Review On Wave Propagation

Review on
Electromagnetic Wave Propagation in Media
Generalized Forms of Maxwell’s equations
Differential Form Integral Form
 
  D  dS  Q
  D  V S
  
B 0   dS  0
B
 S

 B    

 E    E  dl   
B
 d S

t C
S
t
 
  D
 H  J      D  
 H  dl  S  J    dS
t C  t 
The time harmonic Maxwell’s equations
Point Form (differential Form) Integral Form

. ∮ .
. 0 ∮ . 0
∮ . .
∮ . .
1
Prepared by: Dr. Maher Bakri‐Kassem, Jan. 2018
1.1 Introduction
The first application of Maxwell’s equation will be in relations to electromagnetic wave propagation. Field
equations were predicted by Maxwell’s equations but first investigated and experimented by Heinrich Hertz. He
succeeded in generating and detecting radio waves.
Definition: Waves are means of transporting energy or information. The wave is a function of both space and
time. In general those waves propagate in media that can be classified to a general case and three special cases:
1‐ General case where the medium is dielectric and lossy:
0, ,
2‐ Free space
0, ,
3‐ Lossless dielectrics
0, ,
4‐ Good conductor
≅ ∞, ,
where is the angular frequency of the wave.
2
Wave equations and their solutions
In most cases when dealing with waves, we are interested in how a wave travels or propagate as opposed to how
it was generated. In such cases, we find ourselves dealing with an environment of source free or no sources i.e.
( 0)
In a simple non‐conducting medium ( 0
Maxwell’s equations can be written as follow:

D 0

B 0

 H
  E  
t

 E
 H  
t
These equations form a set of 1st ODE with variable & which are of interest to us. These equations can be
combined to give a 2nd ODE in terms of & only.
This is done by taking the curl of as follow:
3
By definition for a vector:   . ⟹
 .  but  . 0 ⟹

 ⟹

 0 similarly we will get the second equation to:

 0
We define a wave velocity as ⟹ we get the homogenous vector equations that describe how a wave
√
travels in space and time
1
 0
1
 0
For the time harmonic Maxwell’s equations:
4

D 0

B 0
 
  E   jH
 
  H  jE
Using the same approaching in solving those equations we get the following:
 0
 0
The above equations are for homogenous vector Helmholtz wave equations
where is the propagation constant
also is the intrinsic impedance of the medium.
For free space 120 377Ω, (radians per meter rad/m), m
In phasor forms the equations are as follow:
 0
 0
5
With the time factor inserted, the possible solutions to the above equations are:
 0 ⟹ and
where means positive travel and means negative travel
combining and leads to.
Where and are real constants.
Taking the imaginary part of as the solution yields:
sin
This is as expected a sin wave with the following characteristics assuming the following
A= 1
Frequency = 1 KHz
u in free space is c=3e8;

6

at t= 0, the function is E=1sin
at t = T/8, the function is E=1sin
at t = T/4, the function is E=1sin(π/2‐βz)
(a)
at z = 0, the function is E=1sin
at z = /8, the function is E=1sin
at z = /4, the function is E=1sin(ωt‐π/2)
(b)
Fig. 1.1 Plot of , : (a) with constant t, (b) with constant z
7
1‐ Time harmonic because we assumed time dependence of the form
2‐ The amplitude of the wave has the same units as
3‐ The phase (in radians) of the wave depends on time and space variable , as shown in the term
4‐ The angular frequency is in / and is the phase constant or propagation constant / .
Fig. 1.1 shows the plot of the function E with t being constant i.e. taking a snap shot at t=0 for instance which
shows the values of the field at all distances and 1.1(b) with z being constant i.e. looking at a single point of the
generated wave. In the first Fig. 1.1(a), it repeats itself every while in the second graph it repeats itself every .
The wave in the above equation which is
sin
Is traveling in the z direction as depicted in Fig. 1.2. We looked at
the times 0, /4, and /2. It is evident as the advances with
time, point moves along +z direction. Point is a point of
constant phase.⟹
= constant or

