Body Electrical Assignment

THE OTOMOTIF COLLEGE
DAT 2503 Body Electrical

Assignment
Diploma in Automotive Technology
A Junid
(DAT201509-02102)
30 January 2018
DAT 2502 Assignment 1 – A Junid - DAT201509-02102
Table of Contents
Page
Topic Assignment Questions / Problems................................................ 2
Lighting & Wiring Fundamentals.............................................................. 3
Headlamp Types…………............................................................................ 3
Candle Power: show sample data................................................................ 4
S.F.E. : Provide Detailed Information…........................................................ 5
A.W.G. : Provide Detailed Information.......................................................... 6
Why do H.I.D. headlamps emit blue light?.................................................... 8
Characteristics of argon, halogen & xenon gas............................................ 8
Lighting & Wiring Service.......................................................................... 9
Techniques in Diagnosing Open & Short Circuit Problems.............................9
Heat Shrink Tubing : Provide information......................................................10
What are Tefzel wire characteristics?...........................................................11
Dielectrics…………….…………….................................................................12
Impedance………………………….................................................................13
Crimping tools……………………...................................................................14
Safety notes for this chapter……..................................................................14
References………….....………….................................................................16
Diploma in Automotive Technology Student Number: DAT201509-02102

30 January 2018 Page 1 of 19
Topic Assignment Questions/Problems:
A. Lighting and Wiring Fundamentals
• Types of headlamps
• Candle power – show sample data
• S.F.E. – provide detail information
• A.W.G – provide detail information
• Why H.I.D. headlamp emit blue light?
• Characteristics of (argon gas, halogen gas & xenon gas)
B. Lighting and Wiring Service
• Techniques in diagnosing open and short circuit problem
• Heat shrink tubing – provide information
• What are Tefzel wire characteristics?
• Dialectrics
• Impedance
• Crimping tools
• Record all safety notes on this chapter

A. Lighting & Wiring Fundamentals:
• Types of headlamps.
Answer:
i. Reflector headlamps
• Typically 12V halogen bulb based
• Reflectors help reflect light through lens, which may
be:
a. Paraboloid:
b. Functional faceted:
The paraboloid reflectors & functional
faceted lens can both help
converge/diverge the beam pattern.
ii. Projector headlamps:
• Typically high voltage gas discharge lamp based

• Beam pattern is set by the discharge lamp position
and reflector
In addition, projector and halogen lights may be static/dynamic
levelling and/or static/dynamic cornering type.
Source: Electude Beheer BV 2016
• Candle power & sample data
Answer:
Candle power or candela is a basic unit of measure of
luminous intensity in the International System of Units.
Although the candela has a specific technical definition
expressed in terms of a specific frequency and power, in
layman's terms it approximates the light output of a common
candle. A 100-watt light bulb emits about 120 candela
(Fazzalaro 2006).

Headlamp limits are as follows (Wright 2014):
1. Type 2 Lights—High beam 20,000 - 75,000 candela per
lamp. Dipped beam 15,000 - 20,000 candela per lamp.
2. Type 1 Lights—Upper beam 18,000 - 60,000 candela per
lamp.
3. Spotlights over 300 candela shall not exceed 2 spotlights at
the vehicle front on highways.
• S.F.E. – provide detailed information
Answer:
i. SFE stands for Society of Fuse Engineers, which
governed the standards for SFE glass tube fuse design
used in vintage cars (Gilles 2012).
ii. SFE fuses of higher amperage rating are generally
longer:

• A.W.G. – Provide detailed information
Answer:
American Wire Gauge (AWG), also known as the Brown &
Sharpe wire gauge, is a standardized wire siing system used
since 1857 predominantly in North America for the diameters of
round, solid, nonferrous, electrically conducting wire (Wikipedia
2017a).
Dimensions of the wires are given in ASTM standard B 258.
The AWG sizing system is tabulated as follows:


• Why do H.I.D. systems emit blue light?
Answer:
It is due to the heat generated in the gas tube. This can be due
to design (Diode Dynamics 2016), or aging as the light
becomes less efficient and requires higher voltage to maintain
the discharge arc.
The aging shift is slight at first and is more generally a sign of
the lamps being "broken in" whilst still being in good overall
working order. Towards end of life, the HID lamp is often
perceived as only producing blue and violet light. This is a
result of increased voltage and higher temperature necessary
to maintain the arc (Wikipedia 2017b).
• Characteristics of Argon, Halogen & Xenon gas.
Answer:
Halogens are mainly fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, and
astatine (Wikipedia 2017c, BBC 2014). Low melting / boiling
points (Boundless 2017a), poor conduction of heat / electricity
(Boundless 2017b), are highly reactive (gain an electron
through reaction), form acids when bonded to hydrogen. Used
in halogen lamps and as disinfectants.

Argon is an inert gas with low thermal conductivity. Used in gas
discharge (violet light), incandescent & fluorescent lighting
(Wikipedia 2017d).
Xenon is an inert gas that glows bluish when excited via
electrical discharge (Wikipedia 2017e). Used in arc discharge
and flash lamps. Dissolves in plastic, blood. Used as an
anaesthetic.
B. Lighting & Wiring Service:
• Techniques in diagnosing open and short circuit problem.
Answer:
1) Verify that the open/short circuit exists
2) Analyse what operation / switch patterns the open/short
circuit occurs at
3) Isolate the open/short circuit location by identifying the
relevant sub-circuit / wiring based on the above
switch/operation pattern. Perform available voltage,
voltage drop and/or continuity checks to identify the faulty
component
4) Repair or replace the component / wiring
5) Confirm the relevant circuit/function works after repair /
replacement

• Heat shrink tubing – provide information.
Answer:
Heat-shrink tubing is a shrinkable plastic tube used to insulate
wires, connections, joints and terminals. It is ordinarily made
of nylon or polyolefin, which shrinks radially (but not
longitudinally) when heated, to between one-half and one-sixth
of its diameter.
Heat-shrink tubing is rated by its expansion ratio, a comparison
of the differences in expansion and recovery.
Some types contain a layer of thermoplastic adhesive on the
inside to help provide a good seal and better adhesion. Heating
non-adhesive shrink tube to very near the melting point may
allow it to fuse to the underlying material as well (Wikipedia
2017f).

• What is a Tefzel wire characteristic?
Answer:
Tefzel is a registered trademark of Du Pont. Tefzel wire refers
to wires insulated with Tefzel, a fluorocopolymer thermoplastic
material. Tefzel is sometimes referred to as ethylene
tetrafluoroethylene, ETFE or Tefzel ETFE. Tefzel has good
resistance to both heat and chemicals. Due to these
characteristics it is widely used in many industries and
applications. Tefzel® is commonly found in aerospace and
aviation applications (Galaxy Wire 2017). Tefzel grades (taken
from Du Pont 2017):

Tefzel is an excellent dielectric. It is tough and resistant to
chemicals and weather. However, it can break down under
gamma radiation, especially at high temperatures.
• What is a dielectric?
Answer:
A dielectric is an electrical insulator that can be polarized by an
electric field. When a dielectric is placed in an electric field,
electric charges do not flow but only slightly shift from their
average equilibrium positions causing dielectric polarization.

Because of dielectric polarization, positive charges are
displaced and negative charges shift in the opposite direction.
This creates an internal electric field that reduces the overall
field within the dielectric itself.
If a dielectric is composed of weakly bonded molecules, those
molecules not only become polarized, but also reorient so that
their symmetry axes align to the field (Wikipedia 2017g).
Taken from Wikipedia (2017g)
• What is impedance?
Answer:
Impedance is the effective resistance of an electric circuit or
component to alternating current, arising from the combined
effects of ohmic resistance and reactance (Google 2017).
In general, it depends upon the frequency of the sinusoidal
voltage (Wikipedia 2017h). Mathematically, impedance can be

defined as Z = R + jX , where R is resistance and X is
impedance.
• Crimping tools
Answer:
A crimping tool is a device used to conjoin two pieces of metal
by deforming one or both in a way that causes them to hold
each other. The result of the tool's work is called a crimp. A
good example of crimping is the process of affixing a connector
to the end of a cable.
Examples are as follows (Vehicle Wiring Products 2014):
• Record all safety notes on this chapter
Answer:
1) HID lamp ballasts produce high voltage. Do not attempt to
repair them live.
2) Do not touch halogen bulbs. They reach very high
temperatures (1000ºF) (Oregon State 2007).

