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#HydroVision
POWER.
VERSATILITY.
ECONOMICS.
SIZE HAS ITS
ADVANTAGES.
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COVER STORY
8 Revised Rules for Trial-Type Hearings: Room for Improvement
By Michael Swiger, John Clements and Sharon White
With more than 240 Federal Energy Regulatory Commission operating licenses
expiring in the next 10 years and many new projects in development, the time is
right to focus on the revised interim rules for trial-type hearings and alternatives
to conditions and fishway prescriptions.
ARTICLES
20 Update on DOE’s Wave Energy Prize
By Alison LaBonte
The nine teams selected as finalists for the U.S.
Department of Energy’s Wave Energy Prize
are developing diverse technologies that show
potential to achieve greater efficiency in gener-
ating wave energy.
54 Canadian Spotlight
33 Focusing on the Next Generation of Hydropower Technology
Hydroelectric power generation in the U.S. is transforming as a result of changes 56 Marine Hydrokinetics
in climate, energy policy and technology. The U.S. Department of Energy, in its
recent Quadrennial Technology Review, identifies needed technology for hydro- 58 R&D Forum
power’s continued success.
62 Dam Safety
& Security
38 Analyzing Proposed Modifications to an Unreinforced Concrete 68 Index to Advertisers
Arch Dam ✔
By Thomas R. Barnard, Daniel R. Parker and Kathy Zancanella
Significant rework is necessary to ensure Lost Creek Dam can meet current
probable maximum flood requirements. Significant analysis went into the pro-
Your connection to more content
posed modifications to ensure adequate margins of safety.
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Editor’s Note:We invited Linda Church Ciocci, execu- tension of the Production Tax Credits and Invest-
tive director of the National Hydropower Association, to ment Tax Credits. NHA is also staying vigilant to
share her association’s outlook on hydropower. ensure the full implementation of the hydropower
Unlocking hydropower’s potential in the United provisions within the Water Resources Reform and
States has been the overarching theme of the Na- Development Act.
tional Hydropower Association (NHA) for the past For waterpower to provide a greater contribu-
12 months. On all fronts — legislative, regulatory tion to lessening the carbon footprint in the U.S.,
and communications — we are firing on all cylinders we need to have a greater understanding of where
to ensure waterpower plays a we are going. To that end, we
greater role in securing Amer- are preparing for the release
ica’s clean energy future. of the U.S. Department of En-
Today, the U.S. Congress ergy’s Hydropower Vision re-
stands on the verge of mod- port. This important new tool
ernizing hydropower’s li- will provide a 360-degree view
censing process with provi- of our industry and a roadmap
sions included in both House for tapping into hydropower’s
and Senate energy legislation. potential. Additionally, it will
NHA remains committed to launch a national discussion
working with all stakeholders about the critical role hydro-
to sign into law provisions that power can play in meeting new
bring the process into the 21st century, while main- electricity demands with clean power.
taining the integrity of our nation’s critical environ- Certainly, there are challenges to our future
mental protections. growth. But the challenges that lie ahead are really
Improvements in the timeliness and efficiency of opportunities — not only for increased development,
our licensing process, however, are not the only mar- but also to start a new conversation on the benefits
ket driver that will determine our future. We fought of hydropower as the nation’s largest clean, renew-
to receive recognition of hydropower and marine able electricity source.
energy in the Environmental Protection Agency’s For more on NHA’s Unlock Hydro initiative, visit
Clean Power Plan, and we secured a two-year ex- www.unlockhydro.org.
As Linda Church Ciocci referenced above, DOE’s Plan to join us for this exciting presentation. Visit
long-awaited Hydropower Vision is nearly complete HydroEvent.com to learn more about HydroVision
and in fact will be officially unveiled at Hydro- International and to register.
