17-02-09

EECE 2602 -- Signals and Systems in Continuous Time

Week 5 – Signal representations using

Fourier series

Activities Part 2

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EECE 2602 -- Signals and Systems in Continuous Time

Activity 4
•  Determine the Fourier series of the periodic signal x(t) defined over as follows:

⎧1 0≤t ≤2
x(t ) = ⎨
⎩− 1 2≤t ≤4

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EECE 2602 -- Signals and Systems in Continuous Time

Activity 4 Solution
From inspection, x(t) is an odd function. Therefore, a0=a1=0. Since x(t) has a
fundamental period T0=4, then ω0=π/2. bn is given by:

2 2 1⎡ 0 2 ⎤
bn = ∫
4 −2
x () ( 0)
t sin nω t dt = ⎢∫
2 ⎣ −2
−sin ( 0 ) ∫ sin (nω 0t ) dt ⎥
nω t dt +
⎦
0
2
⎡ ⎛ nπ ⎞ ⎤ ⎧ 4
⎢ cos ⎜ t ⎟ ⎥ 2 ⎪ n = 1, 3, 5...
⎝ 2 ⎠
= −⎢ ⎥ = [1− cos(nπ )] = ⎨ nπ
⎢ nπ ⎥ nπ ⎪ 0
⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ ⎩ n = 2, 4, 6...
2 0

4 ∞ 1 ⎛ π ⎞
x(t) = ∑ sin ⎜ n t ⎟
π n=1,3,5... n ⎝ 2 ⎠

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EECE 2602 -- Signals and Systems in Continuous Time

Activity 5
Determine the Fourier series of the periodic signal x(t) as follows:

x(t)

3
... ...
-2 0 2 4 t

-3

4
4

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 17-02-09

EECE 2602 -- Signals and Systems in Continuous Time

Activity 5 Solution
From inspection, x(t) is an even function. Therefore, bn=0. Since x(t) has a
fundamental period T0=4, then ω0=π/2. an is given by:

2 2 4 2
an = ∫
4 −2
x (t ) cos ( nω 0 t ) dt =
4
∫ (3− 3t)cos (nω t ) dt
0
0
2
⎡ sin(nω 0 t) cos ( nω 0 t ) ⎤
= ⎢(3− 3t) −3 2
⎥
⎢⎣ nω 0 (nω 0 ) ⎥⎦0
⎧ 0 n is even
⎡ sin ( nπ ) cos ( nπ ) 1 ⎤ ⎪
= ⎢−3 −3 +3 ⎥ = ⎨ 24
0.5nπ 2 2 n is odd
⎢⎣ (0.5nπ ) (0.5nπ ) ⎥⎦ ⎪ (nπ )2
⎩
∞
24 ⎛ π ⎞
x(t) = ∑ 2
cos ⎜ n t ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠
n=1,3,5... (nπ ) 5
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EECE 2602 -- Signals and Systems in Continuous Time

Activity 6
Determine the Fourier series coefficients for the following signal:

⎛ π⎞ ⎛ π⎞
x(t ) = 3 + cos⎜ 4t + ⎟ + sin ⎜10t + ⎟
⎝ 4⎠ ⎝ 3⎠

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EECE 2602 -- Signals and Systems in Continuous Time

Activity 6 Solution
The fundamental period of cos(4t+π/4) is given by T1=π/2, the fundamental period
of sin(10t+π/3) is given by T2=π/5. Since the ratio of T1/T2=5/2 is a rational
number, x(t) is a periodic with a fundamental period of π. Thus, ω0=2π/π=2

⎛π ⎞ ⎛π ⎞
x(t) = 3+ cos(4t)cos ⎜ ⎟ − sin ( 4t ) sin ⎜ ⎟
⎝4⎠ ⎝4⎠
⎛π ⎞ ⎛π ⎞
+sin g(10t)cos ⎜ ⎟ + cos(10t)sin ⎜ ⎟
⎝3⎠ ⎝3⎠
1 1 1 3
= 3+ cos(4t) − sin(4t) + sin(10t) + cos(10t)
2 2 2 2
1 1 3 1
∴a0 = 3, a2 = , b2 = − , a5 = , b5 =
2 2 2 2