3) Do not touch halogen bulbs directly even after cooling. Oil
from human fingertips or other contaminants will create a
hot spot on the bulb surface when the lamp is turned on.
This localized heat causes the bulb quartz to change from
its vitreous form into a weaker, crystalline form that leaks
gas. This weakening may also cause the bulb to form a
bubble, weakening it, leading to explosion (Wikipedia 2017i).

References
1) BBC (2014). GCSE Bitesize: Group 7 properties: Physical properties
of halogens. Available from
http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/add_ocr_pre_2011
/periodic_table/group7rev1.shtml [accessed 13 August 2017]
2) Boundless (2017a). "The Halogens (Group 17)." Boundless
Chemistry, Boundless, 27 May. 2016. Retrieved 13 Aug.
2017 from https://www.boundless.com/chemistry/textbooks/boundless
-chemistry-textbook/periodic-properties-8/variation-in-chemical-
properties-70/the-halogens-group-17-329-851/
3) Boundless (2017b). "Properties of the Halogens." Boundless
Chemistry, Boundless, 24 Jun. 2016. Retrieved 13 Aug.
2017 from https://www.boundless.com/chemistry/textbooks/boundless
-chemistry-textbook/nonmetallic-elements-21/halogens-
155/properties-of-the-halogens-597-6573/
4) Computer Hope (2017). Crimping Tool. Available from
https://www.computerhope.com/jargon/c/crimp.htm [accessed 13
August 2017]
5) Custom Retro Stuff (2017). Glass fuses for classic cars like Mustang,
Falcon and other Fords. Available from
http://customretrostuff.com/classic-car-restomod/electrical/glass-
fuses-for-classic/ [accessed on 12 August 2017].

6) Diode Dynamics (2016). HID Brightness. Available from
https://www.diodedynamics.com/store/research-1/research-hid/hid-
brightness.html [accessed 13 August 2017].
7) Du Pont. (2003) Du Pont Tefzel properties handbook. Available from
https://www.chemours.com/Teflon_Industrial/en_US/assets/download
s/h96518.pdf [accessed 13 August 2017]
8) Electude Beheer B.V. (2016). Headlights, Cornering Lights. Available
from toc.electude.asia [accessed 11 Aug 2017].
9) Fazzalaro, J. J. (2006). Limitations on Headlight Brightness.
Available from https://www.cga.ct.gov/2006/rpt/2006-R-0198.htm
[accessed 11 August 2017]
10) Galaxy Wire (2017). Tefzel. Available from
http://www.galaxywire.com/custom-wire-cable/jacket-insulation/tefzel/
11) Gilles, T. (2012). Automotive Service: Inspection, Maintenance,
Repair, 4th Ed. Available from
https://books.google.com.my/books?id=K0K9VcWtj80C&pg=PA458&l
pg=PA458&dq=automotive+lighting+S.F.E.+type&source=bl&ots=PTq
suU9Adh&sig=-yJQR-
1YpNJ6_dZjnKKchsG9VQ4&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q
=automotive%20lighting%20S.F.E.%20type&f=false [accessed 12
August 2017]
12) Google (2017). Impedance. Available from
https://www.google.com/search?q=impedance&rlz=1C1CHBD_enMY

742MY742&oq=impedance&aqs=chrome..69i57j69i60j69i61j69i60j0l2.
2518j0j4&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8 [accessed 13 August 2017]
13) Oregon State (2007). Safety Instruction: Halogen Lamp Hazards.
Available from
http://ehs.oregonstate.edu/sites/ehs.oregonstate.edu/files/pdf/si/halog
en_lamp_hazards_si058.pdf [accessed 13 August 2017]
14) Vehicle Wiring Products (2014). Crimp Tools. Available from
http://www.vehicle-wiring-products.eu/section.php/51/1/crimp-tools
15) Wikipedia (2017a). American Wire Gauge. Available from
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_wire_gauge [accessed 13
August 2017]
16) Wikipedia (2017b). High-Intensity Discharge Lamp. Available from
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-intensity_discharge_lamp [accessed
13 August 2017]
17) Wikipedia (2017c). Halogen. Available from
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halogen [accessed 13 August 2017]
18) Wikipedia (2017d). Argon. Available from
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argon [accessed 13 August 2017]
19) Wikipedia (2017e). Xenon. Available from
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenon#Characteristics [accessed 13
August 2017]
20) Wikipedia (2017f). Heat shrink tubing. Available from
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat-shrink_tubing [accessed 13 August
2017]