Vision International 2016 in Minneapolis, Minn.,
U.S. Jose Zayas, director of the Wind and Water
Power Technologies Office in DOE’s Office of En-
ergy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, will offi-
cially present the final details of the Hydropower Managing Editor
Vision to the hydroelectric power industry during elizabethi@pennwell.com
the keynote address, which takes place on Tues- (918) 831-9175
day, July 26. @ElizabethIngra4
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Burden of proof
The revised rules also improperly assign
the burden of proof to the party request-
ing a hearing. This is inconsistent with the
http://hydroreview.hotims.com RS #6
You Need
way to eliminate the appearance and reality
of bias would be for the departments to re-
quest that FERC appoint an ALJ because
FERC is not a party to the trial-type hear-
ing and FERC ALJs are more likely to have
experience and technical expertise related
to hydroelectric issues. A less desirable al-
ternative would be for the departments to
use a lottery system to ensure departmental
ALJs are selected at random.
http://hydroreview.hotims.com RS #9
Definition of disputed
Structural Integrity and ANATECH have built a team with Engineering Strength issue of material fact
from over 200 industry experts providing comprehensive solutions to all energy The revised rules state that issues of law
sectors including the hydroelectric market. Some of the largest electric generating or policy are not appropriate for ALJ reso-
utilities in the world have looked to us for evaluations ranging from concrete lution in a trial-type hearing, such as what
infrastructure including dams and intake towers, penstocks and gates to turbine types and levels of adverse effects to a spe-
rotors, from failure analysis to vibration monitoring to evaluation of remaining cies would be acceptable or what kinds of
life. Here are some examples of our hydroelectric engineering experience: mitigation measures may be necessary to
protect a resource. The departments have
• Failure Analysis • Component Stress and Fracture
used this argument in ALJ hearings to try to
• Seismic Nonlinear Time Mechanics Analysis
exclude matters that are clearly factual in na-
History Analysis • NDE Inspection/Assessment
ture and have further argued that particular
• Concrete Structures, In-Situ Programs
disputed facts are not material to a decision.
Performance and Retrofit • Inspection Data Management
ALJs have consistently rejected these
Efficacy Evaluations • Corrosion Monitoring
attempts to narrow the scope of or avoid
• Mass Concrete Coupled • Aging Management Programs
hearings on disputed facts, for good reason.
Thermal-Mechanical Analysis, • Dam Structures Analysis
Although all conditions and prescriptions
Including Aging, Creep, and • Risk and Fragility Analysis
have a predictive element, any disputed is-
Shrinkage • Earth and Rockfill Dams, Levees
sue of fact regarding the science behind a
• Evaluation of AAR Effects and Canals
proposed condition is appropriate for de-
and Other Degradation • Deterministic and Probabilistic
termination by an ALJ. Additionally, if a
Mechanisms Seismic Hazard Analysis
department includes a factual justification
• Instrumentation and Data • ASME and ASCE Code
for a condition or prescription, it cannot
Collection Evaluations
then argue that the fact is immaterial and
Read Our Article on Page Pages 38-48 inappropriate for resolution before an ALJ.
Parties can expect continued efforts by the
Call Us Today
departments to reduce the scope of factual
(877-4SI-POWER)
8 7 7 - 4 7 4 - 7 6 9 3 issues subject to ALJ oversight.
International: 408-978-8200
www.hydroworld.com
Scan the QR Code for more information www.structint.com/hydro
Public Safety Boat Barriers l Log & Debris Booms l Fish Guidance Systems l Floating Skimmers & Platforms l Engineering & Design
WE KNOW GOVERNORS
http://hydroreview.hotims.com RS #12 www.AmericanGovernor.com
Note
1
Swiger, M., and S. White, “Energy Policy Act of
2005 and the Interim Agency Rules,” Hydro
Review, September 2011, bit.ly/1pst5pe.