Fig. 1.2 Plot of , : (a) 0, /4, and (c) /2, moves in the z direction
8
In summary, we note the following:
1‐ A wave is a function of both time and space
2‐ a negative sign means that the wave is traveling in the positive direction (forward traveling) while
the a positive sign means that wave is traveling in the negative direction (back‐ward traveling)
Example:
An electric field in free space is given by:
50 cos 10 /
(a) Find the direction of wave propagation.
(b) Calculate and the time it takes to travel a distance of ⁄2.
(c) Sketch the wave at 0, ⁄4 , and ⁄2.
Solution:
(a) From the positive sign in , we conclude that the wave is propagating in the , this will be

confirmed later in part (c)
(b) In free space, ,
10 1
0.333 /
3 10 3
9
If T is the period of the wave then it takes T seconds to travel a distance at a speed c. Hence to travel a distance
of ⁄2 then it will take 31.42
Alternatively, because the wave is traveling at the speed of light ,
or ⁄2 but 6
Hence,
6
31.42
2 3 10
As obtained before.
(c) At 0, 50 cos
At ⁄4, 50 cos .
50 cos ⁄2 50 sin
At ⁄2, 50 cos .
50 cos 50 cos
at 0, ⁄4 , and ⁄2 is plotted against as
shown in Fig. 1.3. Notice that a point (arbitrary selected)
on the wave moves along as t increases with time. Fig. 1.3 For the example; wave travels along .
10
This shows that the wave travels along .
1.3 Wave Propagation in Lossy Dielectrics.
Lossy medium is a partially conducting medium i.e. imperfect dielectric or imperfect conductor in which 0.
Consider a linear, isotropic, and homogenous lossy dielectric medium that is charge free i.e. 0 then the
harmonic phasor forms of Maxwell’s equations are:
. 0
. 0
Now taking the curl of the curl for the electric field and magnetic field as we did earlier gives the followings:
 0 &
 0
where the above two equations are simply called homogenous vector Helmholtz’s equations or
vector wave equations.
11
1 1 where is the attenuation constant measured in nepers per meter (Np/m) or dB/m
1 20 log 8.686
1 1 where is the phase constant or wave number and it is in rad/m. Also, or
In conclusion, the field equation for lossy medium is given by:
, or , propagates in the positive
direction however its component is on the axis.
, or , propagates in the positive
direction however its component is on the direction
where where | |∠ | |
⁄
where | | ⁄ , tan 2
where 0 45 . Substituting | | in ⟹
12
substituting in
| |
, ⟹ Fig. 1.4 An E field with an x‐component traveling in the +z direction at
times 0 and Δ , arrows indicate instantaneous values of
, ⟹
| |
, | |
and ,
We notice that , leads , by . This is due to the complex nature of the intrinsic impedance when

the medium is lossy i.e. 0.
Definition: We define an important parameter called loss tangent is the ratio between the conduction

current and the displacement current i.e. tan as shown in Fig 1.5 where is the

conduction current and is the displacement current.

13
Fig. 1.5 Loss angle of a lossy medium.
A good or perfect dielectric ⟹ ≫ ⟹ tan is very small
A good conductor ⟹ ≫ ⟹ tan is very large
As a conclusion from above equations, tan 2 tan ⟹ 2
As a result, the phase difference due to lossy medium can be as high as 45 when ≫
1
where 1 1 tan or
where and , where is called complex permittivity of the medium. We observe that

the ratio of to is the loss tangent ⟹ tan
Example:
A lossy dielectric has an intrinsic impedance of 200∠30 Ω at a particular radian frequency . If, at that

frequency, the plane wave propagating through the dielectric has the magnetic field component
10 A/m
find and . Determine the skin depth and wave polarization.
14
Solution:
The given wave travels along so that and
or
⁄
Also 10 ⟹ ⟹ 2000
Except for the amplitude and the phase difference, and always have the same form:

⁄ ⁄
2000 2000 ⟹
2
We knew that rad/m so we need to determine
1 1
and
1 1
2
15
⁄
1 1

