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F.6 Chemistry
Chemical Equations and Stiochiometry
Chapter 3 : Chemical Equations and Stoichiometry
I. Chemical Formulae
The empirical formula of a compound is a formula which shows the simplest ratio
of the different atoms or ions present in the compound.
Examples:
II. Derivation of Empirical Formula using combustion data and Composition by Mass
The empirical formula of any compound can be determined by experiments such as combustion,
or its composition by mass is already known.
1. Experimental set-up
2. Procedure:
<i> The test tube was weighed. Some black copper(II) oxide was then added and the
test-tube was reweighed.
<ii> Town gas was passed over the oxide and the excess town gas was burnt at the end of the
test tube.
<iii>The black copper (II) oxide was heated and its was reduced to brown copper metal by
the town gas.
<iv>The burner was removed and the tube was allowed to cool in a stream of town gas.
<v> Finally, the town gas was turned off and the test tube with the solid (copper) was
weighed again.
3. Experimental results
Mass of test tube = 24.76 g
Mass of test tube and copper (II) oxide = 27.94 g
Mass of test tube and copper = 27.30 g
L.S.T. Leung Chik Wai Memorial School Ch3: p.2
F.6 Chemistry
Chemical Equations and Stiochiometry
4. Calculation :
Mass of copper left behind =
Copper Oxygen
Mass (g)
No. of moles of atoms
Simplest ratio of relative
number of moles
5. Questions:
(a) Explain how town gas changed copper (II) oxide to copper.
(b) (1) Town gas was allowed to pass through the apparatus for sometime before it was
ignited at the end of the tube. Explain.
(2) Explain briefly why copper left inside the test tube was allowed to cool in a stream
of town gas.
L.S.T. Leung Chik Wai Memorial School Ch3: p.3
F.6 Chemistry
Chemical Equations and Stiochiometry
(B) An Experiment to Find the Empirical Formula of Magnesium oxide
1. Experimental set-up:
2. Procedure:
A known mass of magnesium was heated in a crucible in contact with air. When cooled,
the mass of magnesium oxide produced was found by reweighing the crucible with its
contents.
3. Experimental Results:
Mass of Crucible and lid = 22.56 g
Mass of crucible , lid and magnesium = 22.92 g
mass of crucible, lid and magnesium oxide = 23.16 g
4. Calculation:
Empirical formula of copper (II) oxide is calculated below:
Magnesium Oxygen
Mass (g)
No. of moles of atoms
5. Questions:
(i) Explain briefly why the crucible should be covered with lid during heating.
(ii) After the magnesium was ignited, the Bunsen flame was removed and the
crucible lid was raised for a few moments. Explain why this is done.
L.S.T. Leung Chik Wai Memorial School Ch3: p.4
F.6 Chemistry
Chemical Equations and Stiochiometry
III. Composition by Mass
From the formula of a compound and the relative atomic masses of the elements in it, the
percentage of each element in the compound can be calculated. This is called percentage
composition by mass.
Example: Calculate the percentage mass of nitrogen in urea, NH2CONH2 .
Other Example,
1. 0.0234 g of hydrocarbon Y produced 0.0792 g carbon dioxide and 0.0162 g of water on
complete combustion. Calculate the percentage of carbon and hydrogen in Y.
L.S.T. Leung Chik Wai Memorial School Ch3: p.5
F.6 Chemistry
Chemical Equations and Stiochiometry
IV. Derivation of Molecular Formula from Empirical Formula and Relative Molecular Masses
The molecular formula of any compound can be found if the empirical formula and the relative
molecular mass of the compound are known.
Example:
1. A carboxylic acid P, with relative molecular mass less than 1--, contains C (55.8%), H (7.0%)
and O (37.2%) by mass. Determine the empirical and molecular formulae of the acid.
L.S.T. Leung Chik Wai Memorial School Ch3: p.6
F.6 Chemistry
Chemical Equations and Stiochiometry
Name: _________________ Class no.: _____ Date: __________ Marks: _____________
Exercises:
1. A colourless organic liquid , L, contains 40.0% of carbon, 6.67% of hydrogen and 53.3% of
oxygen. 1.50 g of L, when vaporized, is found to occupy 560 cm3 at s.t.p..