http://hydroreview.hotims.com RS #14
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By Alison LaBonte
A new initiative, called the Wave Energy Prize,
was announced in 2015 during the keynote ad-
dress at the annual National Hydropower Association
qualified teams and began developing 1/50th scale
models of their WEC devices. Between August 2015
and January 2016, they submitted revised technical
conference, International Marine Renewable Energy submissions, numerical modeling results, model
Conference, and Marine Energy Technology Sympo- design and construction plans, and the results from
sium. This announcement represented a milestone their 1/50th scale model tank testing as requirements
for the U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE) Wind to be considered for the next round of evaluation.
and Water Power Technologies Office — the com- On March 1, DOE announced nine teams as fi-
mencement of its first public prize challenge, with a nalists and two as alternates, all of which will con-
total prize purse of US$2.25 million, stemmed from tinue their quest to double the energy captured
realizing that a technology leap in the efficiency of from ocean waves and win a prize purse totaling
wave energy converter (WEC) devices was needed more than US$2 million. Each of the finalists will
to jolt wave energy onto a pathway toward sweep- now receive up to $125,000 of seed funding from
ing cost reductions. This pathway could ultimately DOE, with alternates receiving up to $25,000 to
make wave energy, which is still in the early stages develop 1/20th scale models of their WEC technol-
of technology development, competitive with more ogies. These models will be tested at the Naval Sur-
Alison LaBonte, PhD, is the ma- traditional forms of energy, paving the way to large- face Warfare Center’s Maneuvering and Seakeep-
rine and hydrokinetic technol- scale implementation within a generation. ing (MASK) Basin at Carderock, Md., beginning
ogy program manager for the Fast-forward just one year — 92 teams registered in the summer of 2016.
U.S. Department of Energy’s for the Wave Energy Prize, with 66 of these submit- ACE — a benefit-to-cost ratio — was selected
Wind and Water Power Tech- ting technical data for review by the prize’s judg- by Wave Energy Prize personnel as a metric appro-
nologies Office. ing panel. In August, 20 teams were named official priate for comparing low technology readiness level
leverage the
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http://hydroreview.hotims.com RS #18
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http://hydroreview.hotims.com RS #21
What issues are we facing in North America with regard to dam safety? The author -— who
has worked in the dam safety arena for more than 30 years and is involved professionally with
both the U.S. Society on Dams and the International Commission on Large Dams -— shares his
insights based on recent work performed.
By Michael F. Rogers
D am safety is an aging concern of the profession,
making it critical for us to keep this topic at the
forefront of conflicting priorities for owners, regulators
California suffering the most significant impacts. Most
of the state has been classified as experiencing “ex-
treme” to “exceptional” drought since 2014. Recent
and the worldwide engineering community. Lessons large storms have begun to make a dent in the state’s
are being learned around the globe, some tragically, water deficit, but still reservoirs remain far from filled.
that must be communicated and shared to maintain Being confident this weather would bring signifi-
our highest priorities of protecting and serving the cant drought relief over the winter of 2015-2016, we
public with some of the most important infrastruc- did a lot of work in 2015 that involved looking at all
ture facilities in the world.With even the smallest dam aspects of dam safety for several important dams in
comes great responsibility to prioritize safety, mini- southern California. It was vital to determine what
mize risk and never become complacent, recogniz- owners of reservoirs and dams needed to do to get
Mike Rogers, PE, PMP, is vice ing that all man-made structures have a useful service ready for possible sudden increases in water inflow.
president, principal civil en- life that must be understood and respected, even to There was a significant push to make sure the dams
gineer and senior project decommissioning when that service life is complete. were ready for the anticipated extreme operating
manager with MWH. He also change in terms of both equipment (such as the ra-
is chair of the U.S. Society on Dealing with El Nino dial gates and low level outlets) and instrumentation.
Dams’ Technical Committee The current “monster” El Nino weather pattern in This anticipated weather pattern provides a great
on Concrete Dams and vice the Pacific Ocean has serious implications for dams in opportunity to get a good assessment of the perfor-
president for the Americas Re- North America, and for the state of California in par- mance of dams and dam safety equipment. Some
gion of the International Com- ticular. Most of the western U.S. has been experienc- reservoirs hadn’t experienced water levels this low
mission on Large Dams. ing drought conditions over the past four years, with since they were initially filled, decades earlier, and
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Proud NHA Member Group and find your local representative
at www.vag-usa.com
mcmjac.com
http://hydroreview.hotims.com RS #23
www.RUS-INC.com
Proud to be ᣝᣞᣟᣠ
Water-to-Wire
age while avoiding overtopping the dam.
