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history of concrete began with the invention of the Portland cement. It all
began in the 19th century and became one of the two most common
construction material in the 20th century.
3000 BC Egyptians used mud mixed with straw to bind dried bricks. Also
furthered the discovery of lime and gypsum mortar as a binding agent
for building the Pyramids
300 BC Romans used slaked lime a volcanic ash called pozzuolana, found
near Pozzouli by the bay of Naples. They used lime as a cementitious
material. Pliny reported a mortar mixture of 1 part lime to 4 parts
sand. Vitruvius reported a 2 parts pozzolana to 1 part lime. Animal
fat, milk, and blood were used as admixtures
After 400 AD The art of Concrete was lost after the fall of the Roman Empire
1779 Bry Higgins was issued a patent for hydraulic cement (stucco) for
exterior plastering use.
1812 -1813 Louis Vicat of France prepared artificial hydraulic lime by calcining
synthetic mixtures of limestone and clay.
1818 Maurice St. Leger was issued patents for hydraulic cement.
1820-1821 John Tickell and Abraham Chambers were issued more hydraulic
cement patents.
1822 James Frost of England prepared artificial hydraulic lime like Vicat’s
and called it British Cement.
1825 Erie Canal created the first great demand for cement in the US
1859-1867 Portland cement used in the construction of the London sewer system
1867 Joseph Monier patented a design for reinforces garden tubs, beams
and posts
1891 George Bartholomew placed the first concrete street in the USA in
Bellefontaine, OH. which still exists.
1904 Ingalls bldg. using the Ransome system, was the first concrete
skyscraper.
1902 Thomas Edison was a pioneer in the further development of the rotary
kiln.
1917 The US Bureau of Standards and the American Society for testing
Materials established a standard formula for portland cement
The tallest concrete building was built – 230 ft., the Medical Arts
1922 bldg., Dallas
1930 Eduardo Torroja, designed the first thin shelled roof at Algeciras
1936 The first major concrete dams, Hoover Dam and Grand Coulee Dam,
were built.
1936 Frank Lloyd Wright was the one of the first to exploit the cantilever at
Fallingwater.
1958 Executive House Hotel, Chicago, exceeds the Medical Arts record at
371 ft.
1960 Bank of Georgia Building in Atlanta beats Executive House at 391 ft.
1964 1000 Lake Shore Drive beats Marina City at 640 ft. 6000 psi concrete
in the lower columns was used for the first time.
1964 Place Victoria in Montreal, ht 624 ft. using 6000psi concrete columns
1968 Lake Point Towers, 70 stories, 645 ft. 7500 psi concrete
1970 One Shell Plaza, Houston, ht 714 ft., using 6000 psi concrete
1975 Water Tower Place, 859 ft., 9000psi conc. using superplasticizers
1985 The "highest strength" concrete was used in building the Union Plaza
constructed in Seattle, Washington.
1990 311S Wacker and Two Prudential Plaza in Chicago sets new height
record at 920 ft.