21) Wikipedia (2017g). Dielectric. Available from
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dielectric [accessed 13 August 2017]
22) Wikipedia (2017h). Impedance. Available from
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_impedance [accessed 13
August 2017].
23) Wikipedia (2017i). Halogen lamp. Available from
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halogen_lamp#Safety [accessed 13
August 2017]
24) Wright, D. (2014). Rules of the Road: Are those blinding headlights
legal? Available from
http://www.bellinghamherald.com/news/traffic/rules-of-the-
road/article22250220.html [accessed 12 August 2017]


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THE OTOMOTIF COLLEGE

DAT 2503 Body Electrical

Diploma in Automotive Technology

Topic Assignment Questions / Problems................................................ 2

Lighting & Wiring Fundamentals.............................................................. 3

Candle Power: show sample data................................................................ 4

S.F.E. : Provide Detailed Information…........................................................ 5

A.W.G. : Provide Detailed Information.......................................................... 6

Why do H.I.D. headlamps emit blue light?.................................................... 8

Characteristics of argon, halogen & xenon gas............................................ 8

Lighting & Wiring Service.......................................................................... 9

Techniques in Diagnosing Open & Short Circuit Problems.............................9

Heat Shrink Tubing : Provide information......................................................10

What are Tefzel wire characteristics?...........................................................11

Safety notes for this chapter……..................................................................14

Diploma in Automotive Technology Student Number: DAT201509-02102

Topic Assignment Questions/Problems:

A. Lighting and Wiring Fundamentals

• Candle power – show sample data

• S.F.E. – provide detail information

• A.W.G – provide detail information

• Why H.I.D. headlamp emit blue light?

• Characteristics of (argon gas, halogen gas & xenon gas)

B. Lighting and Wiring Service

• Techniques in diagnosing open and short circuit problem

• Heat shrink tubing – provide information

• What are Tefzel wire characteristics?

• Record all safety notes on this chapter

Diploma in Automotive Technology Student Number: DAT201509-02102

A. Lighting & Wiring Fundamentals:

• Typically 12V halogen bulb based

• Reflectors help reflect light through lens, which may

The paraboloid reflectors & functional

faceted lens can both help

converge/diverge the beam pattern.

ii. Projector headlamps:

• Typically high voltage gas discharge lamp based

Diploma in Automotive Technology Student Number: DAT201509-02102

• Beam pattern is set by the discharge lamp position

In addition, projector and halogen lights may be static/dynamic

levelling and/or static/dynamic cornering type.

Source: Electude Beheer BV 2016

• Candle power & sample data

Candle power or candela is a basic unit of measure of

luminous intensity in the International System of Units.

Although the candela has a specific technical definition

expressed in terms of a specific frequency and power, in

layman's terms it approximates the light output of a common

candle. A 100-watt light bulb emits about 120 candela

Diploma in Automotive Technology Student Number: DAT201509-02102

Headlamp limits are as follows (Wright 2014):

1. Type 2 Lights—High beam 20,000 - 75,000 candela per

lamp. Dipped beam 15,000 - 20,000 candela per lamp.

2. Type 1 Lights—Upper beam 18,000 - 60,000 candela per

3. Spotlights over 300 candela shall not exceed 2 spotlights at

the vehicle front on highways.

• S.F.E. – provide detailed information

i. SFE stands for Society of Fuse Engineers, which

governed the standards for SFE glass tube fuse design

used in vintage cars (Gilles 2012).

ii. SFE fuses of higher amperage rating are generally

Diploma in Automotive Technology Student Number: DAT201509-02102

• A.W.G. – Provide detailed information

American Wire Gauge (AWG), also known as the Brown &