Determining the hydrology of water-
sheds is difficult because you are trying to
make educated guesses: With a particular
amount of rainfall or snow/snowmelt, how
much will run off and how much will be
Solutions
absorbed? What impact will that have on
the reservoir level? Typically there is not
a lot of instrumentation installed around Axial Flow, Kaplan, Francis Turbines Up to 25 MW
watersheds and this makes it difficult to tie
precipitation events to rising water levels in
the reservoir. BBMWD took this opportu-
nity to augment its database of weather data
using regional data from the nearby airport
and ski parks. When faced with predicted
large storms, they need to draw the reser-
voir down to prevent overtopping the dam.
District General Manager Mike Stephenson
says, “That’s a delicate process. You don’t
want to release any more water than you
have to because it is so valuable. But you
also have to balance that [keeping water in
the reservoir] with keeping the dam safe.”
With the right instrumentation in the right
location, you can better hone in on best an-
swers for operating the dam and reservoir
in these extreme situations.
Hazard analysis
With regard to “cool” newer things that are
going on in the practice of dam safety, the
idea of risk assessment and probable maxi-
mum floods (PMF) for high-hazard dams is
an important aspect.We see more dam own-
ers wanting to use risk assessment concepts Partnering with private developers, utilities and the world's
that utilize extreme hydrologic and seismic leading engineering firms to design and build turbines that consistently exceed
events (i.e., PMFs and maximum credible expectations when it comes to performance, reliability and profitability.
earthquakes) to prioritize dam safety bud-
gets and focus dam safety improvements on
those projects where they can maximize the Water-to-wire equipment packages for
return on their investments for protection low and medium head hydro projects.
of the dam and residents downstream. A
lot of work is being done in the industry to Tel: (613) 256-1983
identify good assessments of risk for these
http://hydroreview.hotims.com RS #25
http://hydroreview.hotims.com RS #26
http://hydroreview.hotims.com RS #28
Dean B. Durkee, PhD, PE, ddurkee@gfnet.com ï Paul G. Schweiger, PE, CFM, pschweiger@gfnet.com
800.233.1055 ï www. .com ï
Steel-Fab
ticularly in areas susceptible to freeze-thaw
damage and how much of the concrete re-
mains to carry original design loads. They
may need an overhaul to remove deteriorated
concrete, bridges or spillway piers. Thinner
SteelFab
concrete structures are usually more suscep-
tible to material losses through deterioration.
In some cases, projects may be ready for an
overhaul to completely replace them or re-
move them completely from service. Over
Crest Gates
Broome Gates
decommission the project entirely.
Tainter Gates
One of the big disservices we could do
Bonneted Gates
Steel Fab Inc Fitchburg MA ing those projects in service after their de-
sign life. This approach increases risk to the
steelfab inc.
project, environment and downstream pop-
ulation and property as PFMs change and
escalate with time. The ultimate risk facing
many projects is structural failure, either lim-
ited or catastrophic. As time goes on, that
risk of failure will slowly increase and must
be met with increasing investment and vig-
ilance by owners.
Many of the world's dams have reached
an unacceptable level in terms of risk and,
unfortunately, we regularly see news reports
of dam failures. As a profession, we should
strive for the highest possible safety stan-
dards that minimize risk to our worldwide
inventory of dams. We as owners, regula-
430 Crawford Street tors and the engineers who are looked to for
Fitchburg, MA 01420 USA proper assessments need to be cognizant of
Tel 978-345-1112 • Fax 978-343-7925 • www.steel-fab-inc.com our professional duty to keep the public safe,
including replacement or removal of dams
at the end of their design service lives. ■
Proud NHA Member http://hydroreview.hotims.com RS #29
By Gregory B. Poindexter
T he U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) has re- increased regulation to produce clean, renewable
leased its “Quadrennial Technology Review: An energy, how can these hydro plant owners increase
Assessment of Energy Technologies and Research operating efficiency and economic gain?