1 1
but tan 2 tan 60 √3 ⟹
⁄
2 1 1

2 1 √3
or
0.2887 /
√ √
1.4 Plane Waves in Lossless Dielectrics
In the case of lossless we have:
≃ 0 , , ⟹
0 , √ , , , ∠0

√
1.5 Plane Waves in Free Space
0 , , ⟹
16
0 , , , , 120 377 Ω
And
And
plots of the fields equations are shown in Fig. 1.6
Where the unit vectors along the E and H are:

This field is called transverse electromagnetic wave (TEM)
since both fields are perpendicular on the propagation direction
The direction in which the electric field points is called polarization
of a TEM. The polarization for field shown in Fig. 1.6 is vertical polarization
and in case of the swap of E and H it will make horizontal polarization.
Fig. 1.6 Plots of E and H (a) as functions of z at t = 0; and
17
1.6 Plane Waves in Good Conductors (b) at z = 0. The arrows indicate instantaneous values.
Plane waves in good conductors is a special case as mentioned
Before. In this case ≫ so that ≫ 1

≃ ∞, ,
1 1 & 1 1 ⟹

2
2 2
,
Also, ∠45 which means that is leading by 45
cos
Then cos 45
Definition: Skin depth, we define the depth to witch an EM wave can penetrate the conducting medium as the
skin depth.
18
As the or travels in a conducting medium its amplitude is attenuated by the factor . The distance
through which the wave amplitude decreases to a factor (about 37% of the original value) as shown in Fig.
1.7 is called skin depth ⟹.
or this equation is valid to any material medium
For a good conductor though,
⁄
and √2
In summary, for good conductor we have
and the electric field can be written as
⁄
cos
From the skin depth we can define the resistance due to the skin
effect. We have three types of resistances, Fig. 1.7 Illustration of skin depth.
1‐ The dc resistance Ω
2‐ Skin resistance or surface resistance which is the real part of
19
Ω which is the resistance of a unit width and unit length
3‐ The ac resistance Ω where ≃ Fig. 1.8 Skin depth at high frequencies
For a conductor wire of radius a as shown in Fig. 1.8, 2
For comparison between dc resistance and ac resistance we calculate the ratio as:
2
2 2
It is obvious from the above equation that as the frequency increases the ac resistance increases, at low
frequencies it is almost equal then ac resistance starts to increase once frequencies increases.
Example:
A uniform plane wave propagating in a medium has
2 sin 10 V/m
If the medium is characterized by 1, 20, and 3 / find , , and .
Solution:
We need to determine the loss tangent to tell whether the medium is lossy dielectric or a good conductor.
20
3
3393 ≫ 1
10
10 1
36
Showing that the medium is regarded as a good conductor.
⁄
4 10 20 10 3
61.4
2 2
61.4 , and 61.4 /
⁄
| |
tan 2 3393 ⟹ 45 ⟹
sin
4
where ⟹ ⟹ ⟹
3
2 69.1 10
| | 800
.
69.1 sin 10 61.4 mA/m
21
1.7 Power and the Poynting Vector
As a result from the wave traveling from point to another point is the energy transfer, this energy will have the
information of interest that we need to transfer from point to another. In order to understand the concept of this
energy transfer we define a theorem called Poynting Theorem.
Definition: Poynting Theorem states the net power flowing out of a given volume V is equal to the time rate of
decrease in the energy stored within V minus the ohmic losses.
Doting both sides of the first equation with and doting both sides of the second equation with then

manipulating using the identity equation ∙ ∙ ∙ yields the following:

1 1
∙
2 2
↓ ↓ ↓
Total power leaving rate of decrease in ohmic power
the volume energy stored in electric dissipated
and magnetic fields
22
The quantity of the left hand side is known as the Poynting Vector and measured in watts per square
meter (W/ )⟹
It represents the instantaneous power density vector associated with the EM field at a given point. The
integration of the Poynting vector over any closed surface gives the net power flowing out of this surface.
Fig. 10.9 shows the concept of the Poynting theorem.

