position (angle of the con-
trol spindle) to an electrical signal.

Light Dependent Resistor or Photo resistor,

LDR which is a basically a resistor which has a
(Light Dependent Resistor) resistance that varies depending of the light
intensity.

The thermistor is a special type of variable

Thermistor resistor that changes its resistance when
exposed to changes in temperature.

Varistor
A varistor is type of variable resistor with an
Voltage dependent resistor
electrical resistance that varies with the ap-
(VDR)
plied voltage.

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 ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING WORKSHOP LABORATORY MANUAL

Component Circuit Symbol Function of the component

Tapped resistor is a fixed resistor having
one or more additional terminals along its
Tapped resistor
length, generally for voltage-divider appli-
cations.
A capacitor stores electric charge. A capaci-
Capacitor tor is used with a resistor in a timing circuit.
It can also be used as a filter; to block DC
signals but pass AC signals.
An electrolytic capacitor is a polarized ca-
pacitor that uses an electrolyte to achieve
Electrolytic Capacitor
a larger capacitance than other capacitor
types.
This type of variable capacitor is operated
with a small screwdriver or similar tool. It is
Trimmer Capacitor
designed to be set when the circuit is made
and then left without further adjustment.

A transformer is an electrical device that

transfers electrical energy between two or
more circuits through electromagnetic in-
Transformer duction. Transformers are used to step up
(increase) and step down (decrease) AC
voltages. There is no electrical connection
Step Down Step Up between the coils.
Transformer Transformer

An inductor, also called a coil, is a passive

two-terminal electrical component that
Inductor
stores electrical energy in a magnetic field
when electric current is flowing through it.
Iron Cored Air Cored
Inductor Inductor
Active Components
Diode is a semiconductor device with two
Diode terminals, typically allowing the flow of cur-
rent in one direction only .
A light-emitting diode is a semiconductor
Light-emitting diode
device that emits visible light when an elec-
(LED)
tric current passes through it.
Zener diode is special diode which is used
Zener Diode to maintain a fixed voltage across its termi-
nals.
A photodiode is a semiconductor device
Photodiode that converts light into an electrical cur-
rent.
C C

Transistors are three-terminal devices, and

its pins are labeled collector (C), base (B),
Transistor B B
and emitter (E). It is a semiconductor device
E used to amplify or switch electronic signals.
E
NPN PNP

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 ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING WORKSHOP LABORATORY MANUAL

Component Circuit Symbol Function of the component

Phototransistors are either tri-terminal
(emitter, base and collector) or bi-terminal
Phototransistor (emitter and collector) semiconductor de-
vices which have a light-sensitive base re-
gion.
A Silicon-Controlled Rectifier, or SCR, is
GATE essentially a Shockley diode with an extra
Silicon Controlled Rectifier terminal added. This extra terminal is called
ANODE
(SCR) the gate, and it is used to trigger the device
CATHODE into conduction (latch it) by the application
of a small voltage.
GATE
Triac is a three terminal, four layer, bi-
Triac directional semiconductordevice that con-
MT 2 MT 1
trols AC power.

Switches
A push switch allows current to flow only
Push Switch when the button is pressed. This is the
switch used to operate a doorbell.
This type of push switch is normally closed
Push to OFF Switch (on), it is open (off) when the button is
pressed.

An On-Off switch allows current to flow

ON-OFF Switch
only when it is closed (on) position.

A relay is an electrically operated switch. In

relays contacts are opened or closed by a
Relay
magnetic force to control a circuit by a sep-
arate low-power signal.

Audio & Radio devices

A microphone, is a transducer that con-

verts sound into an electrical signal. Micro-
Microphone phones are used in many applications such
as telephones, hearing aids, public address
systems for concert halls and public events.

A loudspeaker is an electroacoustic trans-

Loudspeaker ducer which converts an electrical audio
signal into a corresponding sound.