Opportunities” (QTR). According to DOE, the Highlights from the QTR show how hydro could
505-page QTR examines the status of the science increase its presence in the U.S. sustainable energy
and technology that are the foundation of the U.S. mix. The report enumerates opportunities for re-
energy system, together with the research, develop- search, identifies market challenges and provides a
ment, demonstration and deployment (RDD&D) future outlook for the hydro industry.
opportunities to advance them.
DOE says the review focuses primarily on tech- QTR hydropower assessment
nologies with commercialization potential in the mid- From 1949 to 2013, on average, hydropower has pro-
term and beyond. It frames various trade-offs that all vided 10.5% of cumulative U.S. power sector net gen-
energy technologies must bal- eration. As of 2014, with 78
ance across such dimensions GW of installed conventional
as cost, security and reliabil- hydro capacity and 22 GW
ity of supply, diversity, envi- of pumped-storage capacity,
ronmental impacts, land use, hydropower provided 47% of
and materials use. Additional- all U.S. renewable power sec-
ly, it provides data and analysis tor generation.
on RDD&D pathways to as-
sist decision makers as they set Market challenges
priorities, within budget con- U.S. hydropower develop-
straints, to develop more se- ment and operations are inter-
cure, affordable, and sustain- twined with water resources
able energy services. Policies development and manage-
and regulations are examined ment, which presents unique
separately by the Quadrennial deployment challenges among
Energy Review. renewable energy sources.
A portion of the QTR iden- Hydropower is evolving from
tifies technological and social energy production to include
considerations the hydropow- The 2015 Quadrennial Technology Review emphasis on species protec-
er industry must understand tion and restoration, drink-
with regard to undeveloped hydropower. ing water considerations and navigational and rec-
More than 3,000 utilities comprise the U.S. elec- reational uses.
tricity generation industry, and hydropower provides Large-scale pumped-storage development could
7% of annual total U.S. electricity, according to gov- positively affect the market, but the absence of mar-
ernment data. Federal agencies own and operate about ket signals and assured revenue streams have mut-
half of U.S. hydropower capacity. Investor-owned util- ed financial investment. Hydropower development
ities, state and municipal utilities, and independent requires site-specific design, permitting, construc-
power producers own and operate the remaining half. tion and commissioning processes, which nullifies
Gregory Poindexter is associate In a challenging financial environment that is ex- cost-reducing standardization and guaranteed de-
editor of Hydro Review. periencing declining retail rates for electricity and velopment. Addressing siting, permitting and envi-
Hydropower technology
RDD&D opportunities
With technology innovation, cost reduc-
tions and favorable market mechanisms,
hydropower could substantially contribute
I N N O V AT I V E W AT E R S O L U T I O N S to reducing criteria pollutants and lessen-
ing CO2 emissions as a substantial part
of the U.S. power portfolio. Design, siting
and operation also need to take into ac-
Proud NHA Member http://hydroreview.hotims.com RS #30
Advanced powertrains
Innovations can reduce direct costs of low-
head turbine components, as well as reduce
the physical footprint of small turbines that
http://hydroreview.hotims.com RS #31
MHK technology
Marine and hydrokinetic (MHK) technolo-
gies convert the energy of waves, tides and
river and ocean currents into electricity.
With more than 50% of the U.S. popula-
tion living within 50 miles of the nation’s
coasts, MHK technologies hold significant
potential to supply renewable electricity to
consumers in coastal load centers.
MHK resource assessments identify a
continental U.S. technical resource poten-
tial of as much as 538 to 757 TWh of an-
nual generation. For context, about 90,000
homes can be powered by 1 TWh of elec-
tricity generation each year.