Fig. 1.9 Illustration of power balance for EM fields.
23
It is obvious from the pointing equation that the is normal on and and in the direction of the wave
propagation .
If cos V/m
then | |
cos A/m
cos cos
| |
From trigonometric identity: 2 cos cos cos cos
cos cos 2 2
2| |
Since the instantaneous pointing vector is not a practical value then we use the time‐average Poynting vector
, applying this equation on the instantaneous Poynting vector yields:
| |
cos cos 2 2 ⟹
cos
2| |
an equivalent equation to this equation is:
24
1
∗
2
The total time average power crossing a given surface S is given by:

∙
Example:
In a nonmagnetic medium
4 sin 2 10 0.8 V/m
Find
(a) ,
(b) The time‐average power carried by the wave
(c) The total power crossing 100 of plane 2 5
Solution:
The medium is nonmagnetic ⟹ 1
Also, from the equation 0 ⟹ lossless medium
25

The question left is, is this medium a dielectric?? We can check by calculating which is for free space and
comparing it with the one we have in the equation as = 0.8 ⟹
, ⟹ √ √ ⟹
.
√ ⟹ 14.59
120
120 ∙ 10
√ 12
98.7 Ω
(b) sin
, 81 /
(c) On plane 2 5
⟹
| |
2

√5
Then the total power is
26

2
∙ ∙ 81 10 ∙ 100 10
√5
162 10
724.5 W
√5

1.8 Reflection of a Plane Wave at Normal Incidence
Assume we have an incident wave that is normal to the boundary of two media, some wave will go through
(transmitted) and the rest will be reflected back as shown in Fig. 1.11. The proportion of the incident wave that is
reflected or transmitted depends on the ( , , of the two media.

Fig. 1.11 A plane wave incident normally on an interface between two different media.
27
Incident wave
( , ) is an incident wave traveling along the in medium 1 ( 0 , where it has , , while

medium 2 ( 0 has , , where denotes incident
The electric field in phasor format after suppressing is:
then
Reflected wave
( , ) is a reflected wave traveling along in medium 1.
If then
To satisfy the necessary boundary conditions at the interface, for normal incidence , , and have the same

polarization i.e. along the . We will always assume that this is true for the normal incidence.
Transmitted wave
( , ) is a reflected wave traveling along in medium 2. If
then
From the above equations, , , and are the magnitudes of the incident, reflected and transmitted

electric fields at 0 ⟹
28
In medium 1, and
In medium 2, and
At the interface 0, the boundary conditions require that the tangential components of and are

continuous and since those waves are transverse and with normal incidence then , and
⟹
0 0 0 ⟹
0 0 0 ⟹ ⟹
Then we find and with respect of ⟹
and
2

As a result of the derived equations we can define the reflection coefficient Γ and the transmission coefficient
as follow:
Γ or Γ
29
or
Note that
 1 Γ
 Both Γ & are dimensionless and maybe complex.
 0 |Γ| 1
Special case:
 medium 1 is lossless 0 and medium 2 is perfect conductor ≃ ∞ ⟹
0, Γ 1 , and 0 showing that the wave is totally reflected since the field inside the perfect conductor
must vanish. The total reflected wave combines with the incident wave to form a standing wave. It consists of
two traveling waves of equal amplitude but opposite directions ⟹
But
Γ 1, 0 , 0 , ⟹
or
2 sin then or 2 sin cos sin
2 sin sin
30
Same thing can be applied to the magnetic field to find cos cos . Fig. 10.12 shows the
standing wave for the previous case (medium 1 is lossless 0 and medium 2 is perfect conductor ≃ ∞)

Fig. 1.12 Standing waves 2 sin sin . The curves 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, …, are, respectively, at times t=0, ⁄8, ⁄4, 3 ⁄8, ⁄2, …;

