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ARP

• Address Resolution Protocol

• ARP works by broadcasting packets to all hosts

attached to the LAN

• ARP packet contains IP address in which sender is

interested in communicating with hosts keep a list of

ARP responses in an ARP table

• ARP is propagated through Bridges/Switches but not

through Routers

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 1.1
1.1 wants
wants to
to send
send the
the data
data to
to 1.3
1.3
192.168.1.4
00-20-18-C0-07-74

ource MAC Source IP

-18-C0-07-71 192.168.1.1

ination MAC Destination IP Segment

-18-C0-07-73192.168.2.1

192.168.1.1 192.168.1.3
00-20-18-C0-07-71 00-20-18-C0-07-73

192.168.1.2
00-20-18-C0-07-72 3
Data Encapsulation & De-capsulation

192.168.1.1
00-20-18-C0-07-71

Application Data
Application

Presentation
Presentation Data

Session
Session Data

Transport TH Data
Segment
Transport

Network
Network NH
Packet
Segment

Data
DataLink
Link DHFrameDT
Packet

Physical
Physical Bits
4
Data Encapsulation & De-capsulation

192.168.1.1
00-20-18-C0-07-71

Application Data
Application

Presentation
Presentation Data

Session
Session Data

Transport TH Data
Segment
Transport

Network
Network

Data
DataLink
Link

Physical
Physical
5
Hub

• It is a Physical layer device (Layer 1)

• It is Dummy Device

• It works with 0’s and 1’s (Bits)

• It works with broadcasting

• It works with shared bandwidth

• It is has 1 Broadcast Domain and 1 Collision Domain

• Collisions are identified using Access Methods called

CSMA/CD and CSMA/CA

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Broadcast Domain & Collision Domain

• Broadcast Domain

Set of all devices that receive broadcast frames

originating from any device within the set.

• Collision domain

In Ethernet, the network area within which frames that

have collided are propagated is called a collision

domain.

Repeaters and hubs propagate collisions, LAN switches,

bridges, and routers do not.

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Types of Hubs

• Active Hubs uses power supply and

regenerates the data (i.e.) strengthens the
signals in case of disturbances.

• Passive Hubs doesn’t use power supply and it will not

not regenerates the data (i.e.) strengthens the signals in
case of disturbances. It is used only to share the physical
media

• Intelligent Hubs are sometimes called as smart hubs.

These devices basically function as active hubs, but also
include a microprocessor chip and diagnostic capabilities
and are useful in troubleshooting situations.

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Switch

• It is Datalink layer device (Layer 2)

• Its is An Intelligent device

• It works with Physical addresses (i.e. MAC addresses)

• It works with fixed bandwidth

• It works with Flooding and Unicast

• It has 1 Broadcast domain and Number of Collision

domains depends upon the number of ports.

• It maintains a MAC address table

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Types of Switches

• Manageable switches

On a Manageable switch an IP address can be assigned

and configurations can be made. It has a console port .

• Unmanageable switches

On an Unmanageable switch configurations cannot be

made, an IP address cannot be assigned as there is no

console port.

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