Major challenges
The major challenges to commercial
deployment of MHK technology in the
U.S. include:
• Capital cost reductions and performance
improvements are challenges for MHK
to be competitive on a regional basis;
• Cost-competitiveness of MHK energy
will require that individual devices cap-
ture more than double the amount of
energy than current prototypes for the
same device size;
• Lack of available test facilities, in par-
ticular multi-berth, full-scale, grid-con-
nected open water test facilities for wave
energy devices, to support the antici-
pated acceleration in U.S. MHK mar-
ket growth; and
• Lack of scientific information, for exam-
Proud NHA Member http://hydroreview.hotims.com RS #33
TRUST
RDD&D opportunities
Opportunities exist for RDD&D in MHK
technologies that have the most abundant
resources and great potential for tech-
no-economic viability and can be deployed
in markets that have high energy costs.
Technology advancement
and demonstration
Provide the ingredients for and incentivize
incubation of revolutionary concepts. Prove
technical credibility, catalyze device design
evolution and optimize performance (i.e.,
application of optimized controls, power
takeoff, and structure components to dou-
ble annual energy production and increase
availability).
www.hydroworld.com
http://hydroreview.hotims.com RS #34 Proud NHA Member
By Thomas R. Barnard,
Daniel R. Parker and
Kathy Zancanella
W hen Lost Creek Dam was built as a con-
stant-angle radial arch dam in 1923 and 1924,
it reflected the state-of-the-art in design for its time.
Creek Dam that is consistent with current FERC
guidelines and dam safety regulations. The PMF
study was updated in response to FERC comments
Its rehabilitation has required leading edge analysis in 2006, and results indicated the dam crest would
to ensure the dam will withstand potential floods be overtopped unless the deck is raised and spillway
and earthquakes for another century. modified to maintain adequate freeboard and spill-
way capacity. In addition, inspections mandated by
Background FERC under Part 12 revealed substantial deteriora-
California’s Lost Creek Dam, on a tributary of the tion of the dam’s downstream face, which could af-
south fork of the Feather River, was completed in fect the capacity to resist loads during a PMF event.
1924. The Jorgensen-type constant angle, variable
radius unreinforced concrete arch dam is part of the Project modifications
120-MW South Feather Power Project, owned by The proposed work included increasing the dam
South Feather Water and Power Agency (SFWPA). spillway openings, raising the crest outside of the
Lost Creek Reservoir is just downstream of 13.5- spill section to elevation 3,291.5 feet, reinforcing the
MW Sly Creek and is operated as a reregulating downstream face, and protecting the plunge pool
reservoir for 60-MW Woodleaf downstream. The area to prevent scouring of the foundation material.
reservoir has a maximum width of about 1,118 ft The spill crest will be about the same length as
and maximum depth of about 100 ft near the dam, the existing spillway, but the number of piers will
with gross storage of 5,361 acre-ft. A geo-composite be reduced and the span between piers increased to
Thomas Barnard is vice pres- membrane liner on the upstream face was installed about 40 ft. The deteriorated concrete on the dam’s
ident and principal engineer to reduce seepage. downstream face (about 6 in to 2 ft deep) will be
with AECOM. Daniel Parker is SFWPA needs to modify Lost Creek Dam to meet removed. Loose, fractured or damaged foundation
a consultant with ANATECH. probable maximum flood (PMF) design and evolv- material and debris will be removed from the mar-
Kathy Zancanella, now retired, ing safety requirements established by the Federal gin between the foundation and the existing dam to
was power division manager Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) and Cal- expose sound foundation material within the limits
of South Feather Water and ifornia Department of Water Resources, Division of the contact for the new facing concrete.
