COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL & ARCHITECTURAL ENGINEERING

CVEN 214: STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

Chapter 3: MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF MATERIAL
Dr Mohammed Elshafie

Fall, 2017
Why do we need to learn about materials?
Everything is made of something
Everything is made of something
How is glass made?
The Tension and Compression Test

 The strength of a material depends on its ability to

sustain a load without excessive deformation or failure.
 Material strength is determined under the tension or
compression experiments.
 Some machine are designed to read the load and strain
for a given a specimen.
 Tension or compression experiments can be used to
determine nominal stress-normal strain relationships
for engineering materials such as metals, ceramics,
polymers and composites materials such as reinforced
concrete
The Tension and Compression Test

Test Specimen

Tension/Compression Testing Machines

The Stress–Strain Diagram

Stress–Strain Diagram
 Nominal or engineering stress is obtained by
dividing the applied load P by the specimen’s original
cross-sectional area.
P
σ=
A0

 Nominal or engineering strain is obtained by

dividing the change in the specimen’s gauge length
by the specimen’s original gauge length.

L − L0 δ
=ε =
L0 L0
The Stress–Strain Diagram
 Elastic Behaviour
 Stress is directly proportional to the strain.
 Material is said to be linearly elastic.
 Elasticity is the ability of a material to return to its previous shape
after stress is released
 Yielding
 Increase in stress above
elastic limit will cause material to
deform permanently.
 Plasticity or plastic deformation is
the opposite of elastic deformation and
is accepted as unrecoverable strain

Most engineering design is done within the elastic range

The Stress–Strain Diagram

 Strain Hardening.
 After yielding a further load will
reach an ultimate stress or strength.
 The ultimate strength is the maximum stress that a material can withstand
before material breaks or weakens
 Necking
 At ultimate stress, cross-sectional
area begins to decrease in a
localized region of the specimen.
 Specimen breaks at the
fracture stress.
Necking
Stress–Strain Behavior of Ductile and Brittle Materials
Brittle Materials
Ductile Materials
Materials that exhibit low strain,
Material that can be subjected to
little or no yielding before failure
large strains before it ruptures is
are referred to as brittle materials
called a ductile material
Brittle material do not or exhibit
Exhibit high plasticity
low plasticity
e.g plastic, copper
e.g ceramics, wood.