EECE 2602 -- Signals and Systems in Continuous Time

Week 2 – Complex signals, Introduction to

systems
(Textbook: Ch. 1.2.7, Ch. 2)

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 EECE 2602 -- Signals and Systems in Continuous Time

CT complex signals
•  From Euler identity:

x(t ) = e j (ω0t +θ ) = cos(ω0t + θ ) + j sin (ω0t + θ )

{
sin (ω0t + θ ) = Im e j (ω0t +θ ) }
cos(ω t + θ ) = Re{e (
0
j ω0t +θ )
}
•  Both the imaginary and real components of x(t) are periodic with fundamental
period:
2π
T0 =
ω0
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 EECE 2602 -- Signals and Systems in Continuous Time

Energy and power of complex signals

•  Since the complex signal x(t) is periodic, we know that it has infinite energy,
what is the average power of x(t)?

j (ω0t +θ )
x(t ) = e
•  Recall the average power of a periodic signal:
t1 +T0
1 2
Px =
T0 ∫ x(t ) dt
t1

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 EECE 2602 -- Signals and Systems in Continuous Time

Energy and power of complex signals

•  Example: Calculate the average power in the following signal.

π
j 3t +
x(t ) = 0.5e 4

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 EECE 2602 -- Signals and Systems in Continuous Time

Energy and power of complex signals

•  In general, a complex signal x(t) can always be expressed in the following form:

x(t ) = a(t ) + jb(t )

where a(t ) = Re{x(t )} and b(t ) = Im{x(t )}

•  The energy Ex or power Px in the complex signal is always equal to the SUM of
the energy or power in the real and imaginary components

Ex = Ea + Eb Ea = energy of a(t)
Eb = energy of b(t)
or

Px = Pa + Pb Pa = power of a(t)
Pb = power of b(t)

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 EECE 2602 -- Signals and Systems in Continuous Time

CT complex exponential signals

•  A complex exponential signal x(t) can be represented by the following form:

x(t ) = e(σ + jω0 )t

= eσt [cos(ω0t ) + j sin (ω0t )]

s = σ + jω0 is called the complex frequency

If σ < 0, we have decaying

σt
Re{x(t )} = e cos(ω0t ) oscillating signals

Im{x(t )} = eσt sin (ω0t ) If σ > 0, we have expanding

oscillating signals

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 EECE 2602 -- Signals and Systems in Continuous Time

Introduction to systems
(Textbook: Ch. 2 )

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 EECE 2602 -- Signals and Systems in Continuous Time

Introduction to systems

y(t)
x(t)
system

The relationship between the input signal x(t) and its output response y(t) is shown
by the following notation:

x(t ) → y(t )

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 EECE 2602 -- Signals and Systems in Continuous Time

Introduction to systems
Example: electrical signal
L
Signal System
x(t)
+ +
x(t) _ C R y(t)
-1 0 1 t _

Example: image signal

Signal System

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 EECE 2602 -- Signals and Systems in Continuous Time

Introduction to systems
•  We classify systems into 6 basic categories:

1.  Linear and non-linear systems;

2.  Time-invariant and time-varying systems;

3.  Systems with and without memory;

4.  Causal and non-causal systems;

5.  Invertible and non-invertible systems;

6.  Stable and unstable systems

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 EECE 2602 -- Signals and Systems in Continuous Time

Introduction to systems
•  We classify systems into 6 basic categories:

1.  Linear and non-linear systems;

2.  Time-invariant and time-varying systems;

3.  Systems with and without memory;

4.  Causal and non-causal systems;

5.  Invertible and non-invertible systems;

6.  Stable and unstable systems

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 EECE 2602 -- Signals and Systems in Continuous Time

Linear and non-linear systems

•  A system with the following sets of inputs and outputs:

x1 (t ) → y1 (t ) and x2 (t ) → y2 (t )
is linear IFF it satisfies the additive and the homogeneity properties below:

Additive property: x1 (t ) + x2 (t ) → y1 (t ) + y2 (t ) Principle of

superposition
Homogeneity property: αx1 (t ) → αy1 (t )

for any arbitrary value of and all possible combinations of inputs and outputs

•  Hence, a system is linear IFF:

αx1 (t ) + βx2 (t ) → αy1 (t ) + βy2 (t )

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 EECE 2602 -- Signals and Systems in Continuous Time

Linear and non-linear systems

•  Example: A system is represented by the following input-output relationship:

y(t ) = 3x(t ) + 2
Determine whether the system is linear

•  This system is an example of an amplifier with additive DC bias

5

If
x(t ) = sin(2πt )
4

y(t ) = 3sin(2πt ) + 2 2

1
amplitude

-1

x(t)
-2 y(t)

-3

-4

-5 13
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
time
1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
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 EECE 2602 -- Signals and Systems in Continuous Time

Linear and non-linear systems

•  Example: Is the following system linear?

y(t ) = x(t − 3)

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 EECE 2602 -- Signals and Systems in Continuous Time

Zero-input, zero-output property

•  If a system is non-linear, then the system will not satisfy zero-input, zero-output
property.