Power Agency at the time this of Safety of Dams (DSOD). The dam crest height, That sound material will be dowelled into and
work was performed. spillway configuration, reservoir volume, annual stor- covered with concrete 4.5 ft thick designed to pro-
age curve and flood operation rules were developed vide resistance to the anticipated loads. The low lev-
This article has been evaluated when the reservoir was created, prior to the project el outlet works will be extended about 150 to 200
and edited in accordance with re- being licensed as part of a hydroelectric system in ft downstream from the dam face so the area at the
views conducted by two or more
professionals who have relevant ex- the 1950s. Hydrometeorological data used to deter- base can be dried out for work.
pertise. These peer reviewers judge
manuscripts for technical accuracy, mine PMF flows have since changed. The work also includes placing a layer of rein-
usefulness, and overall importance In 2004, SFWPA conducted a hydraulic study forced concrete where a plunge pool would form
within the hydroelectric industry.
that included an estimate of PMF flows for Lost during a PMF event to protect against scouring of
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http://hydroreview.hotims.com RS #36
--
-
Lignum - Vitae
uum dam elements and used the Abaqus
embedded element technique to superim-
pose the reinforcement bar/truss element
Water-Lubricated Bearings kinematic response onto the concrete/con-
tinuum elements mesh to simulate a typical
reinforced concrete section. The vertical
Leading the Industry control joints were simulated by activating
the pre-crack option in ANACAP-U along
Back to Water Lubricated Bearings a vertical plane in the elements at the joint
Ahead of EPA Regulations! locations. This option sets an initial crack
along a defined plane. No tension stress
can be carried across this plane, although
compression and shear will be transmitted.
Dam Monitoring
the facing. Incremental water head above the drawdown level is
resisted by the combined section consisting of the existing arch
and new facing concrete.
The final step was to perform the dynamic time history anal-
ysis on the thermal and dead load initialized model.
Instrumentation
RST Instruments Ltd. is a world leader in the design,
manufacturing and sale of innovative dam monitoring
Static dead load
instrumentation. Since 1977, our customers have
For the static dead load analysis, performed to initialize in-situ
relied on our reliability & accuracy to help them:
stresses in the structure, a uniform gravity load was applied to
the dam elements and the hydrostatic water pressure was applied MANAGE RISKS OPTIMIZE DESIGN
to the upstream face assuming the reservoir height at the top of IMPROVE SAFETY REDUCE COSTS
the spillway crest. Nodal temperature results from the steady state INCREASE PRODUCTIVITY
thermal analysis are read in by the analysis code and the thermal
stresses are computed concurrently with the mechanical stress- CANADA: SALES + SERVICE + MANUFACTURING
es. A grout closure temperature of 40 degrees Fahrenheit was as- 604 540 1100 | sales@rstinstruments.com
sumed to calculate the temperature differential at the individual
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integration points throughout the FEM. econstable@rstinstruments.com or jkeller@rstinstruments.com
It was judged that the bridge along the dam crest is significantly
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more flexible than the dam itself and was not explicitly included
+44 7469 256642 | gtaylor@rstinstruments.com
in the model. However, the mass of the bridge and piers were in- MIG0302D
1.0 the normal direction cosine at each location on the upstream face.
0.6
0.2 Concrete performance and material properties
-0.2 Modeling of the concrete is a key ingredient for the nonlinear seismic
0 6 12 18 24 30
Time (in seconds)
assessment analyses and is provided through the ANACAP-U mod-
el. The behavior of concrete is highly nonlinear with a small tensile
2.5
Global Y Displacement
2.0
Existing Modified Baseline Modified Revision 2 strength, shear stiffness and strength that depend on crack widths,
and compressive plasticity. The main components of the concrete
(in inches)
1.5
1.0 model are tensile cracking, post-cracking shear performance, and
0.5 compressive yielding when the compressive strength is reached.
0.0
The concrete properties varied widely throughout the dam.