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EECE 2602 -- Signals and Systems in Continuous Time

Activity 7
•  Determine the exponential FS coefficients for the periodic signal x(t) defined
over as follows:
x(t)

3
... ...
-2 0 2 4 t

-3

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EECE 2602 -- Signals and Systems in Continuous Time

Activity 7 Solution
Since the fundamental period T0=4, then ω0=π/2. Dn is given by:

1 − jnω 0t 1 2 1 2
Dn = ∫
T0 <T0 >
x ( t ) e dt = ∫
4 −2
x(t)cos ( nω 0 t ) dt − j ∫ x(t) sin (nω 0t ) dt
4 −2
1 2 1 2
= ∫
4 −2
x(t)cos ( nω 0 t ) dt =
2
∫ (3− 3t)cos (nω t ) dt 0
0

⎧ 0 n is even
3 ⎡ sin ( 2nω 0 ) cos ( 2nω 0 ) 1 ⎤ ⎪ 12
= ⎢− − 2
+ 2
⎥= ⎨
n is odd
2 ⎢⎣ nω 0 (nω 0 ) (nω 0 ) ⎥⎦ ⎪ (nπ )2
⎩

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EECE 2602 -- Signals and Systems in Continuous Time

Activity 8
Determine the exponential FS coefficients for the periodic signal x(t) :

x(t)

3
x(t ) = 3e −0.2t 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π
... ...
-2π 0 2π 4π t

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EECE 2602 -- Signals and Systems in Continuous Time

Activity 8 Solution
From inspection, the fundamental period T0=2π, then ω0=2π/2π=1. Dn is given by:

2π
1 1
Dn = ∫ x (t ) e− jnω0t dt = ∫ 3e −0.2t − jnω 0t
e dt
T0 <T0 > 2π 0
2π
3 2π
−(0.2+ jnω 0 )t 3 ⎡ e−(0.2+ jnω0 )t ⎤
=
2π
∫e dt = − ⎢
2π ⎣ 0.2 + jnω 0 ⎦0
⎥
0

3 1 ⎡⎣1− e−(0.2+ jnω0 )2 π ⎤⎦ = 3 ⎡⎣1− e−0.4 π ⎤⎦

=
2π 0.2 + jnω 0 2π (0.2 + jn)
0.3416
≈
(0.2 + jn)

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EECE 2602 -- Signals and Systems in Continuous Time

Activity 9
•  Calculate the power of the periodic signal x(t) defined over as follows:

x(t)

3
... ...
-2 0 2 4 t

-3

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EECE 2602 -- Signals and Systems in Continuous Time

Activity 9 Solution
It was shown in Activity 7, the exponential CTFS coefficients are:

⎧ 0 n is even
⎪
Dn = ⎨ 12
n is odd
⎪ ( nπ )2
⎩
Since x(t) is real-valued, using Parseval’s theorem, we have:

∞ ∞ 2
2 2 ⎛ 12 ⎞
Px = D0 + 2∑ Dn =2 ∑ ⎜ 2 2⎟
n=1,3,5... n π
n=1
⎝ ⎠
288 ∞ ⎛ 1 ⎞ 288
= 4 ∑ ⎜ 4 ⎟ = 4 ×1.015 = 3
π n=1,3,5... ⎝ n ⎠ π
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EECE 2602 -- Signals and Systems in Continuous Time

Activity 9 Solution
The above value of Px can be verified by calculation the power directly in the time
domain:

2
1 2 2 2
21 ⎡ (3− 3t)3 ⎤
Px =
T0
∫ x(t) dt =
4
∫ (3− 3t) dt = 2 ⎢⎣ −9 ⎥⎦
T0 0 0

1 ⎡ −27 27 ⎤
= ⎢ − ⎥= 3
2 ⎣ −9 −9 ⎦

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