•  In the previous example, if:

x(t ) = 0

then
y(t ) = 2 ≠ 0

•  However, if a system satisfies the zero-input, zero-output property, it can be

linear or non-linear

•  Example: y(t ) = x 2 (t )

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 EECE 2602 -- Signals and Systems in Continuous Time

Incrementally linear system

•  An incrementally linear system can be expressed as a combination of a linear
system and an adder that adds an offset to the output of the linear system.

•  In the previous example:

y(t ) = 3x(t ) + 2
can be expressed as a combination of linear system: y(t ) = 3x(t )
plus an offset given by the zero-input response y zi (t ) = 2

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 EECE 2602 -- Signals and Systems in Continuous Time

Time-varying and time-invariant systems

•  A system is said to be time-invariant (TI) if a time delay or time advance of the
input signal leads to an identical time-shift in the output signal.

•  Hence, a system with x(t ) → y(t ) is said to be time-invariant IFF:

x(t − t0 ) → y(t − t0 )
for any arbitrary time-shift t0.

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 EECE 2602 -- Signals and Systems in Continuous Time

Linear and non-linear systems

•  Example: Is the following system time-invariant?

y(t ) = 3x(t ) + 2

•  Example: Is the following system time-invariant?

y(t ) = t cos x(t )

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 EECE 2602 -- Signals and Systems in Continuous Time

Systems with and without memory

•  A system is said to be without memory or memoryless if its output y(t) at time t =
t0 depends only on the values of the applied signal x(t) at the same time t = t0.

•  On the other hand, if the output at t = t0 depends on the values of the input x(t)
in the past or in the future of time t = t0, it is called a system with memory or
dynamic system.

•  The previous example is memoryless:

y(t ) = 3x(t ) + 2

•  Is the following example memoryless?

y(t ) = x(2t ) −1

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 EECE 2602 -- Signals and Systems in Continuous Time

Causal and non-causal systems

•  A system is causal if the output at time t0 depends only on the input x(t) for t ≤ t0.

•  A system that violates the causality condition is called a non-causal (or

anticipative) system

•  Note that all memoryless systems are causal systems because the output at any
time instant depends only on the input at that time instant.

•  Systems with memory can either be causal or non-causal.

•  The previous example is a causal system as it is memoryless:

y(t ) = 3x(t ) + 2

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 EECE 2602 -- Signals and Systems in Continuous Time

Invertible and non-invertible systems

•  A system is invertible if the input signal x(t) can be uniquely determined from the
output y(t) produced in response to x(t) for all time t ϵ(-∞, ∞)

•  To be invertible, two different inputs cannot produce the same output since, in
such cases, the input signal cannot be uniquely determined from the output
signal

•  A system is said to be invertible if the input to the system can be recovered by

applying the output of the original system as input to a second system, called
the inverse of the original system.

y(t) inverse   x(t)

x(t)
system
system

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 EECE 2602 -- Signals and Systems in Continuous Time

•  Example: Is the following system invertible?

y(t ) = 3x(t ) + 2

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 EECE 2602 -- Signals and Systems in Continuous Time

•  Example: Is the following system invertible?

y(t ) = x 2 (t ) − 2

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 EECE 2602 -- Signals and Systems in Continuous Time

Stable and unstable systems

•  Bounded property of a signal:

A signal x(t) is said to be bounded in magnitude if:

x(t ) ≤ Bx < ∞ (1)

where Bx is finite number.

•  Stability criteria for a system:

A system is referred to as bounded-input, bounded-output (BIBO) stable if an

arbitrary bounded-input signal always produces a bounded-output signal.

•  If an input signal x(t) satisfying (1) is applied to a stable system, it is always

possible to find an finite number By < ∞ such that:

y(t ) ≤ Bx < ∞
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 EECE 2602 -- Signals and Systems in Continuous Time

•  Example: Is the following system stable?

y(t ) = 3x(t ) + 2

•  Example: Is the following system stable?

y(t ) = 0.5x 2 (t ) + 2

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