-0.5
0 6 12 18 24 30 The distribution of concrete strength and associated modulus and
Time (in seconds) cracking strain criteria used within the Abaqus models followed
the distribution from the SAP2000 linear elastic response spectra
Dynamic time history analysis and time history models across the breadth, height and thickness
After the model had been initialized with the expected in-situ me- of the structure. Concrete strength was 1,020 psi to 2,753 psi.
chanical and thermal stresses, a dynamic time history analysis was Young’s modulus is calculated as 57,000fc’1/2, the dynamic ten-
performed as a “restart” from the static load step. A base accelera- sile strength is 2.3fc’2/3, and the tensile fracture strain is the ten-
tion was applied as nodal boundary conditions at the rock faces of sile strength divide by the modulus. The new concrete was spec-
the model, including two horizontal and one vertical components. ified as 4,000 psi for the crest and new downstream facing layer.
Following Corps guidance, the foundation was modeled as The foundation rock was modeled as solid elements, linear-elas-
massless. The added-mass representation of dam-water interac- tic with a modulus of 4.0E+06 psi and a Poisson’s ratio of 0.27.
pandj.com
POWER | OIL & GAS | WATER RESOURCES | INDUSTRIAL & COMMERCIAL | DISASTER RESPONSE
http://hydroreview.hotims.com RS #42
Evaluation criteria
In evaluating seismic vulnerability of the
dam, failure criteria must be defined to es-
tablish limit states on the structural response
where the structure can no longer withstand
the upstream hydrostatic pressure. For the
reinforced concrete components, failure oc-
curs when tensile loads cause rebar to yield
Hydropower Engineering
Our Focus ï Our Passion Licensing
Environmental Studies
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Fish Passage
Dam Safety
http://hydroreview.hotims.com RS #44
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1604HR_46 46 3/23/16 11:34 AM
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http://hydroreview.hotims.com RS #46
Maximum
Principal Additional modification
Strain
xxx The proposed modifications were revised
xxx
xxx to lessen the cracking that develops on the
xxx
xxx upstream and downstream surfaces. Ther-
xxx
xxx
xxx mal analysis was not included as part of the
xxx
xxx static stress initialization step prior to the
xxx
xxx
xxx NLTH analysis, as this was determined to
xxx
xxx not have a significant effect in previous dy-
xxx
xxx
xxx namic analyses.
xxx
The thickness of the new concrete facing
The maximum principal strain contours at 12.48 seconds reveal significantly less cracking or damage on the downstream surface was increased
that develops in the main body of the dam as compared with Figure 1. * T = 12.48 seconds, Mag. x 25 18 in so the total nominal new facing will
be 54 thick. Spacing of the GFRP dowels
elevation at pier 15. face modifications added to the model, remained unchanged although the length
The combination of extensive horizontal the structure showed significantly reduced was increased to maintain about 6 in cover
and diagonal crack planes with sustained damage during seismic loading. There are from the outside face. The density of the
periods of high tensile strain and excessive no regions of significant shear strain that vertical GRFP bars was increased within
shear strains indicates a significant potential would indicate a potential shear failure. the new facing.
of a sliding shear failure of the upper region Horizontal and diagonal cracks form within Analysis of the dam with these addi-
of the dam across the two interior mono- the new facing on the downstream surface, tional modifications showed significantly
liths. In concert, the actual drift shown in but these do not develop into full crack improved performance when subjected to
the displacement history indicates a global planes through the entire dam section. The the Loma Prieta ground motions. Figure 2
shear sliding in the downstream direction. GFRP reinforcement helps limit the spread on page 44 shows upstream-downstream
and penetration of significant cracking
Baseline modification throughout the structure. The maximum
With the baseline crest and downstream stress in the reinforcement is about 38% of —Continued on page 66
http://hydroreview.hotims.com RS #47
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INSTITUTE
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Briefly...
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Reference
Barnard,T.R., D.R. Parker, and K. Zancanella,
“Nonlinear Finite Element Seismic Analysis
of Proposed Modifications to an Existing Un-
Portland, Oregon Birmingham, Alabama reinforced Concrete Arch Dam,” Proceedings
of HydroVision International 2015, PennWell
503.777.3361 205.954.2929
Corp., Tulsa, Okla., 2015.
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