Calculated the empirical and molecular formula of L.
(Given: the molar volume of gas in s.t.p. = 22400 cm3 )
( 4 marks )
2. 1.00 g of a saturated hydrocarbon gave 200.0 cm3 of vapour at 2500 C and 1 atmospheric pressure.
Determine the molecular formula of this saturated hydrocarbon CnH2n+2 .
L.S.T. Leung Chik Wai Memorial School Ch3: p.7
F.6 Chemistry
Chemical Equations and Stiochiometry
V. Stoichiometry Relationship between Reactants and Products in a Reaction
Ammonia gas reacts with sulphuric acid to form ammonium sulphate, calculate the mass
of ammonium chloride required to produce 2.64 g of ammonium sulphate.
L.S.T. Leung Chik Wai Memorial School Ch3: p.9
F.6 Chemistry
Chemical Equations and Stiochiometry
VII. Calculations involving Concentrations and Volumes of Solutions
The concentration of a solution is expressed in mass units of solutes per unit volume of
solution.
A molar (M) solution contains 1 mole of solute dissolved in 1 dm3 of solution.
Volumetric Analysis
- Volumetric analysis is a method to determine the quantity or concentration of a substance by
measuring the volume of solution that will react with a known volume of another solution.
- The essential process called titration involves running a solution from burette into a known
volume of another solution until the two solutions have just reacted together completely.
- Volumetric analysis includes titrations of
1. acid against alkali or carbonate
2. oxidizing agent against reducing agent
3. one substance against another, giving precipitate
Example:
Borax (Na2B4O7 . 10H2O) has a relative formula mass of 381.37 . It is often used as a primary
standard in acid-base titrations.
<1> Meaning of “ primary standard”
A primary standard is a pure compound, a known mass of which when dissolved in distilled
water will give a standard solution.
<2> Steps in preparing 250 cm3 of a standard borax solution of approximately 0.1 M
Note: The reactions between acid/alkali and acid/carbonate are rapid and essentially
complete. The point at which the reaction is complete can be easily be detected. Therefore,
such reactions are particularly suitable for use in Volumetric Analysis.
- In general the colours of methyl orange and phenolphthalein can be summarized as follows:
Indicator pH range with which colour Colour in acid Colour in alkali
changes
Methyl orange 3.2 – 4.2 Red Yellow
(below pH 3.2) (above pH 4.2)
Phenolphthalein 8.2 – 10 Colourless Pink
L.S.T. Leung Chik Wai Memorial School Ch3: p.12
F.6 Chemistry
Chemical Equations and Stiochiometry
2. Procedures of Titration
(i) In each titration, a fixed volume of the standard solution is measured into a conical
flask with a pipette.
(ii) A fixed amount (2-3 drops) of indicator is added in each titration.
(iii) Another solution is added from a burette into the conical flask is swirled constantly.
(iv) When the colour of the indicator just changes, the end point is reached. The volume
of solution added from the burette is calculated.
(v) Repeat titration to obtain a consistent value.
L.S.T. Leung Chik Wai Memorial School Ch3: p.13
F.6 Chemistry
Chemical Equations and Stiochiometry
L.S.T. Leung Chik Wai Memorial School Ch3: p.14
F.6 Chemistry
Chemical Equations and Stiochiometry
L.S.T. Leung Chik Wai Memorial School Ch3: p.15
F.6 Chemistry
Chemical Equations and Stiochiometry
Name: _________________ Class no.: _____ Date: __________ Marks: _____________
Exercises:
1. 5.032 g of dibasic acid of anhydrous relative molecular mass 90, were made up to 1.0 dm3 of
aqueous solution. 25.0 cm3 of this solution required 19.97 cm3 of 0.1 M NaOH for neutralization
with phenolphthalein as indicator.
Calculate the number of moles of water crystallization per mole of the crystalline acid.