2 ⁄
31
The waves as shown in the figure does not travel but oscillate.
Two more special cases can be observed when both media are lossless:
Lossless Media Cases
Case 1
,Γ 0
There is reflected wave and transmitted wave, the reflected wave will create standing waves, however, the
amplitude of the reflected wave does not equal the incident wave.
It can be shown that there will be maximum of occurs at – or
, 0, 1, 2, …
2
and minimum values of occur at 2 1 or
2 1 2 1
, 0, 1, 2, …
2 4
Case 2
,Γ 0
There is reflected wave and transmitted wave, the reflected wave will create standing waves, however, the
amplitude of the reflected wave does not equal the incident wave.
32
It can be shown that there will be maximum of occurs at – or
, 0, 1, 2, …
2
and maximum values of occur at 2 1 or
2 1 2 1
, 0, 1, 2, …
2 4
33

Fig. 1.13 The standing wave for ,Γ 0
Note that
1. minimum occurs whenever there is maximum and vice versa
2. The transmitted wave does not have any standing wave since it is purely traveling wave.
The ratio of to or to is called standing wave ratio
| |
| |
or |Γ|

Since |Γ| 1, then ⟹ 1 ∞, the standing wave ratio is dimensionless and expressed in decibels (dB) ⟹
20
34

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Review on

For free space 120 377Ω, (radians per meter rad/m), m

where means positive travel and means negative travel

combining and leads to.

Where and are real constants.

Fig. 1.1 Plot of , : (a) with constant t, (b) with constant z

the times 0, /4, and /2. It is evident as the advances with

time, point moves along +z direction. Point is a point of

(b) Calculate and the time it takes to travel a distance of ⁄2.

(c) Sketch the wave at 0, ⁄4 , and ⁄2.

(a) From the positive sign in , we conclude that the wave is propagating in the , this will be

At ⁄4, 50 cos .

At ⁄2, 50 cos .

at 0, ⁄4 , and ⁄2 is plotted against as

1 1 where is the phase constant or wave number and it is in rad/m. Also, or

where 0 45 . Substituting | | in ⟹

We notice that , leads , by . This is due to the complex nature of the intrinsic impedance when

A good or perfect dielectric ⟹ ≫ ⟹ tan is very small

A good conductor ⟹ ≫ ⟹ tan is very large

where 1 1 tan or

where and , where is called complex permittivity of the medium. We observe that

the ratio of to is the loss tangent ⟹ tan

A lossy dielectric has an intrinsic impedance of 200∠30 Ω at a particular radian frequency . If, at that

find and . Determine the skin depth and wave polarization.

The given wave travels along so that and

Except for the amplitude and the phase difference, and always have the same form:

but tan 2 tan 60 √3 ⟹

0 , √ , , , ∠0

Before. In this case ≫ so that ≫ 1

Also, ∠45 which means that is leading by 45

3‐ The ac resistance Ω where ≃ Fig. 1.8 Skin depth at high frequencies

If the medium is characterized by 1, 20, and 3 / find , , and .

61.4 , and 61.4 /

tan 2 3393 ⟹ 45 ⟹

Doting both sides of the first equation with and doting both sides of the second equation with then

If cos V/m

From trigonometric identity: 2 cos cos cos cos

4 sin 2 10 0.8 V/m

( , ) is an incident wave traveling along the in medium 1 ( 0 , where it has , , while

To satisfy the necessary boundary conditions at the interface, for normal incidence , , and have the same

From the above equations, , , and are the magnitudes of the incident, reflected and transmitted

At the interface 0, the boundary conditions require that the tangential components of and are

Then we find and with respect of ⟹

 medium 1 is lossless 0 and medium 2 is perfect conductor ≃ ∞ ⟹

2 sin then or 2 sin cos sin

Fig. 1.12 Standing waves 2 sin sin . The curves 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, …, are, respectively, at times t=0, ⁄8, ⁄4, 3 ⁄8, ⁄2, …;

It can be shown that there will be maximum of occurs at – or

and minimum values of occur at 2 1 or

and maximum values of occur at 2 1 or

1. minimum occurs whenever there is maximum and vice versa

The ratio of to or to is called standing wave ratio

Since |Γ| 1, then ⟹ 1 ∞, the standing wave ratio is dimensionless and expressed in decibels (dB) ⟹

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