When a voltage source is applied to a small

thin piece of quartz crystal, it begins to
change shape producing a characteristic
known as the Piezo-electric effect. This Pie-
Crystal
zo-electric effect is the property of a crystal
by which an electrical charge produces a
mechanical force by changing the shape of
the crystal and vice versa.
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 ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING WORKSHOP LABORATORY MANUAL

Component Circuit Symbol Function of the component

Power Supplies & Fuse

Cell Supplies electrical energy. The larger
terminal (on the left) is positive (+). A single
Cell
cell is often called a battery, but strictly a
battery is two or more cells joined together.

An electric battery is a device consisting of

Battery
one or more cells.

Solar Cell converts light energy to electrical

Solar Cell
energy.

DC power supplies are power sup-

plies which produce an output DC voltage.
DC Supply
Power supplies are devices that deliver
electric power to one or several loads.

AC power supplies are power sup-

AC Supply
plies which produce an output AC voltage.

A connection to earth. For many electronic

Earth
circuits this is the 0V of the power supply.

In electronics and electrical engineering,

a fuse is an electrical safety device that op-
erates to provide overcurrent protection of
Fuse an electrical circuit. Its essential component
is a metal wire or strip that melts when too
much current flows through it, thereby in-
terrupting the current.

Displays

A Seven-segment display (SSD), or seven-

segment indicator, is a form of electron-
Seven Segment Display ic display device for displaying decimal nu-
merals that is an alternative to the more
complex dot matrix displays.

LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) is a type of dis-

LCD Displays play used in digital watches and many port-
able computers.

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 ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING WORKSHOP LABORATORY MANUAL

Component Circuit Symbol Function of the component

Meters & Oscilloscope

A voltmeter is used to measure voltage.

Voltmeter The proper name for voltage is 'potential
difference',

Ammeter An ammeter is used to measure current.

An ohmmeter is used to measure re-

Ohm meter sistance. Most multimeters have an ohm-
meter setting.

An oscilloscope is used to display the shape

Oscilloscope of electrical signals and it can be used to
measure their voltage and time period.

Wires & Connections

To pass current very easily from one part of

Wire
a circuit to another.

When wires are joined, their respective

lines on the circuit diagram will intersect,
Wires joined
and a small, circular dot will be put over
their intersection point.
When circuits are drawn some wires may
not touch others. This can only be shown
Wires not joined
by bridging them or by drawing them with-
out blobs.
Logic Gates
A NOT gate can only have one input. The
output of a NOT gate is the inverse
NOT Gate
(opposite) of its input, so the output is true
when the input is false.
An AND gate can have two or more inputs.
AND Gate The output of an AND gate is true when all
its inputs are true.

An OR gate can have two or more inputs.

OR Gate The output of an OR gate is true when at
least one of its inputs is true.
A NAND gate can have two or more inputs.
The 'o' on the output means 'not' showing
NAND Gate that it is a Not AND gate. & • The output of
a NAND gate is true unless all its inputs are
true.
A NOR gate can have two or more inputs.
NOR Gate The 'o' on the output means 'not' showing
that it is a Not OR gate.

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 ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING WORKSHOP LABORATORY MANUAL

Component Circuit Symbol Function of the component

Fasteners & Heat Sink

A fastener is a hardware device that me-

chanically joins or affixes two or more ob-
jects together. In general, fasteners are
Fasteners used to create non-permanent joints; that
is, joints that can be removed or disman-
tled without damaging the joining compo-
nents.
A heat sink is a passive heat exchanger that
transfers the heat generated by an elec-
tronic or a mechanical device to a metal
Heat Sink
body, where it is dissipated away from the
device, thereby allowing regulation of the
device's temperature at optimal levels.
Result
Studied about Active, Passive, Electronics, Electrical, Electromechanical, Wires, Cables, Connect-
ors, Fuses, Switches, Relays, Crystals, Displays, Fasteners and Heat sink.