out affecting bandwidth, B, or gain, Am.

For low values of Q, the filter can work without R3,

however, Q then depends on Am via:

* A m + 2Q 2

Example 16–5. Second-Order MFB Band-Pass Filter with fm = 1 kHz

To design a second-order MFB band-pass filter with a mid frequency of fm = 1 kHz, a quali-
ty factor of Q = 10, and a gain of Am = –2, assume a capacitor value of C = 100 nF, and
solve the previous equations for R1 through R3 in the following sequence:

R2 + Q + 10 + 31.8 kW
pf mC p·1 kHz·100 nF
R2
R1 + + 31.8 kW + 7.96 kW
* 2A m 4
* A mR 1
R3 + + 2·7.96 kW + 80.4 W
2Q 2 ) A m 200 * 2

16.5.2 Fourth-Order Band-Pass Filter (Staggered Tuning)

Figure 16–32 shows that the frequency response of second-order band-pass filters gets
steeper with rising Q. However, there are band-pass applications that require a flat gain
response close to the mid frequency as well as a sharp passband-to-stopband transition.
These tasks can be accomplished by higher-order band-pass filters.
Of particular interest is the application of the low-pass to band-pass transformation onto
a second-order low-pass filter, since it leads to a fourth-order band-pass filter.
Replacing the S term in Equation 16–2 with Equation 16–7 gives the general transfer func-
tion of a fourth-order band-pass:
2
s 2·A 0(DW)
b1
A(s) + (16–11)
1)
a1
b1
DW·s ƪ
) 2)
(DW)
b1
2
ƫ ·s 2 )
a1
b1
DW·s 3 ) s4

Similar to the low-pass filters, the fourth-order transfer function is split into two second-or-
der band-pass terms. Further mathematical modifications yield:
A mi A mi s
Qi
·as Qi a
·
A(s) + · (16–12)
ƪ1 ) as
Q1
) (as) ƫ ƪ1 )
2 1 ǒsǓ
Qi a
) ƫ
ǒas Ǔ 2

Equation 16–12 represents the connection of two second-order band-pass filters in se-
ries, where