2. 1.46 g of a mixture of sodium hydroxide and anhydrous sodium carbonate was dissolved in 100
cm3 of distilled water. This solution required 30.0 cm3 of 1 M hydrochloric acid for complete
reaction.
Find the percentage composition by mass of the mixture.
L.S.T. Leung Chik Wai Memorial School Ch3: p.16
F.6 Chemistry
Chemical Equations and Stiochiometry
Black Titration
In the technique called back titration, a known excess of one reagent A is allowed to react
with an unknown amount of reagent B. At the end of reaction, the amount of A that remains
unreacted is found by titration. From this, the amount of A that has been used and the amount of B
that has reacted can be calculated.
Example:
1. 1.340 g of a sample of ammonium chloride were boiled with excess sodium hydroxide
solution. The ammonia evolved was absorbed in 50.0 cm3 of 0.5 M sulphuric acid. This
solution is then made up to 250.0 cm3 with deionized water and 25.0 cm3 of it required 25.10
cm3 of 0.1 M sodium hydroxide solution for neutralization.
Calculate the percentage by mass of ammonia available from 1.34 g of the ammonium
chloride sample.
L.S.T. Leung Chik Wai Memorial School Ch3: p.17
F.6 Chemistry
Chemical Equations and Stiochiometry
D. Titration without an Indicator
Apart from using indicators, the end point of a titration can be determined by following
changes in
- electrical conductivity
- temperature
- pH during the reaction
0.1 M sulphuric acid is added by means of a burette in 2 cm3 portions to 25 cm3 of a solution
of barium hydroxide in a conductivity flask as shown in the diagram below:
The mixture is constantly stirred and the reading on the milliammeter is recorded after each
addition of the acid. The results obtained are plotted in a graph as shown below:
a. Account for the change in the milliammeter reading in the course of the experiment.
c. Explain why an alternating current, but not a direct current , is used in the experiment.
L.S.T. Leung Chik Wai Memorial School Ch3: p.18
F.6 Chemistry
Chemical Equations and Stiochiometry
Example 2: Thermometric Titration
The temperature change in the course of the experiment is shown in the graph below:
a. Describe and account for the change in the temperature of the solution.
25.0 cm3 of 0.1 M hydrochloric acid is placed in a conical flask. Sodium hydroxide is added from
a burette and the pH value of the solution is measured by a pH meter. The results are recorded and
shown in the following graph.
A. Redox Reactions:
Oxidation and Reduction always occur simultaneously in the same reaction. Such reactions are
known as redox reactions.
The main types of redox titrations are based on the use of the following agents:
- The colour suddenly changes form purple to pale pink when the reaction completes.
This suggests that no indicator is needed to show the end-point.
- The colour change from orange to green at the end-point is not sharp. Therefore, an indicator
is needed for the detection of end-point.
- As an example, acidified potassium dichromate oxidizes ethanedioate to carbon dioxide:
In doing calculations involving redox reactions, the oxidation half-equation and reduction
half-equation are combined to give a balanced equation. Calculations are again based on the mole
ratio of reactants in the balanced equation.
L.S.T. Leung Chik Wai Memorial School Ch3: p.22
F.6 Chemistry
Chemical Equations and Stiochiometry
Name: _________________ Class no.: _____ Date: __________ Marks: _____________
Exercises
1. Potassium dichromate reacts with sulphur dioxide according to the equation:
3SO2 + Cr2O72- + 2H+ 3SO42- + 2Cr3+ + 2H2O
a certain solution contain 0.1 M of potassium dichromate . Calculate the volume of this solution
which is required to remove sulphur dioxide from 2 dm 3 of polluted air, which contains 3.6% by
volume of sulphur dioxide.
(Assume that all measurement are made at room temperature and pressure.)
( 4 marks )
2. 2.50 g of a sample of bleaching powder were ground with water, transferred to a volumetric flask
and made up to 250.0 cm3 of this solution, when added to excess potassium iodide solution and
acidified, liberated iodine, which requires 24.20 cm 3 of 0.1M sodium thiosulphate solution for
reaction. The reaction involved are:
Cl2(g) + 2I-(aq) I2(aq) + 2Cl-(aq)