Linear Kinematics: vectors: never mix x and y

x dx 1 1 2
V  = (vf + vi)/2 v x  v 0 t  at 2 , x  v f t  at
t dt 2 2

v dv d2x
a , a = slope of a velocity vs time graph a 2 v 2f  v 02  2ax
 t dt    dt
1
x  v 0  v f t note: this is just average speed x time
  2 

x ( or distance traveled) = ∫ v dt = area under a speed vs time graph

Range equation: R = 2V o 2 (sin 2φ)/g = horizontal distance traveled if shot at angle



Dynamics vectors: never mix x and y

ixj=k but against circle j x i = -k
Σ F  ma , w  mg
F f  FN ( s is a maximum therefore can be less than calculated, and k is
constant)
Fg G 1 2 2
mm v2
 Fc  mac , Fc  m , Fs  kx
 r r
 

  

Energy: scalars. Direction is less important….easier……very little trig.
Dot product yields scalar projections: i∙i = 1, i∙j = 0

W  F  d  Fd cos , W   Fdx cos = area under an F vs distance graph

W  K , W  U
U g  mgh on a planet,
m1m2
U g  G between objects (like Earth and Sun, apple and moon)
r
  K   
1
mv 2
2
Total Mechanical Energy E = K + U

For satellites in circular orbit
Fc =Fg to find orbital velocity U = K to find escape velocity
K = -U/2 and E = -GMm/2r where are is the separation between centers

U i  Ki  U f  K f if gravity is the only force in play

1 2
Us  kx
2
F = -dU/dx = negative of slope on a U vs x graph.

Know shapes of stable, unstable and neutral equilibrium.


 W
P = dU/dt
t
P  Fv used mainly when sliding an object against friction at constant speed

 Momentum vectors again; separate x and y

p  mv , dp
pi  p f , F = slope of a momentum vs time graph
 dt
J  mv , J  Ft , J   Fdt = area under an F vs t graph


 Rotation
 & Oscillation

 2π
radians = 360° s  r v  r at  r

1  d
   0 t  t 2  , 
2 t dt
 
 d 1
 ,      i   f t Fc  m 2 r
t dt 2
  
CM calculation: Pick a convenient origin then do
Xcm =Σmx/Σm. Next do y and z
  
If there is no outside force acting, the motion of the CM will remain unchanged.
If an outside force is acting, F =ma find the acceleration of the CM.

If you are rotating about the CM I   mr 2 Ihoop = mr2 I disk = ½ mr2

Other shapes us I   r dm , I r dV
2 2

(called a volume integral if you did it in calculus)

If you arerotating about

any axis a distance d from the center of mass
I p  Icm  Md 2

1 2
Kr 
2
I   I ,   rF sin  = rxF (RHR for direction)

L  I , L  mvrsin 
  a central star
Kepler: for any satellite2 about
4
T 2  ksa 3 , ks  , (k goes to 1 when AU’s and Years are used)
  Gm s
l m
Tp  2 Ts  2
g k
 
I
Tcp  2 for the rocking oscillation of any shape of known I
 mgd

2r 2
v  x  A cost    where A is the amplitude. (or use sine)
T T
 d2x
v  dx / dt   A sin  t    , a   A 2 cos t    , a  , a   2 x
2
dt

